Introduction to Fluid

Mechanics
Fluid mechanics in daily life
What is fluid?

 A substance exists in three

primary phases: solid, liquid,
and gas.
 A substance in the liquid or
gas phase is referred to as a
fluid.
 Distinction between a solid
and a fluid is made based on
the substance’s ability to
resist an applied shear
stress that tends to change
its shape. Unlike a liquid, a gas does not form a free
surface, and it expands to fill the entire
available space.
Shear stress

 Stress: Force per unit area.

 Shear stress: The
tangential component of a
force acting on a surface per
unit area.
 Normal stress: The normal
component of a force acting
on a surface per unit area.
 Pressure: The normal stress
in a fluid at rest.
Solid and fluid
When acted on by a shear stress
 Solid will initially deform but will not continuously deform (flow).
 Stress is proportional to strain
 Fluid deforms continuously.
 Stress is proportional to strain rate
 When a constant shear force is applied,
• a solid eventually stops deforming at some fixed strain angle
• whereas a fluid never stops deforming and approaches a constant
rate of strain
Fluid mechanics
Substance exists
in three phases

Solid Liquid Gas

Acted on by a
shear stress Fluid
Acted on by a shear
stress
Not
Continuously
continuously
deform
deform

Fluid mechanics:
The science that deals with Fluid Mechanics

the behavior of fluids at rest

(fluid statics) or in motion
(fluid dynamics), and the Statics: bodies at Dynamics: bodies
interaction of fluids with rest in motion
solids or other fluids at the
boundaries.
Application areas of fluid mechanics
 Electric Power Generation

Wind turbine Hydroelectric dams

Thermal power plant

Application areas of fluid mechanics
 Industrial Pump and Piping Systems
Application areas of fluid mechanics
 Transportation
Application areas of fluid mechanics

 Electronics Cooling

Fan cooling of a CPU

Application areas of fluid mechanics
 Biomedical Applications
Dimensions and units
Any physical quantity can be TABLE 1−1
characterized by dimensions. The seven fundamental (or primary)
dimensions and their units in SI
The magnitudes assigned to the
dimensions are called units. Dimension Unit
Length meter (m)
Some basic dimensions such as
mass m, length L, time t, and Mass kilogram (kg)
temperature T are selected as Time second (s)
primary or fundamental Temperature kelvin (K)
dimensions, while others such as Electric current ampere (A)
velocity V, energy E, and volume
V are expressed in terms of the Amount of light candela (cd)
primary dimensions and are Amount of matter mole (mol)
called secondary dimensions, or
derived dimensions.
English
1–6 units andOF
■ IMPORTANCE SIDIMENSIONS
units AND UNITS (2)

1 lbm = 0.45359 kg
1 ft = 0.3048 m

Force = (Mass) (Acceleration)

F = ma
1 N = 1 kg·m/s2
1 lbf = 32.174 lbm·ft/s2
The weight of a
unit mass at sea
W = mg (N) level.

W ---weight
m --- mass
g --- gravitational acceleration

Work = Force  Distance

1 J = 1 N∙m
A typical match yields about
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ one Btu (or one kJ) of
energy if completely burned.
1–6 ■ IMPORTANCE
Dimensional OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS (5)
homogeneity
 All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.
 Every term in an equation must have the same units
 Always check the units in your calculations

Unity Conversion Ratios

 All nonprimary units can be formed by combinations of primary units.
 Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and are unitless
1–6 ■ IMPORTANCE
1. What OFsubstance
is the weight of a 1-kg DIMENSIONS
in N, kN, AND UNITS
kg·m/s2, kgf, (6)
lbm·ft/s2, and lbf?
2. Determine the mass and the weight of the air contained in a
room whose dimensions are 3 m × 5 m × 7 m. Assume the
density of the air is 1.16 kg/m3.
3. A 3-kW resistance heater in a water heater runs for 2 hours to
raise the water temperature to the desired level. Determine the
amount of electric energy used in both kWh and kJ.
4. An airplane flies horizontally at 70 m/s. Its propeller delivers
1500 N of thrust (forward force) to overcome aerodynamic drag
(backward force). Using dimensional reasoning and unity
conversion ratios, calculate the useful power delivered by the
propeller in units of kW and horsepower.
Topics and schedule
- Lecture 01 Introduction of fluid mechanics
- Lecture 02 Fluid properties
- Lecture 03 Pressure
- Lecture 04 Fluid statics
- Lecture 05 Conservation of mass and energy
- Lecture 06 Bernoulli equations
- Lecture 07 Momentum analysis of flow systems
- Lecture 08 Internal flow: Flow in pipes
- Lecture 09 External flow: Drag and lift
- Lecture 10 Open Channel flow