EARTHQUAKE

Earthquake
• It occurs when rocks break and slip along a fault in the earth.
• The surface where the plates slip is called the fault or fault plane.
• Shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of
energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
Aftershock
• are earthquakes that follow the largest shock of an
earthquake sequence.

• smaller than the mainshock

03
• can continue over a period of weeks, months, or years.
 Causes of Earthquake
• The earth has four major layers: the
inner core, outer core, mantle and
crust.
• Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth's
crust and uppermost mantle. Plate
boundaries are the edges of the
plates.
• Due to convection currents triggered
by the molten lava inside the earth’s
crust , the resulting convection
causes the adjacently overlying
plates to move, slide, or bump into
each other.
Hypocenter
- Location below the earth’s
surface where the earthquake
originates

Epicenter
- Location where it occurs on
the earth’s surface
Types of Earthquakes
Tectonic Earthquake
-the most prevalent kinds of earthquakes
in the world.
-it takes place due to the movement of the
crust along the existing faults in the
earth’s crust.
-The movement of these plates occurs in
different forms; towards each other
(convergent), away from each other
(divergent) , sliding past each other
(transform).
Volcanic Earthquake
- are less prevalent.
- caused by the movement of magma beneath
the surface of the Earth.
- They typically take place before or after an
eruption.
- come in two forms: long-period volcanic
earthquakes and volcano-tectonic earthquakes.
 Explosion earthquake
-caused by nuclear
explosions.
-man triggered kind of
earthquake
-represent the biggest
impact of modern-day
nuclear war.
Collapse Earthquake
- referred to as mine
bursts.
-generally smaller and
most commonly occur
near underground mines.
- are instigated by the
pressure generated within
the rocks.
Seismographs
- Instrument for measuring
seismic waves.

Seismogram
- The graph output by a seismograph.
 Mecalli Intensity Scale (Intensity)
• By Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902
• Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake
at a certain location.
• Classified earthquakes into twelve classes according to the destruction
they cause.

Richter Scale (Magnitude)

• By Charles F. Richter in1958
• Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the
earthquake
• Base more scientifically on the amplitude produced in the earthquake
measuring instrument, the seismograph
MAGNITUDE AND
INTENSITY
Magnitude
- is a measure of the amount of
energy released during an
earthquake.

- It is frequently described using

the Richter scale.
Intensity
-measure the amount of shaking at
a particular location.

-a number (written as a Roman

numeral) describing the severity of
an earthquake in terms of its effects
on the earth's surface and on
humans and their structures.
3 main factors control intensity`:
Magnitude
H ow big it was?

Distance from hypocenter

H ow far was it?

Bedrock and Soil

H ow solid is the ground?
Earthquake Light Bulb
Magnitude of Some Past Earthquakes
1. 1990 Luz on Earthquake (M 7.8)
2. 2013 Bohol Earthquake (M 7.2)
3. 2004 Indian O cean earthquake and tsunami (M 9.2)
4. 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami (M 9.0)
5. 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami (M 7.5)
Effects of Earthquake in
Civil Engineering
Construction
The four very important factors to be considered in civil engineering
construction due to earthquake are the following:
The effect of the horiz ontal forces on structure.
Settlement of structures due to vibration of the
structure.

Soil liquifaction of foundation soil.

Slope instability of existing slopes.

1.The effect of the horizontal forces on
structure.
Earthquake forces can act in all
directions. It start at the supporting
soil and are transmitted to the
building. The horiz ontal and vertical
earthquake forces travel in different
load paths and may result
in tension, shear compression, bendin H oriz ontal earthquake forces
g or torsion forces.
2.Settlement of structures due to vibration of the structure.
Settlement of the foundation soil is a vertical displacement of the soil surface
caused by the workload of the building.

Differential settlements are uneven foundation settlements that can be the result
of numerous causes.
3. Soil liquifaction
Soil liquefaction occurs when a
saturated or partially
saturated soil substantially
loses strength and stiffness in
response to an applied stress.

In soil mechanics, the term

"liquefied" was first used by Allen
H az en
 4. Slope Instability
The shaking of the earth due to
earthquake can produce instability of
slopes. This very important in earth
dams. (In concrete dams the oscillations
of the water body can cause great
damage unless these forces are
considered in their design)
“Earthquakes don’t kill people; buildings do”.
So, are Engineers at
fault?
BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER
AN EARTHQUAKE:
PREPAREDN ESS STEPS
 What to do before an earthquake
Make sure you have a fire
extinguisher, first aid kit, a battery-
powered radio, a flashlight, and extra
batteries at home.
Make up a plan of where to Don't leave heavy objects on
meet your family after an shelves (they'll fall during a
earthquake. quake).

Learn the earthquake Learn first aid. Anchor heavy

plan at your school or
furniture, cupboards,
workplace.
and appliances to the
walls or floor.
What to do during an earthquake
Stay calm! If you're indoors, stay
inside. If you're outside, stay
outside.
Don't use matches,
candles, or any flame.
Broken gas lines and
fire don't mix.
If you're indoors, stand against a wall near
the center of the building, stand in a
doorway, or crawl under heavy furniture (a
desk or table). Stay away from windows and
outside doors.
If you're in a car, stop the
car and stay inside the car
until the earthquake stops.
If you're outdoors, stay in the open
away from power lines or anything that
might fall. Stay away from buildings
(stuff might fall off the building or the
building could fall on you).
Don't use elevators
(they'll probably get
stuck anyway).
What to do after an earthquake
Expect aftershocks.
If you're at school or work,
follow the emergency plan
or the instructions of the
person in charge.
Check yourself and others for injuries.
Provide first aid for anyone who needs it..
Stay away from beaches.
Tsunamis and seiches
sometimes hit after the ground
has stopped shaking.
Be careful around broken glass
and debris. Wear boots or sturdy
shoes to keep from cutting your
feet.
Stay out of damaged
buildings.
Thank you for listening!
Toodles :”)
Aggarri, Jammile
Opulencia, Ma. Justine Clae
Reference/s:
http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/bda.html
https://www.earthquakescanada.ca/info-gen/faq-en.php
https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-
hazards/science/science-earthquakes?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-
science_center_objects
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/howearthquakesoccur.php
https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/earthquake-proof-
buildings#:~:text=Shear%20walls%2C%20cross%20braces%2C%20dia
phragms,keep%20its%20shape%20during%20movement.

Special thanks to Harvey Del Mundo :)