CHEM CH116 Experiment-10 -Winter 2021

Lab Report

Name Edvair Paula Moreira Filho Student ID 000837578

Part A: Measuring pH Using pH Paper and a pH Meter.

Solution Universal pH pH Meter pH Value Calculated [H+]
Paper pH (from the pH Meter
Value Reading)

0.0010 M HCl 3.1 2.98

1.0x10-03
0.010 M HCl 2.2 2.18
6.6x10-03
0.10 M HCl 1.7 1.50
3.2x10-02
[H+] 1.7x10-10
0.0010 M NaOH 9.5 pH 9.76 / pOH 4.24
[OH-] 5.8x10-5
[H+] 5.0x10-12
0.010 M NaOH 11.5 pH 11.30 / pOH 2.70
[OH-] 2.0x10-3
[H+] 8.7x10-13
0.10 M NaOH 12.0 pH 12.06 / pOH 1.94
[OH-] 1.1x10-2
pH 4.00 Buffer 4.0 4.08
8.3x10-05
pH 7.00 Buffer 7.0 6.99
1.0x10-07
[H+] 1.3x10-10
pH 10.00 Buffer 9.9 pH 9.89 / pOH 4.11
[OH-] 7.8x10-5

In the space below, show your calculation for [H+] for both the 1.0 M HCl
and 1.0 M NaOH solutions.

Strong acid implies complete dissociation, so

1.0M HCl → 1.0M H+ + 1.0M Cl-

Therefore [H+] = 1.0M

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CHEM CH116 Experiment-10 -Winter 2021

Strong base implies complete dissociation, so

1.0M NaOH + 1.0M HCl → 1.0M NaCl + 1.0M H2O

1.0M H2O → 1.0M H+ + 1.0M OH-
Therefore [H+] = 1.0M

Based on the results of the three buffer solutions, which is more accurate,
the universal pH paper or the pH meter? Explain.
pH meter is more accurate than the universal pH paper because it has
an electrode capable of converting the electrical potential, measured from
the difference between the concentration of H+ ions inside and outside the
electrode, into pH. While the result of the universal pH paper depends on the
visual comparison of the observer with a standard color scale to define the
pH. In this way, the pH meter is more indicated for quantitative analysis,
whereas the universal pH paper for qualitative use.
Part B: Over-the-Counter Antacids and Back-Titration Neutralization
Reactions.
Product Name(s) and Amount(s) of Average Number of Drops of
Name Active Ingredient(s) in the 0.10 M NaOH Required for the
Antacid Back-Titration
Equate Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) –
1
(1000mg) 1000mg

Equate Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) –

2
(750mg) 750mg

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) –

Rolaids 675mg
23
(675mg) Magnesium Hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2) –
135mg

Equate Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) –

3
(500mg) 500mg

Baking
Soda (not Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) –
104
marketed 101.0mg
as antacid)

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CHEM CH116 Experiment-10 -Winter 2021

Based on the back-titration results, rank the products from the most to the
least effective antacid. Does this ranking agree with the amount(s) of active
ingredient(s) in each product? Explain.

Most effective
1. Equate (1000mg) → 1000mg - CaCO3

2. Equate (750mg) → 750mg - CaCO3

3. Equate (500mg) → 500mg - CaCO3

4. Rolaids (675mg) → 135mg - Mg(OH)2

5. Baking Soda (101.0mg) → 101.0mg - NaHCO3

Least effective

Yes, this ranking agrees with the amount of active ingredients in each
product, but does not agree with the concentration shown in the product
name. It was observed that Equate (500mg) was much more efficient at
neutralizing the amount of acid in the solution than Rolaides (675mg). The
reason why is that Equate (500mg) has 500mg of CaCO3 which reacts
completely with HCl, while Rolaides (675mg) has 675 mg of CaCO3 and also
135mg of Mg(OH)2. In this case, Mg(OH)2 is the one that participates in the
neutralization reaction as showed in the equation below:

CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → Ca2+ + CO32- + Mg2+ + 2OH- + 2H+ + 2Cl-

CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → 2H2O + MgCO3 + CaCl2

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CHEM CH116 Experiment-10 -Winter 2021

Instead of purchasing an over-the-counter antacid product like Tums, what is

a more economical option? Explain.

The most economical option would be Equate (1000mg) as it has a

higher concentration of CaCO3 and will be 7 times more efficient than Rolaids
(675mg) for example.

Explain why the indicator Bromothymol Blue was [used. Hint: look up the pH
range over which Bromothymol Blue changes colour, and explain why this
indicator was used for the back-titration.

The equivalence pH of a strong acid-strong base titration is exactly

7.00 and since Bromothymol Blue is yellow below a pH of 6.0 and blue above
a pH of 7.6 it is a good indicator for this titration.

Part C: Buffers and pH changes.

Number of drops 0.10 M HCl Pure distilled Bicarbonat
Added water e
0 5.36 8.39
2 4.20 8.30
4 3.80 8.15
6 3.60 8.00
8 3.45 7.87
10 3.37 7.76
12 3.30 7.68
14 3.23 7.60
16 3.17 7.54
18 3.14 7.49
20 3.09 7.44
22 3.06 7.37
24 3.02 7.33
26 2.99 7.30

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CHEM CH116 Experiment-10 -Winter 2021

Insert your graph in the space below. Both lines must be on the same plot.

Explain the difference between pure water and the bicarbonate solution in
terms of pH changes as HCl was added. Which one is a buffer solution?
Explain.
By definition, a Buffer is a solution that contains a weak acid in
equilibrium with its conjugate base or a weak base in equilibrium with its
conjugate acids. Its main characteristic is to keep stable the pH of a solution,
resisting big changes in pH when small amounts of acid or strong base are
added to it.
During the experiment, it was observed that when adding 26 drops of
0.10 M HCl in the pure distilled water there was a drop of almost 2.5 points
in its pH, while the same amount resulted in a variation of only 1 point in the
pH of the solution with bicarbonate. In this way, we can say that the
bicarbonate acted as a buffer solution.

weak base
CaCO3 + 2HCl ⇋ CaCl2 + H2CO3

conjugate acid-base pair

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