NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING Third Edition

HANDBOOK

Volume 5

Electromagnetic
Testing
Technical Editor
Satish S. Udpa

Editor
Patrick O. Moore

FOU
NDED
1941 American Society for Nondestructive Testing
Copyright © 2004
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING, INC.
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The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, its employees, and the contributors to this volume assume no
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ASNT is not responsible for the authenticity or accuracy of information herein, and published opinions and
statements do not necessarily reflect the opinion of ASNT. Products or services that are advertised or mentioned do not
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Electromagnetic Testing / technical editor, Satish S. Udpa; editor,
Patrick O. Moore.
p. cm. — (Nondestructive testing handbook (3rd ed.); v. 5).
Includes bibliographic references and index.
ISBN 1-57117-046-4 (alk. paper)
1. Magnetic testing. 2. Electric testing. I. Udpa, Satish S. II. Moore,
Patrick O. III. Series: Nondestructive testing handbook (3rd ed.) ; v. 5.
TA417.3.E525 2004
620.1'1278--dc22
200400448

First printing 05/04.

Second printing 07/06, with new impositions for pages 68, 73, 83,
130, 158, 160, 190, 196, 197, 201, 321, 325, 332.
Third printing 11/07. ASNT has withdrawn the second printing.

Published by the American Society for Nondestructive Testing

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
President’s Foreword

It was 1955 when the Board of Directors I challenge each nondestructive testing
resolved to begin work on the professional to get involved in making
Nondestructive Testing Handbook with our professional organization better,
Robert C. McMaster serving as editor. The especially if you feel that important
first edition of the series began and was information is missing from any society
published in 1959. A review of the credits publication. We each have a unique
at the beginning of the first edition makes knowledge. The volunteers who worked
it clear that this documentation of our on this NDT Handbook were willing to
body of knowledge was a collaboration of share their knowledge. In the future, we
a large number of distinguished need your contribution to have
volunteers. Since the beginning of this comprehensive volumes.
society, volunteers have been our greatest Again thanks to all who contributed.
asset. They do not appear on the financial
balance sheet but they make this society Joseph L. Mackin
great. ASNT President, 2003-2004
At the time of publication of the first
edition, President Maurice J. Curtis wrote
that the NDT Handbook “will be
significantly revised in future editions to
keep pace with progress. Similarly, the
functions and services of the Society for
Nondestructive Testing will change as it
strives to provide the utmost service of its
membership to science, industry, and
mankind.”
In that spirit, the society published the
second edition in ten volumes and is in
the process of publishing the third
edition. Electromagnetic Testing is the fifth
volume to be published in this edition.
The corresponding volume in the second
edition was published in 1986. With the
changes in signal processing capabilities
and advances in science, this new volume
is necessary if we are to “keep pace with
progress,” as Curtis said.
The NDT Handbook continues to be one
of the finest examples of what society
volunteers can accomplish. We have the
support of a full time editor but the text is
provided and peer reviewed by volunteers.
The contributors and reviewers are listed
in the preface to this volume. We all owe
our appreciation these individuals for
volunteering their time, energy and
resources to document the science and
practice of electromagnetic testing.
Three individuals gave conspicuously
of their time and I would like to provide a
personal thanks on behalf of the Society
to Satish S. Udpa, technical editor; Mani
Mina, coordinator; and James E. Cox,
Electromagnetic Testing Committee chair.
Thank you for your efforts.

Electromagnetic Testing iii

Foreword

technical editors, ASNT staff, many

Aims of a Handbook contributors and reviewers worked
together to bring the project to
The volume you are holding in your hand completion. For their scholarship and
is the fifth in the third edition of the dedication, I thank them all.
Nondestructive Testing Handbook. In the
beginning of each volume, it has been Gary L. Workman
useful to state the purposes and nature of Handbook Development Director
the NDT Handbook series.
Handbooks exist in many disciplines of
science and technology, and certain
features set them apart from other
reference works. A handbook should
ideally give the basic knowledge necessary
for an understanding of the technology,
including both scientific principles and
means of application.
The typical reader may be assumed to
have completed three years of college
toward a degree in mechanical
engineering or materials science and
hence has the background of an
elementary physics or mechanics course.
Additionally, this volume provides a
positive reinforcement for the use of
computer based media that enhances its
educational value and enlightens all levels
of education and training.
Standards, specifications,
recommended practices and inspection
procedures may be discussed in a
handbook for instructional purposes, but
at a level of generalization that is
illustrative rather than comprehensive.
Standards writing bodies take great pains
to ensure that their documents are
definitive in wording and technical
accuracy. People writing contracts or
procedures should consult the actual
standards when appropriate.
Those who design qualifying
examinations or study for them draw on
handbooks as a quick and convenient way
of approximating the body of knowledge.
Committees and individuals who write or
anticipate questions are selective in what
they draw from any source. The parts of a
handbook that give scientific background,
for instance, may have little bearing on a
practical examination except to provide
the physical foundation to assist handling
of more challenging tasks. Other parts of
a handbook are specific to a certain
industry. This handbook provides a
collection of perspectives on its subject to
broaden its value and convenience to the
nondestructive testing community.
The present volume is a worthy
addition to the third edition. The editors,

iv Electromagnetic Testing
Preface
Electromagnetic nondestructive test
methods have come a long way since the
work reported by S.M. Saxby concerning
magnetic techniques for inspecting gun
barrels in 1868 and the early eddy current
experiments conducted by D.E. Hughes in
1879. The level of sophistication of these
methods has grown considerably with
time as has the diversity of applications.
Progress in the fields of electronics, sensor
technology and computer engineering has
facilitated the development of new and
interesting approaches for improving the
sensitivity and resolution of such
techniques. The ready availability of
microprocessors has contributed greatly to
improving both the quality and quantity
of information made available to the user.
The emergence of new techniques for
modeling has not only given insight into
the underlying physical process but also
given tools for the design of new sensors,
the prediction of test performance and
the development of new and improved
techniques. Major sections of this NDT
Handbook had to be rewritten to provide
readers with information about a number
of these exciting developments. The
resulting volume represents the collective
wisdom of many volunteers who have
chosen to share their expertise.
All electromagnetic test techniques are
described by Maxwell’s equations. These
elegant equations describe magnetic
particle testing just as effectively as eddy
current and microwave techniques. An
important factor that contributes to the
differences in the underlying physical
processes associated with each technique
is the excitation frequency. The excitation
frequency associated with magnetostatic
techniques such as magnetic particle
testing is either zero (direct current) or
very low. Eddy current techniques use
excitation frequencies in the quasistatic
range (100 Hz to 10 MHz). Microwave
testing uses much higher frequencies.
Thus, these electromagnetic methods can
be viewed as a continuum of techniques
governed by the common thread of
Maxwell’s equations, with the character of
the underlying physical process dictated
by the choice of excitation frequency.
Techniques for modeling magnetic
particle techniques, for example, have
much in common with techniques for
simulating other tests described in this
volume. We have therefore included some
discussion on magnetic particle testing
despite the fact that a separate NDT
Handbook volume covers that method.
A handbook, by definition, is a source
of fundamental information. Its readers
come from diverse backgrounds.
Practitioners who wish to seek additional
information about a technique are just as
welcome to use the book as a student
seeking basic information about a test
technique. Many readers may be
interested in knowing about advanced
modeling techniques; others are
interested in modern applications of
electromagnetic testing. This volume
covers both theory and practice. In some
ways, the coverage is different from that
in previous editions. The references at the
end of each chapter will also allow the
reader to explore this fascinating subject.
The volume represents the work of
many in the field. I am immensely
thankful to all the contributors. I am
equally grateful to all the reviewers who
took the time to review and comment on
material that was sent to them on short
notice. I am particularly thankful to Mani
Mina, of Iowa State University, who went
to extraordinary lengths to contact many
of the contributors, to John Bowler, also
of Iowa State University, who invested a
lot of time to make sure that technical
details presented in the book are correct
and to Patrick Moore at ASNT for making
this a labor of love. Finally, I would be
remiss if I did not acknowledge the help,
support and advice that I have received
over the years from William Lord. He was
instrumental in infecting me with the
love for the subject and helped shape
many of the ideas in the book.
Satish S. Udpa
Technical Editor
Electromagnetic Testing v
Editor’s Preface
The first edition of the Nondestructive
Testing Handbook, published in 1959,
introduced eddy current testing to test
technicians in the United States and the
world.
The second edition started slowly. Two
drafts of the electromagnetic volume, in
the 1960s and 1970s, did not get into
print. With the help of ASNT staff, the
second edition volume was finally
published in 1986.
The second edition, like the first,
featured the analytical approach of
Friedrich Förster. In addition to its
extensive treatment of applications, the
second edition also featured sections on
magnetic flux leakage and microwave
testing.
In 1999, work on the third edition of
Electromagnetic Testing began in the
Technical and Education Council’s
Handbook Development Committee and
Electromagnetic Testing Committee.
Production began in 2001, when Satish
Udpa assumed the duties of technical
editor.
Since 1990, numerical techniques have
increasingly replaced analytical ones in
research and applications and are well
represented in this volume.
In this edition, an attempt is made to
standardize the ways that technology is
referred to. One is that conductivity
measurements are given in siemens per
meter in addition to the more familiar
percentages of the International Annealed
Copper Standard. Another is that,
wherever practical, alloys are referred to
by their numerical designations in the
Unified Numbering System. It is hoped
that these changes will help to harmonize
nondestructive testing with sister
disciplines and make the volume more
useful to posterity.
I would personally like to thank
members of ASNT staff who helped to
make this book better. Hollis Humphries
and Joy Grimm produced many excellent
graphics and laid out the chapters.
Senior Manager of Publications Paul
McIntire believed strongly in the value of
this book. He provided many valuable
suggestions, read every chapter in galley
and reviewed the book again before
publication. McIntire’s personal attention
prevented more than a few errors and has
helped readability throughout the
vi Electromagnetic Testing
volume. He supported the project at every
stage of development and production.
People listed as contributors in the
acknowledgments below were also
reviewers but are listed once, as
contributors.
Patrick O. Moore
NDT Handbook Editor
Acknowledgments
Thanks are extended to the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers and
its Center for the History of Electrical
Engineering, for help in obtaining
illustrations.
The infrastructure chapter is indebted
to Bernard Mayton of the Virginia
Department of Transportation and Cesar
Apusen of the Virginia Transportation
Research Council for their assistance in
conducting field tests.
The following people are thanked for
their contributions to the discussion of
offshore weld testing: Fred Cella and the
Shaw Group, Stone and Webster; Dennis
Donovan, Coastal Inspection Services;
Helen Goldberg, Sea Test Services; and
Mike Wallace, Core Technical Services.
Sources of illustrations are
acknowledged in a section at the end of
this book.
Handbook Development
Committee
Gary L. Workman, University of Alabama,
Huntsville
Michael W. Allgaier, Allgaier Consulting
and Training
Albert S. Birks, Naval Surface Warfare
Center
Richard H. Bossi, Boeing Aerospace
Company
Lisa J.H. Brasche, Iowa State University
William C. Chedister, Circle Systems
James E. Cox, Zetec, Incorporated
James L. Doyle, Jr., NorthWest Research
Associates
Nat Y. Faransso, KBR
François Gagnon, Vibra-K Consultants
Matthew J. Golis
Robert E. Green, Jr.
Gerard K. Hacker, Teledyne Brown
Engineering
Harb S. Hayre, Ceie Specs
Eric v.K. Hill, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical
University
Frank A. Iddings
Charles N. Jackson, Jr.
Morteza K. Jafari, Fugro South
John K. Keve, DynCorp Tri-Cities Services
Doron Kishoni, Business Solutions USA
Lloyd P. Lemle, Jr., ConocoPhillips
Xavier P.V. Maldague, University Laval
George A. Matzkanin, Nondestructive
Testing Information and Analysis
Center
Paul McIntire, American Society for
Nondestructive Testing
Michael L. Mester
Ron K. Miller, Physical Acoustics
Corporation
Scott D. Miller, Saudi Aramco, Saudi
Arabia
Mani Mina, Technology Resource Group
Patrick O. Moore, American Society for
Nondestructive Testing
Stanley Ness
Louis G. Pagliaro, Engineered Sintered
Components Company
Emmanuel E. Papadakis, Quality Systems
Concepts
Stanislav I. Rokhlin, Ohio State University
Frank J. Sattler
Fred Seppi, Williams International
Kermit A. Skeie
Roderic K. Stanley, NDE Information
Consultants
Holger H. Streckert, General Atomics
Stuart A. Tison, Millipore Corporation
Noel A. Tracy, Universal Technology
Corporation
Satish S. Udpa, Michigan State University
James L. Walker, University of Alabama,
Huntsville
Mark F.A. Warchol, Alcoa, Incorporated
Glenn A. Washer, Turner-Fairbank
Highway Research Center
George C. Wheeler
Contributors
David M. Amos, MFE Enterprises
Donald M. Bailey
David R. Bajula, Longview Inspection
Craig W. Benson, General Dynamics
Thomas U. Bipes, Progress Energy
Anmol S. Birring, NDE Associates
Ronald J. Botsko
David J. Brown, Zetec, Incorporated
John R. Bowler, Iowa State University
James E. Cox, Zetec, Incorporated
Gerald L. Fitzpatrick, PRI Research and
Development Corporation
Paul M. Gammell
Lawrence O. Goldberg, Sea Test Services
Donald J. Hagemaier
Johann H. Hinken, Hochschule
Magdeburg-Stendal, Germany
Tatsuo Hiroshima, Marktec Corporation,
Japan
Nathan Ida, University of Akron
Timothy E. Kinsella, Dassault Falcon Jet
Margarit G. Lozev, Edison Welding
Institute
Martin C. Lugg, TSC Inspection Systems,
United Kingdom
David D. Mackintosh, Queens University,
Canada
Walter R. Matulewicz, Huddleston
Technical Services
Joseph M. Mandula
Michael L. Mester
Masashi Mizuno, Tohoku Steel, Japan
George Mordwinkin, Sensor Corporation
Nasser Qaddoumi, American University of
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Pradeep Ramuhalli, Michigan State
University
Gary P. Rogles, AmerenUE
David E. Russell, Russell NDE Systems,
Canada
Takehide Sakamoto, Sumitomo Metal
Technology, Japan
Ram P. Samy, The Timken Company
Michael L. Scott, Wiss, Janney, Elstner
Associates
Ad A. Shatat, Russell NDE Systems,
Canada
William C.L. Shih, PRI Research and
Development Corporation
Jack C. Spanner, Jr., Electric Power
Research Institute
Roderic K. Stanley, NDE Information
Consultants
Eric J. Strauts, TEEM Electronics
Hal Streckert, General Atomics
Wolfgang Stumm
Theodoros Theodoulidis, Aristotle
University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Marvin W. Trimm, Westinghouse
Savannah River Company
Lalita Udpa, Michigan State University
Satish S. Udpa, Michigan State University
Andrew P. Washabaugh, Jentek Sensors
Glenn A. Washer, Turner-Fairbank
Highway Research Center
Herbert R. Weischedel, NDT Technologies,
Incorporated
Markus Zahn, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Reza Zoughi, University of Missouri, Rolla
Reviewers
R. David Adamson, Pacific Gas and
Electric
David L. Atherton, Queens University,
Canada
Alfred J. Bahr, SRI International
Narendra K. Batra, Naval Research
Laboratory
Mark J. Bergander, Scientific Technologies
Albert S. Birks, Naval Surface Warfare
Center
Lisa J.H. Brasche, Iowa State University
Timothy L. Brown, Foerster Instruments
Donald Bugden, Magnetic Analysis
Corporation
Val S. Cecco, R/D Tech, Canada
Electromagnetic Testing vii
 Robert L. Crane, Air Force Research Thierry Sollier, Commissariat à l’Energie
Laboratory Atomique, France
Alfred E. Crouch, Southwest Research Tadeusz Stepinski, Uppsala University,
Institute Sweden
James M. Daughton, NVE Corporation Douglas J. Strand, Army Research
Claude D. Davis, Unified Testing Services Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground
Thomas J. Davis, HD Laboratories Yushi Sun, Innovative Materials Testing
John C. Deboo, Boeing Commercial Technologies
Airplane Company Richard L. Tiefenauer, Saint Louis Testing
Louis M. de la Pintiere Laboratories
Hitoshi Domon, Tokyo Engineering Orestes J. Varonis
University, Japan Mark F.A. Warchol, Alcoa, Incorporated
John J. Flaherty, Flare Technology Gary Zimmerman, Zetec, Incorporated
Michael J. Gilkey, General Dynamics
Mark H. Gehlen, UniWest
Neil J. Goldfine, Jentek Sensors
Tad S. Golosinski, University of Missouri,
Rolla
David P. Harvey, Oremet-Wah Chang
Rudolf G. Hentschel
James W. Houf, American Society for
Nondestructive Testing
Morteza K. Jafari, Fugro South
Marvin Johnson, Owens Services
Corporation
Marty J. Klatt, R/D Tech, Canada
Gary G. Korkala, Security Defense Systems
Karl E. Kraft, Tinker Air Force Base
Kenji J. Krzywosz, Electric Power Research
Institute
Lloyd P. Lemle, Jr., ConocoPhillips
Raymond J. Leseck, US Airways
Clayton D. Luce, Northeast NDE
Company
Joseph L. Mackin, International Pipe
Inspectors Association
Shreekanth Mandayam, Rowan University
John F. Manning, MTS, Incorporated
Michael J. Maulucci
Paul McIntire, American Society for
Nondestructive Testing
Scott M. Metzger, Stupp Pipeline Services
Scott D. Miller, Saudi Aramco, Saudi
Arabia
Mani Mina, Iowa State University
William Arthur Mullan, Boeing Aerospace
Company
Shridhar C. Nath, General Electric Global
Research Center
Monty O’Connor, Eddy Current
Technology
Allan F. Pardini
Ronald B. Peoples, Foerster Instruments
Dennis N. Poffenroth
G. Alan Raine, TSC Inspection Systems,
United Kingdom
Paul Ristuccia, Boeing Commercial
Airplane Company
Harold A. Sabbagh, Victor Technologies
E.H. Sabbagh, Victor Technologies
Robert Saglio, Commissariat à l’Energie
Atomique, France
Frank J. Sattler
Thomas R. Schmidt
Ujjal Sen, Spectronics Corporation
Richard L. Skaugset, PRI Research and
Development Corporation

viii Electromagnetic Testing

 C O N T E N T S

Chapter 1. Introduction to Chapter 6. Eddy Current

Electromagnetic Testing . . . . ...1 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Part 1. Nondestructive Testing . ...2 Part 1. Introduction to
Part 2. Management of Eddy Current
Electromagnetic Testing . . 13 Instrumentation . . . . . . 172
Part 3. Units of Measure for Part 2. Eddy Current System
Electromagnetic Testing . . 22 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Part 3. Demodulation . . . . . . . . . 180
Chapter 2. History of Part 4. Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Electromagnetic Testing . . . . . . 27
Part 1. Electromagnetic Theory . . 28 Chapter 7. Signal and Image
Part 2. Industrial Development of Processing for
Electromagnetic Tests . . . 34 Electromagnetic Testing . . . . . 189
Part 1. Signal Enhancement . . . . 190
Chapter 3. Principles of Part 2. Signal Classification . . . . 195
Electromagnetic Testing . . . . . . 45 Part 3. Signal Characterization . . 201
Part 1. Introduction to
Principles of Chapter 8. Remote Field Testing . . . . 207
Electromagnetic Testing . . 46 Part 1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Part 2. Magnetic Flux Leakage Part 2. System Components . . . . 209
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Part 3. Detector Signal . . . . . . . . 211
Part 3. Eddy Current Testing . . . . 51
Part 4. Selection of Remote
Part 4. Microwave Testing . . . . . . 56 Field Testing . . . . . . . . . 215
Part 5. Signal Analysis . . . . . . . . 217
Chapter 4. Modeling of Part 6. Field Operation . . . . . . . . 224
Electromagnetic Testing . . . . . . 61
Part 1. Modeling of Phenomena Chapter 9. Magnetic Flux Leakage
for Electromagnetic
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Part 2. Modeling of Homogeneous Part 1. Introduction to Magnetic
Conducting Media . . . . . . 65 Flux Leakage Testing . . . 228
Part 3. Analytical and Integral Part 2. Magnetization
Models for Simulating Techniques . . . . . . . . . . 230
Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Part 3. Magnetic Flux Leakage
Part 4. Computer Modeling of Test Results . . . . . . . . . . 235
Eddy Current Fields . . . . . 93 Part 4. Applications of Magnetic
Flux Leakage Testing . . . 239
Chapter 5. Probes for
Electromagnetic Testing . . . . . 127 Chapter 10. Alternating Current
Field Measurement . . . . . . . . . 247
Part 1. Introduction to Eddy
Current Probes . . . . . . . . 128 Part 1. Introduction to
Part 2. Design of Eddy Current Alternating Current
Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Field Measurement . . . . 248
Part 3. Hall Effect Detectors . . . . 152 Part 2. Alternating Current
Field Measurement
Part 4. Probes for Magnetic Flux Technique . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Part 3. Alternating Current
Part 5. Eddy Current Imaging Field Measurement
with Magnetooptic Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Part 4. Alternating Current
Field Measurement
Indications . . . . . . . . . . 265

Electromagnetic Testing ix
 Chapter 11. Reference Standards for
Electromagnetic Testing . . . . . 269
Part 1. Introduction to
Reference Standards
for Electromagnetic
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Part 2. Types of Reference
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Part 3. Functions of Reference
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Part 4. Techniques of Reference
Standard Fabrication . . . 279
Chapter 12. Microwave Testing . . . . 285
Part 1. Introduction to
Microwave Testing . . . . . 286
Part 2. Theory of Microwave
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Part 3. Applications of
Microwave Testing . . . . . 302
Chapter 13. Electromagnetic
Techniques for Material
Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Part 1. Introduction to
Electromagnetic
Identification of
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Part 2. Eddy Current Impedance
Plane Analysis . . . . . . . . 323
Part 3. Conductivity Testing . . . . 329
Part 4. Hysteresis Loop
Characteristics . . . . . . . . 337
Part 5. Electrical Resistivity
Measurements . . . . . . . . 342
Part 6. Thermoelectric Sorting . . 344
Part 7. Dielectrometric
Techniques for Material
Characterization . . . . . . 346
Chapter 14. Primary Metals
Applications of Electromagnetic
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Part 1. Electromagnetic Testing
in Primary Metals
Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Part 2. Rotating Probe Testing
of Hot Rolled Bars . . . . . 356
Part 3. Eddy Current Device for
Total Surface Testing of
Square Billets . . . . . . . . . 360
Part 4. Rotating Machine to
Test Hot Steel Rods
and Wires . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Part 5. Seam Testing in Hot Steel
Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Part 6. Online Testing of Hot
Metal Products . . . . . . . . 373
x Electromagnetic Testing
Chapter 15. Chemical and
Petroleum Applications of
Electromagnetic Testing . . . . . 381
Part 1. Electromagnetic Testing
of Process Tubing and
Heat Exchangers . . . . . . 382
Part 2. Electromagnetic Testing
of Transmission and
Storage Systems . . . . . . . 386
Part 3. Electromagnetic Testing
of Drill and Coil Pipe . . . 390
Part 4. Eddy Current Testing of
Offshore Welds . . . . . . . 396
Chapter 16. Electric Power
Applications of Electromagnetic
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Part 1. Introduction to
Electromagnetic Testing
of Electric Power
Components . . . . . . . . . 402
Part 2. Electromagnetic
Techniques for Heat
Exchanger Tubing . . . . . 405
Part 3. Eddy Current Detection
of Forging Laps in
Pressurized Water
Reactor Tubing . . . . . . . . 411
Part 4. Dezincification in
Inhibited Admiralty
Brass Tubing . . . . . . . . . 413
Part 5. Eddy Current Testing of
Ferritic Welds in Nuclear
Transfer Casks . . . . . . . . 418
Chapter 17. Infrastructure
Applications of Electromagnetic
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Part 1. Eddy Current Detection
of Cracks in Steel
Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Part 2. Applications of Ground
Penetrating Radar to
Bridge Decks . . . . . . . . . 430
Part 3. Magnetic Flux Leakage
Testing of Wire Rope . . . 437
Part 4. Near Field Microwave
Testing of Cement
Based Materials and
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Chapter 18. Aerospace Applications
of Eddy Current Testing . . . . . . 457
Part 1. Introduction to Eddy
Current Testing of
Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Part 2. Eddy Current Tests of
Metal and Coating
Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Part 3. Eddy Current Tests of
Metal Conductivity . . . . 463
Part 4. Eddy Current Testing of
Bolt Holes . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Part 5. Impedance Plane Analysis
of Typical Aerospace
Material Tests . . . . . . . . . 472
Part 6. Low Frequency Eddy
Current Testing of
Aircraft Structure . . . . . . 481
Part 7. Eddy Current Testing of
Jet Engines . . . . . . . . . . . 486

Chapter 19. Electromagnetic Testing

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Figure Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

Electromagnetic Testing xi
 M U LT I M E D I A C O N T E N T S

Chapter 1. Introduction to Chapter 16. Electric Power

Electromagnetic Testing Applications of Electromagnetic
Movie. Need for nondestructive Testing
testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Movie. Eddy current test of
Movie. Radian of circle . . . . . . . . . 23 tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Movie. Calibration reference
Chapter 2. History of standard tube . . . . . . . . . 406
Electromagnetic Testing Movie. Magnetic flux leakage test
of ferromagnetic tube . . 409
Movie. Electromagnetic Movie. Heat exchanger tube
induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 indications . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Movie. Strip chart indications . . . 415
Chapter 5. Probes for
Electromagnetic Testing Chapter 18. Aerospace
Movie. Eddy current array Applications of Eddy Current
probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Testing
Movie. Skin effect . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Movie. Edge effect . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Movie. Standard depth of
penetration . . . . . . . . . . 130 Movie. Bolt hole probe . . . . . . . . 468
Movie. Cup core probe . . . . . . . . 140
Movie. Shielded probe . . . . . . . . 144 Chapter 19. Electromagnetic
Movie. Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Testing Glossary
Movie. Encircling probe . . . . . . . 151 Movie. Mutual inductance . . . . . 504
Movie. Self-inductance . . . . . . . . 506
Chapter 10. Alternating Current
Field Measurement
Movie. Testing of threads . . . . . . 249
Movie. Testing through
coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Chapter 13. Electromagnetic

Techniques for Material
Identification
Movie. Metal sorting . . . . . . . . . . 329

Chapter 14. Primary Metals

Applications of Electromagnetic
Testing
Movie. Magnetic saturation . . . . 354
Movie. End effect . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Chapter 15. Chemical and

Petroleum Applications of
Electromagnetic Testing
Movie. Bobbin coil probe . . . . . . 384
Movie. Pig tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Electromagnetic Testing