President Abraham Lincoln

Word Final -ed = /t, d, Id/

Lincoln is considered America's greatest president. He guided the nation through its most dangerous time, the Civil War.

Early life
 February 12, 1809 - Born in a log cabin in Kentucky.
 1815 – Attended classes in a log schoolhouse.
 October 5, 1818 - Lincoln's mother died.
 December 2, 1819 - Lincoln's father remarried. Lincoln's new mother helped him receive more education. All
told, however, he attended school less than a year. Lincoln was basically self-educated. He traveled over the
countryside to borrow books. The Bible was probably the only book his family owned, and he often quoted
scripture in his public writings.
 1830 - The family moved to Illinois. Lincoln, who was tall and strong, hired out to split fence rails for neighbors.
From this, he acquired his nickname, "The Rail Splitter." He also acquired the nickname "Honest Abe."

Adult life
 1831 – Abe worked in a store, wrestled, read Shakespeare, and learned to debate.
 1832 – Abe enlisted and served in the Black Hawk War.
 August 4, 1834 - Lincoln was elected to the Illinois General Assembly. He started to study law.
 1837 – He moved to Springfield, Illinois and joined a law firm.
 November 4, 1842 – Married Mary Todd.
 1846 – Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.
 1849 - Was the only U.S. president ever granted a patent.
 May 29, 1856 – Helped organize the new Republican Party of Illinois.
 March 18, 1860 – Delivered an impassioned political speech against slavery. Nominated to be the Republican
candidate for President of the United States.

Presidency
 November 6, 1860 - Abraham Lincoln was elected the first Republican president.

 December 20, 1860 - South Carolina seceded from the Union, followed within two months by Mississippi, Florida,
Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
 March 4, 1861 - Lincoln inaugurated as 16th U.S. president.

 April 12, 1861 - At 4:30 a.m., Confederates opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, S.C. The Civil War began.

 September 17, 1862 - General Robert E. Lee and the Confederate armies are stopped at Antietam in Maryland. By
nightfall, 26,000 men are dead, wounded or missing - the bloodiest day in U.S. military history.
 January 1, 1863 - President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves within the
Confederacy.
 November 19, 1863 – Delivered the Gettysburg Address at a ceremony dedicating the Battlefield as a national
cemetery.
 November 8, 1864 - Abraham Lincoln was re-elected president.

 March 4, 1865 - Lincoln was inaugurated a second time.

  Good Friday, April 14, 1865 - Lincoln and his wife Mary went to see the play "Our American Cousin," being
presented at Ford's Theater. About 10:13 p.m., John Wilkes Booth shot the president in the head and jumped onto
the stage.
 April 15, 1865 - President Abraham Lincoln died at 7:22 the next morning.

 April 26, 1865 - John Wilkes Booth, the assassin, was shot and killed in a tobacco barn in Virginia.

 December 6, 1865 - The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, passed by Congress on January
31, 1865, was finally ratified. Slavery was abolished.

Word Final -ed = /t, d, Id/

 look work talk like
Voiceless sound + /t/
 pass stop crash
Stop + /t/
 laugh watch
Voiced sound + /d/  open learn realize change roll arrive live shave skill
Call + /d/  play employ glue marry study try
Try + /d/  climb rub
written t & d + /Id/
 elect expect hate interest last paint report start toast
want + /Id/
 need end decide sound
aid + /Id/

How do we pronounce <-ed> in the following words?

1. stopped 13. divided 25. preferred
2. called 14. entered 26. learned
3. liked 15. expected 27. typed
4. answered 16. ended 28. tried
5. started 17. judged 29. added
6. laughed 18. completed 30. influenced
7. married 19. looked 31. produced
8. needed 20. killed 32. reported
9. lasted 21. decided 33. buzzed
10. christianized 22. punished 34. painted
11. wanted 23. faxed 35. promised
12. studied 24. helped 36. changed
Exceptions

The following -ed words used as adjectives are pronounced with /ɪd/:

 aged
 dogged
 ragged
 blessed
 learned
 wicked
 crooked
 naked
 wretched

So we say:

 an aged man /ɪd/
 a blessed nuisance /ɪd/
 a dogged persistence /ɪd/
 a learned professor - the professor, who was truly learned /ɪd/
 a wretched beggar - the beggar was wretched /ɪd/

But when used as real verbs (past simple and past participle), the normal rules apply and we say:

 he aged quickly /d/
 he blessed me /t/
 they dogged him /d/
 he has learned well /d/ or /t/