Assessment Task3: Empowering Disabled People (CHCDIS007)

Select one type of disability from each type list below.

List 1:

▪ Cerebral palsy
▪ Arthritis
▪ Muscular dystrophy
▪ Spinal bifida.
List 2:

▪ Acquired brain injury

▪ Autism spectrum disorder
▪ Down syndrome
▪ Attention deficit disorder.
Ans:

List 1:

Disability: Cerebral Palsy

Description: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a category of conditions that impair the capacity of an
individual to move and sustain stability and posture. The most prevalent motor disorder in
infancy is CP. The brain means the brain has to do with that. Palsy indicates fatigue or issues in
the muscles being used. CP is attributed to premature growth of the brain or injury to the
developing brain that reduces the capacity of a human to regulate his or her muscles. Vision,
sound, and sensations are also impaired in certain situations. The most frequent cause of
childhood motor disabilities is CP. It affects at least 1.5 to 4 of every 1,000 children worldwide,
according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source. In 2001, it
was estimated by the United Cerebral Palsy Foundation that 764,000 children and adults in the
United States were diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Moreover, in the United States, an estimated
8,000 babies and infants, plus 1,200 to 1,500 preschool children, are diagnosed with cerebral
paralysis every year.

Impairment: Slow motor growth observation, abnormal muscle tone, and unusual posture are
common initial clues to cerebral palsy diagnosis. Evaluation of persistent infantile reflexes is
crucial. The Moro reflex is rarely present after six months of age in infants who do not have
cerebral palsy, and hand preference rarely develops before 12 months of age. Hand preference,
if spastic hemiplegia is present, may occur before 12 months of age. As the cause of observed
abnormalities, progressive hereditary neurologic or metabolic disorders must be removed. The
testing approach is based on the clinical picture, pattern of symptom development, family
history, and other factors that influence the likelihood of specific diagnoses. Useful physical
diagnostic tools include targeted laboratory tests and cerebral imaging using computed
tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound. Surveillance can help complete the
clinical assessment and determine the diagnosis for associated disabilities such as hearing and
vision impairment, seizures, perception issues with touch or pain, and cognitive dysfunction.

Cause: Cerebral palsy is caused by a brain development abnormality or disruption, most often
before a child is born. The cause is not known in many cases. Factors that can lead to brain
development problems include:

 Mutations of genes that contribute to abnormal development

 Maternal infections that affect the fetus that is developing
 Fetal stroke, a blood supply disruption to the developing brain
 In the womb or as a newborn, bleeding into the brain
 Infant infections in or around the brain that cause inflammation
 Traumatic head injury to an infant from an accident in a motor vehicle or fall
 Lack of brain oxygen is associated with difficult labor or delivery, although asphyxia
associated with birth is a much less common cause than historically thought.

Characteristics: Seventy to 80% of cerebral palsy patients have spastic clinical characteristics.
Increased deep tendon reflexes, tremors, muscle hypertonicity, fatigue, and a distinctive
scissors gait with toe-walking can be seen in affected limbs. The athetoid or dyskinetic type of
cerebral palsy is characterized by abnormally sluggish, writhing motions of the hands, feet,
limbs, or legs that are intensified during times of tension and missing during sleep, affecting 10
to 20 percent of patients. Ataxic cerebral palsy, the most rare type, affects 5 to 10 percent of
patients and mostly impairs balance and coordination. With a broad-based gait, these patients
walk and have deliberate tremors that complicate the success of everyday tasks involving fine-
motor control.

Intellectual deficiency exists in approximately two thirds of cerebral palsy patients.

Approximately half of childhood children experience epilepsy. As well as neurological disorders
such as poor vision or hearing and irregular touch and pain sensations, growth issues are
common. By definition, cerebral paralysis is non-progressive; thus, hereditary, physiological,
muscular, or neuronal tumor abnormalities that precipitate neurodegenerative diseases should
be examined for children who report lack of previously acquired abilities, or who display
slowing of growth, absence of reflexes, or irregular body odors.
Support Services:

1. Cerebral Palsy Alliance

2. Cerebral Palsy Support Network
3. Cerebral Palsy Australia

Search Materials Researched:

 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cerebral-palsy/symptoms-causes/syc-
20353999
 https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/cp/facts.html
 https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0101/p91.html

List 2:

Disability: Down Syndrome

Description: Down syndrome is a disorder in which an extra chromosome is found in a human.

In the body, chromosomes are tiny "packages" of genes. They decide how the body of a baby
develops during conception and how the body of the baby performs in the womb and after
birth as it grows. A baby is usually born with 46 chromosomes. Babies of Down syndrome have
an additional copy of chromosome 21, one of these genes. 'Trisomy' is a medical term for
possessing an extra copy of a chromosome. Down syndrome is also known as Trisomy 21. This
extra copy affects how the body and brain of the baby grow, which will give the baby both
mental and physical problems.

Even though individuals with Down syndrome can perform and look alike, each individual has
distinct abilities. In the slightly to moderately low range, individuals with Down syndrome
typically have an IQ (a measure of intelligence) and are slower to talk than most children. Down
syndrome differs among persons in severity, causing permanent intellectual impairment and
delays in growth. This is the most predominant hereditary chromosomal defect in children and
the cause of learning disorders. Some physiological anomalies, including cardiac and
gastrointestinal conditions, are also commonly induced. Many of the disabilities are permanent,
and life expectancy will also be reduced. People with Down syndrome, though, will live lives
that are stable and rewarding. In addition to community and institutional support for people
with Down syndrome and their families, recent medical developments offer numerous
opportunities to help address the difficulties of this disorder.

Impairment: While it is possible to predict the risk of having a baby with Down syndrome by
screening during birth, you would not feel any signs of carrying a child with Down syndrome.
Down syndrome babies typically have some hallmark signs at birth, including:

 The flat facial attributes

 Small ears and head
 Short-cut collar
 Bulging Tongue Bulging Tongue
 Eyes which are slanting upward
 Unusually shaped ears
 Weak tone of muscle muscles

An baby with Down syndrome will be born at a normal height, but without the disorder, it may
grow more slowly than a child. There is generally a degree of intellectual disorder in individuals
with Down syndrome, although it is mostly mild to moderate. Delays in behavioral and social
growth may mean the child could have:

 Impulsive behaviour
 Lack in judgemen
 Limited period of concentration
 Capacities for slow learning

Down syndrome is also compounded by medical complications. This may include:

 Cardiac congenital abnormalities

 Change of Hearing
 Impoverished view
 Via cataracts (clouded eyes)
 Problems of joints, like dislocations
 Leukemia Leukemia
 Chronic constipation and constipation
 Apnea for night (interrupted breathing during sleep)
 Dementia Dementia (thought and memory problems)
 Hypothyroidism Disorder (low thyroid function)
 Obesity-Obesity
  Late tooth growth, triggering chewing problems
 Later on in life, Alzheimer's disease

And, people with Down syndrome are more vulnerable to infection. With respiratory infections,
urinary tract infections, and skin infections, they can fail.

Cause: Both individuals with Down syndrome have an additional, essential portion of
chromosome 21 present in all or any of their cells, irrespective of the type of Down syndrome a
person may have. This extra genetic material changes the course of evolution and induces
Down syndrome-related traits. It is still not understood the cause of an additional complete or
partial chromosome. The only factor related to an improved risk of raising a baby with Down
syndrome arising from nondisjunction or mosaicism is maternal age. However, 80 percent of
children with Down syndrome are born to mothers under 35 years of age, leading to higher
birth rates of younger women.

There is no conclusive scientific evidence suggesting that Down syndrome is triggered before or
after pregnancy by environmental causes or the actions of parents. Either the parent or the
mother may be responsible for the extra partial or full copy of the 21st chromosome that
causes Down syndrome. Around 5 percent of the cases were traced to the parent.

Characteristics: Three forms of Down syndrome are present:

21st Chromosome abnormality. This is by far the most common type, because there are three
copies of chromosome 21 instead of two in every cell in the body.

Down syndrome by translocation. Each cell has part of an extra chromosome 21 in this type, or
an entirely extra chromosome. So instead of being on its own, it's connected to another
chromosome.

Mosaic Down Syndrome. This is the unusual type where there is an additional chromosome 21
only in certain cells.

Just from how they look, you can't say what sort of Down syndrome someone has. The results
of all three forms are somewhat similar, but since fewer cells have an extra chromosome, those
with mosaic Down syndrome does not have as many symptoms.

Support Services:

1. Down Syndrome Australia

 2. Brain Foundation
3. Better Health Channel

Search Materials Researched:

1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-
20355977
2. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyndrome.html
3. https://www.healthline.com/health/down-syndrome#:~:text=Down%20syndrome
%20(sometimes%20called%20Down's,mental%20developmental%20delays%20and
%20disabilities.
4. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4899-6768-8_18