8 Future developments /

drivers and barriers for the use

of waste fuels
Martin Oerter
Research Institute of the Cement Industry (Düsseldorf)
Seminar S11-03, September 16, 2011
European directive on waste 2008/98/EC

Implementation by 2010
Crucial aspects:
• 5-step waste hierarchy
(Article 4)

• Definition of by-products
(Article 5)

• End of waste status

(Article 6)
• Efficiency criteria for incinerators
(“R1 formula”)
5-step waste hierarchy (Article 4)

R1 criteria offers an
opportunity for the
dedicated incinerators 1. Prevention
to be assessed as
recovery plants
2. Preparing for re-use

3. Recycling

4. Other recovery
(e.g. energy recovery)

5. Disposal
 R1 formula for municipal solid waste incinerators

EP - (Ef + Ei)
EW = annual energy in the treated waste
0,97 x (EW + Ef) EP
EW
Waste electricity
(Factor 2,6)

MSW
Ei = annual energy imported not incinerator heat production
delivering a contribution to Ep (Factor 1,1)

Ei
electricity, oil, gas steam production
(Factor 1)
Ef
Ef = annual energy input to the
system from fuels contributing to the EP = annual energy produced as heat and electricity with energy
production of steam in the form of elctricity being multiplied by 2,6 and heat produced
for commercial use
R1 formula for municipal solid waste incinerators

EP - (Ef + Ei)
0,97 x (EW + Ef)
Electricity 2,6 2,6 corresponds to the electrical efficiency of an average European
power plant (assumption of 38 % electrical efficiency)
2,6 MW steam corresponds to 1 MW electricity
Heat 1,1 1,1 corresponds to the efficiency of an average European power plant
(not MSW) for the production of commercial heat from steam
(assumption of 91 % thermal efficiency)
1,1 MW steam corresponds to 1 MW commercial heat
Factor 0,97 0,97 accounts for energy losses due to botom ash and radiation.

The assumptions have been derived from BREF Waste Incineration (August 2006),
Table 3.39)
Potential threats for the co-processing
The market for alternative fuels / suitable waste materials is currently
jeopardised by different developments:

New European waste hierarchy (Recycling is better than energy

recovery)
less material for energy recovery
New entrants and other competitors (waste-to-energy-plants)
overcapacities will lead to decreasing gate-fees
Displacement from production facilities to regions outside Europe
less suitable material from industrial processes

Additionally the EU wants to promote “green energy”

Promotion = spending money = interfering with the (waste / fuel) market
 Co-processing in the waste hierarchy
Prevention / Reduction

Re-use

Recycling: material recovery

Recycling – raw material substitution

Co-processing
Energy recovery – fossil fuel substitution

Other recovery, eg energy recovery – Incineration fulfilling R1

Incineration not meeting R1 criteria

Landfilling

Source: CEMBUREAU
Challenges for the cement industry

 Strengthening the role of co-processing towards policy and

decision/opinion makers
 Definition of an eco-efficiency covering energy and material related
aspects
 Careful selection of suitable alternative materials
 Proper and even tailor-made pre-treatment of the alternative
materials
 Further development in cement process technology