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The Famous Navier-Stokes

Equation
- by Rajat Walia
Reynolds Transport Theorem
• Equation of Newtonian mechanics is established based on Control Mass
approach.

• Which is basically considering Fluid Element or Control Mass. Equations

can be expressed for the fluid element.

• In the Fluid Mechanics, The whole art is to transform these CM based

equations into CV based equations.

• Because all the parameters in Fluid Flow equation are essentially in

Control Volume approach. CV approach is a approach is followed for fluid
flow analysis.

• Hence the transformation is required from CM to CV approach.

• Here comes RTT into the picture.

Based on RTT , Continuity, NV-Stokes, Energy equation can be derived.

Reynolds Transport Theorem

• As time passes control volume deforms to state I to state II.

• Let’s calculate net rate of change of System in time.

Reynolds Transport Theorem

• In General this deformation of CV is shown in exaggerate manner.

• For a small time interval, CV doesn’t deform so much.
• Hence when limit of deltaT tending to 0. System & CV coincides.

• When CV is not deforming so much then second term on RHS can be called
as net change in CV.
• Due to small deformation in CV we will going to have something
happening at Control Surface also(Some change).
Reynolds Transport Theorem
RTT for a stationary & non-deformable
control volume
Continuity Equation
Momentum Equation

So, The RHS is equal to the Net Unbalanced force on the system.
Before understanding about Net
Unbalanced Force, Let’s see Fluid
Kinematics
• Some fluid element can move without changing their relative position or shape of
themselves.
• Meaning they are not deforming just getting transported like rigid body.

• Some fluid element from state 1 to state 2, the angle between their relative
position remain same, but they change their magnitude.
• So, Here we don’t have angular deformation but linear deformation.
• In 3D it is called dilation of fluid element or rate of change of volume of fluid
element.

• Some fluid element from state 1 to state 2, the angle and magnitude between
their relative position will change.
• So, This is called angular deformation or shearing of fluid element.

• Some fluid element from state 1 to state 2, the angle between their relative
position will change but the magnitude remains same.
• So, This is called rotation of fluid element.
Concept of Forcing & Stress Tensor
Concept of Forcing & Stress Tensor

6 UNKOWN INDIPENDENT COMPONENT

• Force acting on a surface in different directions will produce different result.

• Force can act in x, y and z-directions and that will cause deformation.
• In order to represent the net action we need to consider 2 things, What is the
direction & magnitude of force and second thing is the area orientation of the
surface.
• Hence for their interaction properties of both vectors has to be taken care
which is normal direction of surface on which force is acting and direction of
the force itself.
• So this quantity forms a second order tensor called as Cauchy Stress Tensor.
Body Force & Surface Force
Body Force & Surface Force

• From Newton’s Law of Motion and RRT we came to know this is the net
unbalanced for acting on Fluid.

• Body Force – Force which act on CG or mass centre of body or CV. It does
not require any contact with the body but they need any external field for
their application. Ex: Electric and Gravitation Force.

• Surface Force - This force need extensive contact with the body or CV
through the control surface for it’s application.
Traction Vector & Stress Tensor
Navier Equation
So, We have to find out some quantity
that is measurable and relate it to
stress.
Strain in Fluids
• Fluid flows continuously that’s why strain rate is measured instead of just
strain.
Strain in Fluids
Stress & Strain Relation of Fluid
- Which kind of Stress is related to which type of strain.
Stress & Strain Relation of Fluid
• There is something called ‘Trace of matrix’ which is invariant.
• Trace of matrix is one third of the sum of the diagonal
element.

• So we have a isotropic component which is invariant,

additionally we will have a deviatoric component.
What is isotropic?

• Meaning, forcing is same in all direction.

• Example – In a fluid particle force acting on is same from all direction, So
this kind of force acting on fluid will transport fluid from one place to
another without any deformation.
• This type of Force is known as isotropic force.

• So if the force is changing the shape of fluid element, that force is known
as deviatoric force.
Stress & Strain Relation of Fluid

• So, Hydrostatic component is the Trace of matrix which is isotropic.

• So, Now we have to relate stress with strain.

• The hydrostatic component is independent, i.e. isotropic.
• Only component is changing is deviatoric meaning strain is changing
everywhere.
Stress & Strain Relation of Fluid

Both are 3*3 Tensor Matrix.

Stress & Strain Relation of Fluid

• So, Now we know Deviatoric component.

• And, Hydrostatic component which is isotropic is equal to Mechanical

Pressure.
• Remember, Hydrostatic component was present in the one third of the
trace of Cauchy Stress Matrix.
Stress & Strain Relation of Fluid

Pressure Force – Net normal force acting on a fluid element which transport
the fluid element without any deformation of control volume.

But because of normal force we will going to have deformation also

We could have linear deformation because of normal stress.

So when we subtracting pressure from stress matrix, that is net normal force
causing the linear deformation.
Stress & Strain Relation of Fluid
Pressure Force – Net normal force acting on a fluid element which transport
the fluid element without any deformation of control volume.

Linear Stress - Subtracting pressure from stress matrix, that is net normal
force causing the linear deformation. These normal stress are responsible for
dilation of fluid element which is contracting and stretching without any
angular deformation.

Dilation/Vol. Linear
Deformation Deformation
Shear Stress – It results in angular deformation of fluid element.

There is a misconception, which is, normal stress is only cause due to pressure
but there can be normal stress due to viscous effect also. See the second term,
This is called Viscous Normal Stress. So this term is there because of linear
deformation coupled with viscosity giving rise to normal stress.
Stokes Hypothesis
• Stokes assumed mechanical pressure is equal to
thermodynamic pressure.
Divergence of Stress Tensor

• After arriving to Navier Equation, Stokes gave his hypothesis and simplified the problem
• For a Stokesian and Newtonian Fluid we came to the derivation of NV-Stokes Equation.
Navier-Stokes Equation

• After arriving to Navier Equation, Stokes gave his hypothesis and simplified the problem
• For a Stokesian and Newtonian Fluid we came to the derivation of NV-Stokes Equation.
LHS = Total rate of change of velocity of fluid volume(Total Derivative),
Mass * acceleration = inertial force. (something accelerating the fluid)
RHS = Forces due to pressure, viscous and body
Navier-Stokes Equation for different conditions