Joyce 1932

Presidential Address.
The "Eccentric Flints" of Central America

Author(s): T. A. Joyce
Source: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,
Vol. 62 (Jan. - Jun., 1932), pp. xvii-xxvi
Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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xvii
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
THE "ECCENTRIC FLINTS " OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
[WITH PLATES I-VIII.]
By T. A. JOYCE, O.B.E., M.A.
THE term " Eccentric Flints " is sanctified by usage, but these peculiar examples of Stone-Ag
art and craftsmanship include specimens made of obsidian, a volcanic glass which is a little
harder than the hardest glass of our commercial age. Their meaning is obscure, their techniqu
equals the finest products of Denmark, and, if it can be surpassed, is surpassed only bv th
finest " ripple-flaked " blades of Egypt. Early excavation associated them particularly with
the Cayo District of British Honduras, the region of Benque Viejo and the ruins of Xunantunich;
but later researches have produced similar examples as far north as Tikal, and, further south, at
Lubaantun, Pusilha (in considerable numbers), and Quirigua. As far as we know at present
they are found only in the area occupied by the early Maya; an inverted triangle with its bas
lying between Palenque and Belize on the north, and the apex at Copan in the Republic of
Honduras. And the sites where they have been discovered are situated in the east of this
area-Tikal, Benque Viejo, Lubaantun, Pusilha and Quirigua.
Early finds of objects of this nature were sporadic, and are not accurately documented.
"British Honduras " or " Guatemala " sufficed for the time. But later expeditions, conducted
under more rigorous conditions, have shown that these peculiar examples of primitive stone
craft are generally associated in groups, occasionally in graves, but more often under sculptured
stelve, bearing dates which can be approximately related to our own chronology. For instance,
the British Museum Expedition of 1928 found a deposit of nearly one hundred " eccentric"
flints and obsidians (including flakes and cores) under the base of Stela E. at Pusilha. The
date of this stela is read as 9.15.0.0.0., 4 Ahau, 13 Yax, which would place it, according to the
Bowditch correlation, about A.D. 202. The correlation accepted in America would place it
some three hundred years later, but three hundred years is not much in the scheme of time;
the study of the Maya calendar carried on by such experts as Morley, Long, Teeple, Thompson,
Beyer and Spinden, will eventually lead us to an exact dating somewhere within those limits.
Hitherto these stone and obsidian " eccentrics " have drifted into museums and private
collections in units. But, by gift, purchase and official expeditions, the British Museum has
acquired a large series, sufficient to show that these peculiar products of a Stone-Age people
can be placed in definite relation artistically, and classed according to type. They ca4not be
VOL. LXII. b
E - - F> Il- -
c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ci D
FIG. 1.-I. BLADE TYPE; A. SERPENTINE; B. WINGED; C. WAISTED; Ci. FLANGED; D. CRUCIFORM. H. HAST
F. DISC (SERRATED); G. SCORPION; H. ANNULET (PLAIN); Hi. ANNULET (SERRATED); K. CRES
AND PLAIN); M. CRESCENT (TRUNCATED AND PLAIN).
Presidential Address. xix
classified in terms used by the pre-historians of the Old World, so I have to invent a terminology
which is merely tentative.
The materials used by the Early Maya stone-worker are, in the main, varieties of chert,
chalcedony and obsidian. The latter is a volcanic product, and I have never found it occurring
naturally in any of the limestone or granite valleys of British Honduras where I have travelled,
or indeed anywhere in the colony at all. It is possible that there may be deposits in the
Cockscomb Mountains, but none have yet been reported. However, worked obsidian, flakes,
cores and finished implements, are found throughout the colony, even on the little island,
Wild Cane Cay, some fifteen miles from Punta Gorda. Probably the main supply came from
Guatemala, and it is very evident that the material was an object of widespread intertribal trade.
The " eccentrics," to anticipate, appear to have served no utilitarian purpose, but to be
purely " ceremonial " objects. At the same time their forms bear, in many cases, a definite
relation to the normal forms of spear and knife, as explained below.
For this reason I illustrate, on P1. VI, a series of spearheads, hastate and tanged, of a type
which appears to be typical of the Belize River. I have figured these as examples of the supreme
skill of the Maya in the art of pfimary percussion. The undersides of these spearheads are
unworked, showing only the natural fracture. The visible surfaces show that the artisan has
split a flake from a core, so as to obtain, as far as possible, a median ridge, in order to give the
weapon the necessary strength. The tangs have necessarily been worked out by later per-
cussion and flaking, and, in some cases the edges and points have been trimmed by pressure,
but the shape of the implement was determined by the first blow struck (e.g. P1. VI 3 c and 4 c).
Technique of this class seems to be closely associated with the Belize River, as said above,
especially the lower reaches and the estuary. But, as yet, we have no evidence to differentiate
either in time or culture, between these simple weapons, and the highly elaborate chalcedony
blades, worked on both sides by secondary pressure flaking, such as the example illustrated in
P1. VI, 1 d. Most of the stone spearheads portrayed on Early Maya monuments seem, however,
to conform to another type, symmetrical " laurel-leaf," to which I shall refer as " leaf-" shaped.
These blades occur in numbers, and were used, no doubt interchangeably, as spears or knives.
Both " hastate " and " leaf " type seem to have played a part in the development of certain
types of " eccentrics."
I append a short outline scheme which may be useful for reference. In doing so, I wish to
make it quite clear that this scheme relates only to artistic grouping, and bears no necessary
relation to the relative age of individual modifications of a type. The series which I illustrate
falls, I suggest, into groups, but I do not claim that they are " developmental " in time. That
contention would be impossible in view of the facts, that representatives of successive stages of
artistic development often occur in the same cache; that the prototype is not always certain;
and that there are numerous " cross-references" between types.
I will start with what, for convenience, I call the " Blade " main type, the varieties of which
seem, by artistic elaboration, to run in three directions, culminating respectively in the " Serpen-
tine," the " Winged," and the " Waisted " (the last, possibly but doubtfully, linking up with
the anthropomorphic forms) and the " Gruciform."
xx Presidentic4 Address.
BLADE" TYPE AND DERIVATIVES.
I have already made allusion to the two main forms of utilitarian blades, " hastate" and
"leaf." I do not illustrate a "leaf " utilitarian blade, because the type is well known; but
P1. I, 1 a, shows an " eccentric" of the type, with serrated edges, before the " eccentricity " of
3 a is introduced; 2 a is an " eccentric " of the hastate variety, and the illustrations on P1. I,
from 4 a to 4 d, show the final merging of both types, by the multiplication of alternate bilateral
"notches," into what I call the " Serpentine." P1. I, 1 d to 6 d, shows a similar series in respect
to obsidians.1
The " Winged " type appears to branch off from the last series at about the stage of the
specimen P1. I, 8 a. A similar specimen is figured on P1. II, 1 a, and the remaining examples
2 a to 6 a indicate the typological evolution, which is in the direction of symmetry. Un-
fortunately the specimens became disarranged in the studio; 5 a was turned upside-down in
relation to the rest, and the whole plate was photographed in the reverse manner to which I had
intended. But, I think, with a little explanation, the artistic continuity can be indicated.
Suppose P1. II, 1 a, be regarded as a snake (merely for descriptive purposes), 3 a presents the
same form, but the head and tail of the " snake " are brought into symmetry, and the belly
becomes a kind of " crest." In 4 a the crest is developed, while the head and tail have shrunk.
In 6 a the notch in the back is enclosed in a circle (owing to a convenient sponge-hole, of which
the artisan has taken full advantage), and the original head and tail of the " snake " begin to
assume the form of animal heads. 5 a (considered as upside-down) is the same form as 6 a,
without the sponge-hole, but with the wings assuming an even more theriomorphic appearance.
And 2 a stands between 4 a and 5 a.
Obviously linked with these forms are the obsidians illustrated on P1. I, 7 d to 10 d; and
of these, 9 d is of interest from the technological point of view, because it is fashioned, not from
a flake, but from a core.
The " waisted " type is not so common, but could be easily derived from the " leaf," simply
by introducing two symmetrical lateral notches. Examples, both with serrated and with plain
edges, are illustrated on 2 b to 5 b, and, in obsidian, on 1 d of the same plate and 6 b and 7 b of
P1. III; 6 b and 7 b, approaching an anthropomorphic form, might, by the exercise of a little
imagination, be reckoned as connected, but I doubt it, especially as definite anthropomorphs
have been discovered, such as the magnificent specimen, formerly in the Northesk, and now in the
Wellcome, Collection, a cast of which I figure on P1. V, 2 d. As comparative material, I illustrate
two miniature examples in obsidian from the Toltec site of San Juan Teotihuacan in Mexico,
far outside the area with which I am dealing, but connected with the Maya in so far as it was
influenced by their culture.
Obviously connected with the " leaf " is the " flanged " sub-type, which, instead of the
bilateral notches, exhibits bilateral projections. Two are illustrated, one in P1. VI, 7 a: and
another (obsidian) P1. II, 2 d.
1 Owing to difficulties involved in photography, it has been necessary to group obsidians together.
Presidential Address. xxi
The " Cruciform " sub-type might have developed from the notched " leaf," a suggestion
in support of which the specimens figured on P1. II, 1 c to 7 c might be regarded as evidence.
But, at the same time, it must be remembered that the cross, typifying the four " world-
directions," is a common feature in Central American symbolism.
"SCORPION" TYPE.
The examples of this type are illustrated on P1. III, 1 a to 8 a and 1 b to 4 b (4 b represented
upside-down). These specimens are worked from chert in the case of " a," and from obsidian
in the case of " b." 1 b gives the clue, which leads to the puzzling forms 5 a and 6 a, by the
very common process of symmetrization. It is interesting to see how the legs of the scorpion
have, as it were, " crawled " up round the head and obscured the " pincers "; but the (literally)
fundamental point of the creature, the curved tail, is maintained throughout.
"CENTIPEDE" TYPE.
The " Scorpion " may seem to merge into the " Centipede," as illustrated in P1. III, 8 b
(obsidian), and P1. III, 1 c and 2 c. But I know that both these animals are well differentiated
by the native Maya, and regarded with hostile respect as co-occupants of a hut, or, occasionally,
bedfellows. The interesting fact is that the series of " eccentrics " shown in P1. III, 1 c to 2 d,
illustrates the " shrinking " of the centipede's poisonous front legs, and he subsides into a mere
serrated disc. Attention may be called to the large and boldly flaked example illustrated on
P1. III, 1 d, which is a very fine specimen regarded from the point of view of technique.
"ANNULETS AND CRESCENTS."
Plates IV and V illustrate examples of this type in chert, and P1. II, 6 d and 8 d, crescents
in obsidian. The making of a stone ring by percussion and flaking is a matter of extreme
difficulty, and in many cases (such as P1. IV, figs. 2 a and 5 a) the artisan has taken advantage
of a convenient sponge-hole; but in others (most notably the small specimen, P1. IV, 6 a, and
the magnificent example figured on P1. V, 1 a and Fig. 2 in the text), the aperture has been
definitely finished by pressure flaking. It is possible, I understand, by vertical percussion on
the flat surface, to break a cone out of a flint disc, and thereby produce a central aperture which
would provide the opportunity for secondary flaking. But the number of " wasters," owing to
the shattering of the disc, must have been very high in proportion. And, in this respect, it is
more likely that many of the " crescents " were meant to be " annulets," but went astray in the
process of breaking out the central aperture. Some support to this suggestion is given by
P1. IV, 1 c, which is technically an annulet, although the form approximates far more closely
to a crescent with conjoined " horns." Annulets and crescents can be either plain (P1. IV,
3 a and 2 c) or serrated (P1. IV, 1 a and 5 b). The serrations, in the case of the crescents,
occasionally develop into long spikes, as exemplified in the large specimen figured on P1. V, 2 b,
which is shown with a crescent of more or less the normal size; and also the unique specimen
xxi; Presidential Address.
P1. V, 1 a, to which allusion has been made above (see also text-fig. No. 1). Further evidence of
the variation in size of the crescent form is illustrated on P1. IV, 1 d and 2 d. Apart from
"plain " and " serrated," crescents can also be classed as "pointed" (e.g. P1. IV, I b) and
"truncate (e.g. P1. IV, 4 c).
x~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
FIG. 2.-RCCENTRIC FLINT FROM THE CAYO DISTRICT, BRITISH HONDURAS.
(L. 785 IN.). (See also PI. V a.
OTHER TYPES.
Occasional specimens have been found which rather defy grouping, and I figure, on PI. V
a most remarkable example of the art of the stone-flaker. The material is chert, and, if the
outlines are studied, it will be seen that the main " stem " of this forked object is fashioned in
the form of a human profile, showing the artificial deformation of the forehead characteristic
of the Maya. Below this, the two lateral projections (unfortunately broken) have been also
flaked to represent human heads, but only the noses and lips are now apparent. A fourth
human profile with elaborate headdress can be seen on the branch of the " fork " which over-
hangs the face on the " stem." This most remarkable specimen, which is in private hands, is
said to have been found at Quirigua.
Presidential Address. xxiii
ENGRAVED FLAKES.
Quite recently, at the very early and long-occupied site of Tikal, was discovered, incor-
porated in a deposit of " eccentrics," a series of engraved obsidian flakes, of a type hitherto
unknown. A representative selection is illustrated on P1. VIII. These are for the most part
simple flakes, without secondary trimming, except in a few instances, but engraved on the flat
side with the figures of Maya Gods, in the style of the Dresden Codex, and occasional formal
designs. Objects of an entirely new type are always a little open to suspicion in these days when
antiquities have a marketable value. But these have been accepted by the principal Americanists.
(I had the opportunity of showing them privately to individuals at the International Congress
at Hamburg in 1930.)
In any case the iconography is correct. The lines of engraving, viewed under magnification,
show a " chattering " groove. I have experimented on obsidian, and find that it cannot be
grooved with a hard steel nail-file, nor with obsidian itself. Quartz crystal will scratch it;
but I obtained identical results with one of the " eccentric " flakes from Pusilha. A lapidary's
wheel gives an entirely different result. The cumulative evidence suggests that these engravings
were made by an artist who knew the local iconography thoroughly and was accustomed to
engraving by Stone-Age methods, with chert points, that is to say an Early Maya. Personally
I have no doubt of the genuineness of these specimens.
According to Schelhas' classification, the deities pictured in Maya MSS. are known as
God A, B, C, and so forth. Their name-glyphs have been identified almost with certainty, but
there is not unanimous agreement regarding their functions. A selection of typical figures of
these supernatural persons, taken from the Dresden Codex, is shown on pp. 222 and 223 of my
Mexican Archceology.1 A shorter series is illustrated in the " Guide to the Maudslay Collection
of Maya Sculptures " published by the British Museum. The latter series I publish here
(Fig. 3) with grateful acknowledgment to the Trustees.
To take the figures of the Tikal deposit individually (P1. VIII), it is clear that Nos. 1 and 11
represent the thick-lipped " God C." (See text-fig. 3.) This personage has, on rather
doubtful evidence, been regarded as the god of the planet Venus. But there is no doubt of his
importance, because masks representing him have been found at several sites. Notably the
fine jadeite mask in the possession of Mr. Louis Clarke,2 and the equally interesting lime-
stone mask, excavated by the British Museum expedition at Pusilha in 1928.3
Figs. 2 and 10 (on the plate to which reference has been made), obviously portray " God K,"
the prototype of the Mexican deity Eecatl, the god of the wind, with his long snouty mouth-
mask,
Fig. 3 is " God B," who is generally shown carrying an axe, and is probably the rain god,
the predecessor of the Mexican Tlaloc.
Figs. 4 and 9 appear to be " God E," the Maize-god, who bears on his head the efflorescence
of the food plant which he represents.
1 London, 1914, Messrs. Lee Warner.

2 Illustrated in my " Mexican and Maya Art," London, 1927, The Studio.
3 Journ. Roy. Anthrop. Inst., vol. Iviii, PI. XXXII, Figs. 1 and 2.
xxiv Presidential Address.
Fig. 5, I must admit, I cannot place.

Fig. 6 is clearly " God D," usually identified as Itzamna, the sky-god and prototype of the
Aztec Tezeatlipoca.
Fig. 12 is interesting because it represents one of the heads, which, in certain inscriptions,
stand for numerals. The present example is either " one " or " eight." The two are very
similar in the inscriptions on the monuments, and not easy to differentiate. But I think this is
number eight."
0~~~~
A B 0 DJ
E : G C
FIG. 3.-MAYA GODS, FROM THE DRESDEN CODEX.
SUMMARY.
These "Eccentrics" suggest several problems, to which, quite frankly, I have no answer.
As I have remarked above, modern intensive excavation seems to indicate that they were
deposited in groups on sites of importance. Each group which I have personally handled as a
group, includes every variety in every stage of construction, perfect specimens, wasters, flakes,
and cores. No single specimen shows the least sign of use or wear on its edges. And the
specimens in each cache were evidently deposited in " mint state." They seem, since they are
usually found as foundation deposits under stelee which were erected periodically, to fall into
Presidential Address. xxv
that vague group of objects known as " votive deposits " of ceremonial significance. It is
noteworthy that both the serpent and the scorpion figure prominently in the surviving
codices. Technique, again, provides another aspect of interest which may well enlist the
attention of those specialists who have fixed their attention on the Stone-Age of the Old
World. I suggest that this subject is one of the many in which Sociologists and Technologists
meet on common ground.
I offer my grateful thanks to Mr. Henry Balfour and Mr. Miles C. Burkitt for their kind
advice on flint technology.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Specimens, unless indicated otherwise, are in the British Museum, and the location of the PusilhiA
specimens can be found on the plans in the British Museum Reports, published in the Journal of the
Royal Anthropological Institute, 1929-1930.
PLATE I.
la-Stela D, Pusilha. lc, 2c, 3c and 4c-Terraced hill, Pusilha.

2a-Tikal. Id, 2d and 3d-Stela D, Pusilha.
3a-Benque Viejo. 4d-Tikal.
4a-Stela 1D, Pusilha. 5d-Benque Viejo.
5a, 6a and 7a-Benque Viejo. 6d-Terraced hill, Pusilha.
8a-Terraced hill, Pusilha. 7d-Benque Viejo.
lb-Mound D, Lubaantun. 8d-Tikal.
2b, 3b and 4b-Terraced hill, Pusilha. lOd-Benque Viejo.
PLATE II.
la-Terraced hill, Pusilhi. lc, 2c and 3c-Benque Viejo.

2a and 3a-Benque Viejo. 4c-Stela, Pusilhi.
4a and 5a-Stela D, Pusilha. 5c-Benque Viejo.
6a-Stela C, Pusilha. 6c-Stela, Pusilha.
lb-Benque Viejo. 7c-Benque Viejo.
2b-Stela D, Pusilha. ld-Stela D, Pusilka.
3b-Terraced hill, Pusilha. 2d and 3d-Terraced hill, Pusilha.
4b-Stela D, Pusilha. 4d and 5d-Rio Hondo, British Honduras.
5b-Benque Viejo. 6d-Terraced hill, Pusilha.
6b-Stela D, Pusilha. 7d-Stela D, Pusilha.
7b-Terraced hill, Pasilha. 8d--Terraced hill, Pusilha.
PLATE, III.
la-Tikal. 2c-Tikal.
2a-Pusilha. 3c and 4c-Benque Viejo.
3a-Benque Viejo. 5c and 6c-Tikil.
4a-Stela D, Pusilha. 7c-Terraced hill, PusilhA.
5a, 6a and 7a-Benque Viejo. 8c-Benque Viejo.
8a-Terraced hill, Pusilha. Id-Benque Viejo.
lb-Benque Viejo. 2d-Terraced hill, Pusilba.
2b-Tikal. 3d-" British Honduras." (Originally Blackmore
3b to 8b-Terraced hill, Pusilha, Colln.)
l-,-Banque Viejo.
VOL. LXII. G
xxvi Presidential Address.
PLATE IV.
la-Pusilha'. ic-Benque Viejo.

2a-Terraced hill, Pusilha'. 2c to 5c-Terraced hill, Pusilha'.
3a-Stela, Pusilha. 6c-Stela D, Pusilha.
4a-Benque Viejo. 7c-Benque Viejo.
5a-Stela D, Pusilha. 8c-Terraced hill, Pusilha.
6a and 7a-Benque Viejo. Id-Benque Viejo.
lb to 6b-Benque Viejo. 2d-Cayo District, British Honduras.
PLATE V.
la-Cayo District, British Honduras. lc-" British Honduras." (Originally Blackmore

lb-Stela D, Pusilha'. Colln.)
2b-" British Honduras." (Originally Blackmore Id and 2d-" British Honduras." (Originals in
Colln.) Wellcome Colln.)
PLATE VI.
la-Benque Viejo. Ic and 2c-Belize.

2a-Tikal. 3c-North of the Belize River.
3a-Benque Viejo. 4c-Benque Viejo.
4a-Mound D. Lubaantun. id-" British Honduras."
5a. 6a and 7a-Terraced hill. Pusilha. 2d-Belize.
lb and 2b-San Juan Teotihuacan, Mexico.
PLATE VII.
Reported from Quirigua. (Gann Collection.)
PLATE VIII.
All from TikaSl. (i to 8, British Museum; 9 to 12, Cranmore Museum.)
Z FIG. 1. FIG. 2. .
C12
Z .
I b
FFG.3. FG.G4
.. . . . .....FIG..1..FIG. 2.
~~~~~~~I2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2
o . 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... .
FIG.3. FIG. 4
z ~~~~~~~~~~FIG.IFG
"
FIG. ~3 FIG. 4
H I..
z ~~~~~~~~~~~~FIG..
H F
02
0~~~M
LTJ 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
zx
FIG. 3. IG. 4. (DIAM. OF 2d,
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. LXII, 1932, Plate V.
_f: _~~~7
FIG. 2. (DIAM. OF 2b, 1 IN)
FIG . 1.....
FIG. 4. (L. OF ld, L4. IN.) FIG. 3. (L. 15 IN.)

THE "ECCENTRIC FLINTS" OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
*-3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F
0
Z FIG. 1
rj2W.
o~~~~~~~~~~~~I. I.4 L FI,11I.
H
z
H
H
j2
0 0
z
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FIG. 1. FIG. 2.
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. LXII, 1932, Plate Viii.
I1 _
(NATURAL SIZE.)
TE"CET IC FLNS FCNRLAEIA

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Presidential Address.

The "Eccentric Flints" of Central America

THE "ECCENTRIC FLINTS " OF CENTRAL AMERICA.

[WITH PLATES I-VIII.]

By T. A. JOYCE, O.B.E., M.A.

BLADE" TYPE AND DERIVATIVES.

"ANNULETS AND CRESCENTS."

FIG. 2.-RCCENTRIC FLINT FROM THE CAYO DISTRICT, BRITISH HONDURAS.

(L. 785 IN.). (See also PI. V a.

1 London, 1914, Messrs. Lee Warner.

Fig. 5, I must admit, I cannot place.

FIG. 3.-MAYA GODS, FROM THE DRESDEN CODEX.

la-Stela D, Pusilha. lc, 2c, 3c and 4c-Terraced hill, Pusilha.

la-Terraced hill, Pusilhi. lc, 2c and 3c-Benque Viejo.

la-Pusilha'. ic-Benque Viejo.

la-Cayo District, British Honduras. lc-" British Honduras." (Originally Blackmore

la-Benque Viejo. Ic and 2c-Belize.

Reported from Quirigua. (Gann Collection.)

All from TikaSl. (i to 8, British Museum; 9 to 12, Cranmore Museum.)

FIG. 3. IG. 4. (DIAM. OF 2d,

FIG. 4. (L. OF ld, L4. IN.) FIG. 3. (L. 15 IN.)

o~~~~~~~~~~~~I. I.4 L FI,11I.

TE"CET IC FLNS FCNRLAEIA

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