Useful Formulas and Conversion C Page 1

Useful Formulas and Conversion Charts

Canadian Mercury Pickups 1946-1968
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Useful Formulas - Conversion Charts

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Useful Formulas and Conversion C Page 2

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Useful Formulas and Conversion C Page 3

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Formulas

PredictingPower PistonSpeed
Cm = .166 x L x N
BHP = PLAN/33,000 Cm is mean piston speed, in feet per minute
P is brake mean effectivepressure, in PSI L is stroke, in inches
L is piston stroke, in feet N is crankshaftspeed, in RPM
A is the area of one piston, in squareinches
N is the number of power strokes per minute

BrakeMean EffectivePressure(BMEP) L = Displacementin Liters

2-Stroke BMEP= (HP x 6500)/(L x RPM) i.e., 80 cc = .08 Liters
4-Stroke BMEP= (HP x 13000)/(L x RPM) 1 ci. = 16.39 cc

PistonAcceleration PistonStrokeMotion
Gmax = ((N^2 x L)/2189) x (1 + 1/(2A)) S = R cos X + L cos Z
Gmax is maximumpiston acceleration, in feet per second squared S = the distancepiston wrist pin is from center of crankshaft
N is crankshaftspeed, in RPM R = the radius of the crankshaftwrist pin
L is stroke, in inches L = the length of the connectingrod
A is the ratio of connectingrod length, betweencenters, to stroke X = the angle of the wrist pin
Z = the angle of the connectingrod
or
sin X = R/L sin Z

PistonTravelvs. CrankRotation ExhaustSystemsTuned Length

d = ((S/2) + L) - (S/2 cos X) - L sin[cos-1 (S/2L sin X)] Lt = (Eo x Vs) / N
S = Stroke (mm) Lt is the tuned length, in inches
L = ConnectingRod Length(mm) Eo is the exhaust-open period, in degrees
X = Crank Angle Before or After TDC (deg) Vs is wave speedin feet per second (1700 ft/sec at sea level)
Note: (L) Rod Lengthis usually2 times the (S) Stroke N is crankshaftspeed, in RPM
OR Lengthof CurvedPipe
For Spreadsheetsand some Calculators L = R x .01745 x Z
HT = (r + c) - (r cos (a)) - SQRT(c^2 - (r sin (a))^2) L is length
r = s/2 R is radius of the pipe bend
dtor = PI/180 Z is the angle of the bend
a = d x dtor DiffuserProportions
HT = The height of piston D2 = SQRT( D1^2 x 6.25 )
r = The stroke dividedby 2 D2 is the diffuseroutlet diameter
c = The rod length D1 is the diffuserinlet diameter
a = The crank angle in radians 6.25 is the outlet/inlet ratio constant
d = The crank angle in degrees Baffle Cones
dtor = Degreesto Radians Lr = Le/2
Lr is mean point of the reflectioninside the bafflecone
Le is the length of the bafflecone

Port Open Time CompressionRatio

T = ( 60/N ) x ( Z/360 ) or T = Z/( N x 6) CR = ( V1 + V2 ) / V2
T is time, in seconds CR is compressionratio
N is crankshaftspeed, in RPM V1 is cylindervolume at exhaust closing
Z is port open duration, in degrees V2 is combustionchamber volume

CarburetorThrottleBore Diameter CrankcaseVolume

D = K x SQRT( C x N ) Primarycompressionratio =
D is throttle bore diameter, in millimeters Case Volume @ TDC / Case Volume at BDC

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Useful Formulas and Conversion C Page 5

K is a constant( approx. 0.65 to 0.9, derive from existingcarburetor or

bore) CRp = V1 + V2 / V1
C is cylinderdisplacement, in liters CRp is the primarycompressionratio
N is RPM at peak power V1 is crankcasevolume @ BDC
V2 is piston displacement

ResonanceEffects AverageExhaustTemperature
F = Vs / 2¼ * the squareroot of A / Vc (L + 1/2 the squareroot of Determinethe exhaust gas temperaturein Kelvin
¼A (k = C + 273.15). This is usuallya functionof the engine's BMEP.
Vs is the sonic speedUusuallyabout 1100 ft/sec)
A is the cross-sectionalarea of the inlet
L is the inlet pipe length
Vc is the flask (crankcase) volume

Torque Mass
1.00 lb-ft = 0.138 kg-m = 1.35 N-m 1.00 lb = 0.454 kg = 4.45 N
1.00 kg-m = 7.23 lb-ft. = 9.81 N-m 1.00 kg = 2.20 lbs = 9.81 N
1.00 N-m = 0.102 kg-m = 0.737 lb-ft 1.00 N = 0.102 kg = 0.220 lb

Distance
1 in = 2.54 cm = 0.0000158mi = 0.0000254km
1 cm = 0.394 in = 0.00000621mi = 0.00001 km
1 ft = 30.5 cm = 0.000189mi = .000305km
1 mi = 63,360 in = 160,934.4 cm = 1.609 km
1 km = 0.621 mi = 100,000 cm = 3281 ft
Pressure
1.00 bar = 14.5 psi = 1.02 kg/sq-cm = 100 kPa
1.00 psi = 0.069 bar = 0.070 kg/sq-cm = 6.89 kPa
1.00 kg/sq-cm = 0.980 bar = 14.2 psi = 98.1 kPa
1.00 kPa = 0.010 bar = 0.145 psi = 0.010 kg/sq-cm

Temperature Area / Volume

F = 9 / 5 x C + 32 1.00 sq-in = 6.452 sq-cm
C = 5/9 (F - 32) 1.00 sq-cm= 0.155 sq-in
K = C + 273.4 1.00 cu-in = 16.387 cc
1.00 cc = 0.0610 cu-in

The Weightof Air

Power
1.00 HP = 746 W 14.7 lbs. per sq. inch at sea level.
torque (lb-ft) = 5252 x hp / rpm
hp = rpm x torque (lb-ft) / 5252

Air DensityCalculation

StdAirDensity= 1.22556 and is definedat 59.0F degrees, 0.0% humidity, and 29.92 inches on the barometer.

Temp_c = (Temp-32.0) * 5.0 / 9.0;

Temp_k = Temp_c + 273.0;
Baro_mb = Barometer/ (29.92 / 1013.0);
Baro_pa = Baro_mb * 100.0;
SaturationPressure_mb = 6.11 * pow(10,(7.5*Temp_c)/(237.7+Temp_c));
VaporPressure_mb = Humidity* SaturationPressure_mb / 100.0;
TempVirtual_k = Temp_k / (1.0 - (VaporPressure_mb/Baro_mb)*(1.-0.622));
// D = P/(T*R)
AirDensity= Baro_pa / (TempVirtual_k*GasConstant);
% Std Density= AirDensity/StdAirDensity*100

AdditionalConversionFactors

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Useful Formulas and Conversion C Page 6

fluid); 16.230664minims(U.S.); 0.999972milliliter

1 Ounce(avoirdupois) - 28.349523grams
1 Cubic Foot - 0.803564bushel(U.S.); 7.480520gallons (U.S.
1 Ounce(apothecaryor troy) - 31.103486grams
liquid); 0.028317cubic meter; 28.31605 liters
1 Pint (U.S. liquid) - 0.473163liter; 473.17647 cubic centimeters
1 Cubic Inch - 16.387064cubic centimeters
1 Pound (avoirdupois) - 0.453592kilogram; 453.59237 grams
1 Cubic Meter - 35.314667cubic feet; 264.17205 gallons (U.S.
liquid)
1 Pound (apothecaryor troy) - 0.3732417kilogram, 373.24172 grams
1 Foot - 0.3048 meter
1 Quart(U.S. dry) - 1.10119 liters
1 Gallon (U.S. liquid) - 0.1336816cubic foot; 0.832675gallon
1 Quart(liquid) - 0.946326liter
(British); 231 cubic inches; 0.0037854cubic meter; 3.785306liters
1 Radian - 57.295779degrees
1 Grain- 0.06479891gram
1 Rod - 5.0292 meters
1 Gram- 0.00220462pound (avoirdupois); 0.035274ounce
(avoirdupois); 15.432358grains
1 SquareCentimeter- 0.155000squareinch
1 Hectare- 2.471054acres; 1.07639 x 10 to the fifth squarefeet
1 SquareFoot - 0.09290304squaremeter
1 Inch - 2.54 centimeters
1 SquareInch - 645.16 squaremillimeters
1 Kilogram- 2.204623pounds (avoirdupois)
1 SquareMeter - 10.763910squarefeet
1 Kilometer - 0.621371mile (statute)
1 SquareYard - 0.836127squaremeter
1 Liter - 0.264179gallon (U.S. liquid);0.0353157cubic foot;
1 Ton (short) - 907.18474 kilograms
1.056718quarts (U.S. liquid)
1 Yard - 0.9144 meter

POWER- AC CIRCUITS

Efficiency= 746 x OutputHP / Input Watts POWER- DC CIRCUITS

3ø KW = Volts x Ampsx PF x 1.732 / 1000 Torque = HP x 5280 / RPM
3ø Amps= 746 x HP / 1.732 x Eff. x PF HP = Torque X RPM / 5280
3ø Eff. = 746 x HP / 1.732 x Volts x Ampsx PF 1 HP = 36 lb.in. @ 1750 RPM
3ø PF = Input Watts / Volts x Ampsx 1.732 1 HP = 3 lb. ft. @ 1750 RPM
1ø KW = Volts x Ampsx PF / 1000
1ø Amps= 746 x HP / Volts x Eff. x PF Eff. = Efficiency, HP = Horsepower
1ø Eff. = 746 x HP / Volts x Ampsx PF
1ø PF = Input Watts / Volts x Amps OHMS LAW
HP (3ø) = Volts x Ampsx 1.732 x Eff. x PF / 746 Volts (E) = Amps(I) x Ohms (R)
HP (1ø) = Volts x Ampsx Eff. x PF / 746 Amps(I) = Volts (E) / Ohms (R)
1 KW = 1000 Watts Ohms (R) = Volts (E) / Amps(I)

Eff. = Efficiency, PF = Power Factor, KW = Kilowatts, HP = R=Ohms, E=Volts, I=Amperes

Horsepower

To figure enginespeed(RPM), multiply by the Speed in MPH, by the rear

To figure miles per hour, multiply the engineRPM by the Wheel
Diameterin inches and divide this by the Gear Ratio times 336
or
MPH = RPM * wheel diameter(in inches) / gear ratio * 336
axle gear ratio times 336. Divide this by the tire diameterin inches.
or
RPM = MPH * gear ratio * 336 / tire diameter

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Useful Formulas and Conversion C Page 7

To calculatethe cubic inch displacementof an engine:

Bore x bore x .7854 x stroke x number of cylinders= CID.
Example: (for a 16hp Kohler) 3.75 (bore size) x 3.75 (bore size again) x .7854 x 3.25 (stroke)= 35.89 CID.

To convertCID into CubicCentimeters:

MultiplyCID by 16.39 = Cubic Centimeters.
Example: 35.9 (CID) x 16.39 = 588 CC.

To convertCC's into Liters:

Multiplythe CID by .01639 = Engine Liter Size.
Example: 262 (CID) x .01639 = 4.3 Liter.

- Identificationof Most Commonly Used Grades of Bolts -

No lines or companyname/logo only =

3 lines = Grade 5 6 lines = Grade 8
Grade 3

Material: Medium CarbonSteel, Material: Medium CarbonAlloy Steel, Quenchedand

Material: Low CarbonSteel.
Tempered. Tempered.
Tensile Strength: 85,000 p.s.i.
Tensile Strength: 120,000 p.s.i. Tensile Strength: 150,000 p.s.i.
(Low Strength)
(Medium Strength) (High Strength)

Fractions, Decimals and Metric Equivalents

----------------------------------------------------------
Fraction | Decimal | MM | Fraction | Decimal | MM
-----------------------------+-----------------------------
1/64" = .015" = .396 | 33/64" = .516" = 13.096
1/32" = .031" = .795 | 17/64" = .531" = 13.495
3/64" = .047" = 1.191 | 35/64" = .547" = 13.891
1/16" = .063" = 1.588 | 9/16" = .563" = 14.288
5/64" = .078" = 1.984 | 37/64" = .578" = 14.684
3/32" = .094" = 2.383 | 19/32" = .594" = 15.083
7/64" = .109" = 2.779 | 39/64" = .609" = 15.479
1/8" = .125" = 3.175 | 5/8" = .625" = 15.875
9/64" = .141" = 3.571 | 41/64" = .641" = 16.271
5/32" = .156" = 3.970 | 21/32" = .656" = 16.670
11/64" = .172" = 4.366 | 43/64" = .672" = 17.066
3/16" = .188" = 4.763 | 11/16" = .688" = 17.463
13/64" = .203" = 5.159 | 45/64" = .703" = 17.859
7/32" = .219" = 5.558 | 23/32" = .719" = 18.254
15/64" = .234" = 5.954 | 47/64" = .734" = 18.654
1/4" = .250" = 6.350 | 3/4" = .750" = 19.050
17/64" = .266" = 6.746 | 49/64" = .766" = 19.446
9/32" = .281" = 7.145 | 25/32" = .781" = 19.845
19/64" = .297" = 7.541 | 51/64" = .797" = 20.241
5/16" = .313" = 7.938 | 13/16" = .813" = 20.638
21/64" = .328" = 8.334 | 53/64" = .828" = 21.034
11/32" = .344" = 8.733 | 27/32" = .844" = 21.433
23/64" = .359" = 9.129 | 55/64" = .859" = 21.821
3/8" = .375" = 9.525 | 7/8" = .875" = 22.225
25/64" = .391" = 9.921 | 57/64" = .891" = 22.621
13/32" = .406" = 10.320 | 29/32" = .906" = 23.020
27/64" = .421" = 10.716 | 59/64" = .922" = 23.416
7/16" = .438" = 11.113 | 15/16" = .938" = 23.813
29/64" = .453" = 11.509 | 61/64" = .953" = 24.209
15/32" = .469" = 11.908 | 31/32" = .969" = 24.608
31/64" = .484" = 12.304 | 63/64" = .984" = 25.004
1/2" = .500" = 12.700 | 1" = 1.000" = 25.400

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Metric Equivalents to Decimals of an Inch

-----------------------------------------------------------------
Decimals of | Decimals of | Decimals of
MM an inch | MM an inch | MM an inch
--------------------+-----------------------+----------------------
.1 = .00394 | 1. = .03937 | 15. = .59055
.2 = .00787 | 2. = .07874 | 16. = .62992
.3 = .01181 | 3. = .11811 | 17. = .66929
.4 = .01575 | 4. = .15748 | 18. = .70866
.5 = .01968 | 5. = .19685 | 19. = .74803
.6 = .02362 | 6. = .23622 | 20. = .78740
.7 = .02756 | 7. = .27559 | 21. = .82677
.8 = .03149 | 8. = .32496 | 22. = .86614
.9 = .03543 | 9. = .35433 | 23. = .90551
10. = .39370 | 12.7 = .5 | 24. = .94488
11. = .43307 | 13. = .51181 | 25. = .98425
12. = .47244 | 14. = .55118 | 25.4 = 1.inch

MM To Inch Equivalent
1 mm = .039 in. 8 mm = .315 in. 15 mm = .590 in. 22 mm = .866 in.
2 mm = .079 in. 9 mm = .354 in. 16 mm = .630 in. 23 mm = .905 in.
3 mm = .118 in. 10 mm = .394 in. 17 mm = .669 in. 24 mm = .944 in.
4 mm = .157 in. 11 mm = .433 in. 18 mm = .709 in. 25 mm = .984 in.
5 mm = .197 in. 12 mm = .472 in. 19 mm = .748 in. 25.4 mm = 1 in.
6 mm = .236 in. 13 mm = .512 in. 20 mm = .787 in.
7 mm = .276 in. 14 mm = .551 in. 21 mm = .827 in.

Calculators
32 points of a compass= 360 degrees 1 point of a compass= 11.25 degrees
To convertdegrees C. to degrees F., multiply by 9, divide by 5 and add 32
To convertdegrees F. to degrees C., deduct32, multiply by 5 and divide by 9
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
1 foot (U.S.) = .3048 meters= 1 British foot
1 kilometer= 3,280.8399 feet = .5399568nm
Statute mile = 5,280 ft = 1.609 km = .869 nm
Nauticalmile = 1.15 stat miles = 1,852 m = 6,076.12 ft = about 2,000 yds (1 minute of latitude)
Lengthof 1 minute of latitudeat equator= approximately6,046 ft
Lengthof 1 minute of latitudeat poles = approximately6,108 ft
Knot = 1 nm/hr = 1.15 mph = 1.852 km/hr
Fathom= 6 ft = 1.829 m
Cable = 720 feet = 120 fathoms
Cable (British) = .1 nm
7.5 cables = 1 statute mile
8.44 cables = 1 nm

Charts- nauticalmiles per inch = reciprocalof natural scale/72,913.39

Charts- statute miles per inch = reciprocalof natural scale/63,360
Charts- inches per nm = 72,913.39 x natural scale
Charts- inches per sm = 63,360 x natural scale
Charts- natural scale = 1:72,913.39 x nm/inch
Charts- natural scale = 1:63,360 x sm/inch
Std. atmosphericpressureat sea level = 29.92126 inches of mercury
millibar = .02952998inches of mercury
millimeter of mercury= 1.3332237millibars
registerton = 100 cubic feet

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Useful Formulas and Conversion C Page 9

measurementton = 40 cubic feet = 1 freightton

1 barrel(42 gals) of dieselfuel = 315 pounds
1 gallon of enginemotor oil = 7.3 pounds
1 cubic foot = 7.481 gals of water
cubic foot of seawater= 64 lbs
cubic foot of freshwater= 62.428 lbs @39.2 degrees F. (temp. of max. density)
1 cubic foot of normal storage ice = 62 lbs
Speed of sound is approximately1,117 feet per second
Approximatedistance(nm) of a flash of light to resultingsound = elapsedtime dividedby 5.5
1 displacementton = 35 cubic feet of seawater= 1 long ton
1 ton of freshwater=35.84 cubic feet

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Lastmodified: 12/30/10

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