Effect of Water Salinity Concentration on Flathead Grey Mullet, Mugil Cephalus Performance in the Laboratory

Arish University
Faculty of Aquaculture and Marine Fisheries
North Sinai, Egypt

Effect of Water Salinity Concentration on Flathead Grey Mullet, Mugil Cephalus

Performance in the Laboratory
By, Hesham M. Dorgham
Esraa T. Nassar
Under Supervision of:
Prof. Ashraf Y. El-Dakar
Prof. Shymaa M. Shalaby

Abstract
This Study Was Performed to Investigate the Effect of
Different Concentrations of Water Salinity on
Performance of Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil
Cephalus). One Experiment Was Carried to Identify
Survival and Growth Rate of Mullet in Glass
Aquarium. Four Aquariums Were Filled with
Different Water Salinities (0 ppt, 10 ppt, 20 ppt, 30
ppt) In Three Replications. Fry Were Collected from
Bardawil Lagoon at North Sinai Egypt. Groups Of 10
Larvae Were Distributed After Rest to Glass
Aquarium (80-Liter Capacity). Fry Were Fed
Artificial Diets (35% Protein) Twice A Day to
Satiation for Six Weeks in The Laboratory. The
Experiment Showed That the Fish Tolerated to A
Salinity Range Between 10 ppt and 20 ppt. The
Highest Survival Rate Was Recorded at Salinity 10
Ppt. Statistical Analysis of The Mortality in All the
Salinity Regime with ANOVA Showed No Significant
(P>0.05) Variation. The Highest Gain in Length Was
22.02 At 20 ppt. The Highest Gain in Body Weight
Was 22.99 Also At 20 ppt. The Least FCR (2.29) Was
Recorded At 10 ppt While the Highest FCR (2.31)
Was Recorded At 20 ppt. The Best SGR Value Was
Recorded In 20 ppt Regimes. Fry Maintained In 0 ppt
and 30 ppt Suffered From 100% Mortality After
Seven Days. Fry Maintained In 10 ppt and 20 ppt
Suffered From 50% And 70% Mortality Respectively
at The First Two Weeks and No Mortality Occurred
Until the End of The Experiment (6th Week). The Best
Survival Rate (50%) Was Recorded At 10 ppt. Mullet
Has A Good Potential for Brackish Water Culture.
Key words: Mugil Cephalus; Mugillidae; Salinity
Tolerance; Mullet Fry; Brackish water.
1. Introduction
Mullets Are One the Most Important Fish Species for
Commercial Aquaculture for Both Mono and
Polyculture Systems (Thomson, 1963, Nash And
Shehadeh 1980; Benetti And Fagundes Netto, 1991).
Mullets Are Distributed Between 42° North And 42°
South Latitudes, They Are Catadromous Moving into
Groups Within Coastal Waters and Enter Rivers,
Estuaries and Lagoons in Order to Feed, But They
Migrate to Seawater for Spawning (Nash And
Shehadeh, 1980 Whitehead Et Al. 1986). Mullets Are
Also Good Candidate and Play an Important Role in
The Fisheries and Fish Farms of Tropical and
Subtropical Countries of The World (Nash And
Shehadeh 1980). The Wild Is Still the Main Source of
Mullet Fry, But High Mortality of The Collected Fry
During and After Transportation from The Collecting
Sites to The Fish Farms and Culture Sites Is Limiting
the Development of Mullet Culture. This Is Due To
Differences In The Physio-Chemical Properties And
Sudden Change In Salinities Between Both Sites, Next
To The Stress To Which The Fish Is Exposed During
Transportation (Mabrouk 1991), Few Studies Have
Investigated The Salinity Effects On Survival And
Growth Of These Larvae And Reported That Mullet
Can Be Cultured In Both Brackish And Fresh Water
(Sivalingam 1975, Pillai 1975). Also, Some Authors
Indicated That Mullet Fish Prefers Brackish Water
and Grow Faster in Such Water Areas of The
Subtopics (Gosline And Brock 1965, Nash And
Shehadeh, 1980). Piltai (1975) Reported That Mullet
Could Be Stocked in Different Salinities Even in Fresh
Water Lakes, But Need Acclimatization When the
Salinities Are Considerably Different in Capturing
and Stocking Sites. Newly Hatched Mullet Larvae Has
A Limited Tolerance to Salinity Fluctuations Found
by Sylvester Et Al, 1975.
 Effect of Water Salinity Concentration on Flathead Grey Mullet, Mugil Cephalus Performance in the Laboratory
However, Devaneson And Chaco (1943) Found That
Salinity Tolerance and Survival Rate of Mullet Fry
Could Be Increased by Acclimatization to Gradual
Increase in Water Salinity Level.
Mullet Has A Good Potential for Brackish Water
Culture the Fish Tolerated A Salinity Range of 5 ppt to
25 ppt (Olukolajo S. O. And Omolara L. A. A. 2013).
Mullet Fry Acclimated to Freshwater Died Gradually
Showing the Same Symptoms Including Stress, Dark
Coloration, Loss of Appetite and Abnormal Swimming
Behavior. (Cathrine R. Mansour 2011).
2. The Aim of the Research
Mullets Are Very Important Fishes Which Are
Cultured in Many Countries. In Egypt The Total
Production of Mullet Is 245852 Tons (13.49% Of the
Total Fish Production) From Which 35639 Comes
from Natural Sources (Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea,
Lakes, Nile River) And 210213 Tons from
Aquaculture. Every Year Millions of Mullet Fry Are
Being Collected from Natural Sources and
Transported to Farms Where They Are Cultured
Under Conditions with Different Salinities. And Since
Egypt Has A Lot Of Different Conditions (Fresh
Water, Brackish Water, And Marine Water) The
Purpose Of These Study Is To Identify The Most
Suitable Water Salinity For Both Growth And
Survival As They Are The Most Important Factors
That Needs To Be Optimized To Maximize
Productivity And Increase Profits Of The Process For
Both Government And Private Farms.
3. Materials and Methods
This Experiment Was Performed Under Laboratory
Conditions. Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil Cephalus)
Fry (Initial Mean Body Weight 0.1 g) Was Collected
from The Coast of Bardawil Lagoon Using A Scope
Net. Fry Was Left A Day to Rest in A Plastic Container
(1000-Liter Capacity). Three Replications of Fish
Were Distributed into Glass Aquarium (80-Liter
Capacity) Which Were Previously Filled with Water of
Different Salinities. Each Group Contains Ten Fishes,
The First Group Was Exposed to Salinity Of 0 Ppt, The
Second Group Was Exposed To 10 ppt, The Third
Group Was Exposed To 20 ppt And the Fourth Group
Was Exposed To 30 ppt. The Duration of The
Experiment Was 42 Days (Six Weeks). The Fingerlings
Were Fed Diet With 35% Protein, The Composition of
The Used Diet Was Given in Table (1).
The Fry Was Fed Three Times A Day (At 9 Am 12
Pm And 4 Pm), Seven Days A Week For 42 Days
(From 20-6-2020 To 31-7-2020). The Aquarium Was
Cleaned Every Day in Order to Remove Wastes and
Expelled Water Was Replaced by Another One of
The Same Salinities. The Values of Salinity,
Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Were
Monitored Daily by Using Special Apparatus to
Check the Salinity to Keep It as Described
Previously, The Temperature Was Ranged From
23.9-28.8 °C, While Water Was Almost Saturated
with Dissolved Oxygen and The Values Ranged From
5.39 To 5.98 Mg/Liter. Prepared Salt Water Was
Stored in One Cubic Meter Fiberglass Tanks
Located Over the Laboratory. Salinities Were
Adjusted in Each Aquarium Separately. The Front
Side of Each Aquarium Was Covered with Dusky
Plastic Sheet to Prevent Fish Disturbance. Before the
Experiment, Aquariums Were Rinsed with
Chlorinated Water For 24h Then It Was Dehydrated
by Heavy Aeration and Salt Water Was Supplied to
Each Aquarium.
To Study the Effect of The Tested Diets on
Fingerlings Performances, A Series of Measurements
Were Accomplished Including the Initial Weight
(G/Fish), The Final Weight (G/Fish) And the Amount
of Food Given (G/Fish). To Determine the Effect of
The Acclimation Trials on The Growth Rates and
Feed Utilization Efficiency of The Tested fry, We
Made Up the Following Measurements:
A- Average Daily Gain (ADG) = W2-W1/T
B- Percent Weight Gain (%) = W2-W1/W1×100
C- Specific Growth Rate (SGR) = Logew2-
Logew1/T×100
D- Feed Conversion (FC) = Dry Feed Intake (g) /Fish
Live Weight Gain (g)
F- Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) = Weight gain
(g)/Feed Intake
G- Gain in Total Length (cm) = Final Total Length
(cm) – initial Total Length (cm)
Where: W1 = Initial Weight (g), W2 = Final Weight
(g), T = Time of The Experiment
(Days).
Salinity of Each Aquarium Was Measured on Daily
Basis Using A Refractometer in Order to Maintain
Desired Salinity Level. Waste Water Was Removed
to Maintain High Hygienic Condition.
Every Week and At the End of The Experiment, The
Fingerlings in Each Aquarium Were Netted and
Weighed to Estimate the Final Weight (g/Fish). Using
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) To Test the Effect of
The Diets on The Fry Growth Performance.
 Effect of Water Salinity Concentration on Flathead Grey Mullet, Mugil Cephalus Performance in the Laboratory

Table (1): Composition of the experimental diet. (End of The Experiment). The Survival Rate
Ingredients Amounts used (g) Recorded Was 30%. Initial Body Length Measured
Soy bean (44.8% 7.5 Was 2.1 Cm and The Final Body Length Measured
protein) Was 4.6 Cm at The End of The Experiment With 2.5
Corn (9.6% protein) 5 Cm Gain in Body Length of Fingerlings. Initial
Wheat bran (15.2% 10 Weight of Fry Was 0.1 G and The Final Weight
Recorded Was 1.10 G with Daily Weight Gain Of
protein)
0.023. Feed Conversion Ratio Was 2.31 As This
Plant oil 3
Group Shows the Best FCR And SGR But at Lower
Fish Oil 7
Survival Rate (30%).
Total 100
The Fourth Group: Being Exposed To 30 ppt Mullets
Suffered from Mortality Rate At 40% At the First
4. Results and Discussion Day with Common Symptoms of Loss of Appetite
4.1. Results: and Abnormal Swimming Behavior. At the End of
The Results of This Experiment Will Be Discussed for The First Week 100% Mortality Occurred.
Each Salinity Degree:
The First Group: Exposed To 0 ppt Fry Stopped

at the survival
Eating at Day Two of The Experiment. Later They

50
30
%

0
Began to Swim Near Water Surface and Death
Occurred Gradually, So We Got 2-3 Fishes Struggle to

Survival

the 8th
End of
Table (2): Summary of Mortality rate of Mugil Cephalus under different salinities.
Survive but Total Mortality Occurred at Day Eight.

week

5
0

3
0
Fry Revealed the Same Symptoms Which Include
Stress, Loss of Appetite, Abnormal Swimming and
Gathering at The Surface.

0
6

0
0
The Second Group: Exposed To 10 ppt At the First
Week Mortality Rate Of 20% Occurred and During

0
5

0
0
the Second One This Percent Reached 50%, However
Week

After the First Two Weeks No Mortality Have Been

0
4

0
0
Observed and Until The 6th Week (End of The
Experiment). Fingerlings Were Eating Well and
Per

Staying Alive and Active. The Initial Body Length 0

3

0
0
Recorded at The Start of The Experiment Was 2.2 Cm
While the Final Body Length Recorded at The End of
Mortality

The Experiment Was 4.2 C With 2 Cm Gain in Body

3
2

2
0

Length. The Initial Body Weight Was 0.1 G and The

Final Body Weight at The End of the 6th Week Was
10

10
2
1

1.00 G with A Total Weight Gain Of 0.90 G. The Daily

Weight Gain Recorded Was 0.021 And FCR Was 2.29.
aquarium
number
Initial

This Group Are Showing the Best Survival Rate

per

10
10

10
10

(50%).
The Third Group: At the First Week Mortality of 50%
Occurred and Fry Was Eating at Lower Rate. During
Salinity
(ppt)

the Next Week Mortality Rate Reached 70% But Fry

10
20
30
0

Was Gradually Accumulated to Salinity (20 ppt) And

Begun to Feed Normally at Higher Rate at The Start of
the 3rd Week. No More Mortality Occurred Until the
End of the 6th Week.
 Effect of Water Salinity Concentration on Flathead Grey Mullet, Mugil Cephalus Performance in the Laboratory

Figure (1): Growth Performance of M. Cephalus reared

under 10 ppt and 20 ppt Salinity.

Growth
Specific
Table (3): Summary of Growth Performance of M. Cephalus Under Different Salinity Level.

(% per

0.023
0.021
Rate

day)

-
2.5

Conversion Conversion
Efficiency
2

43.29
43.68
Feed

FCE

--
-
1.5

1
Ratio
Feed

2.31
2.29
FCR

-
0.5
weight
Loss in
mean
body
Gain

0
0.0

1.0
0.9

0.0
or

Weight
Mean
Body
Final

1.10
0.0
1.0

0.0
(g)
mean Weight
Initial
or loss Mean
Body

0.1

0.1
0.1

0.1
(g)

Weight Gain (Percent Weight Gain and Final

Length

Biomass Showed A General Increase in The Larvae

Total
Gain

0.0

2.5
0.0
in

That Started At 20 Ppt Salinity. They Gained Ten

Times the Initial Weight but With Lower Survival
Length

Rate (30%). From the High Mortality Rate of The

Mean
Total
Final

(cm)

0.0

4.6
4.2

0.0

Larvae Maintained at The Salinity Higher Than 25

Ppt And Lower Than 5 ppt, So It’s Recommended to
Start Acclimatization at The Second Day After the
length
Initial
Mean
total

(cm)

2.0

2.1
2.2

2.0

Collected Wild Mullet Larvae Are Kept in Salinity

Similar to Its Wild Salinity For 24 H In the
Salinity

Laboratory Conditions. From the Results of The

(ppt)

20
10

30
0

Experiment It Was Found That That M. Cephalus

Fry Can Withstand Abrupt Changes in Salinity
Level From 10 ppt To Brackish Water Up To 20 ppt.
It Was Observed That Increasing Water Salinity Had Mortality Occurs at Direct Transfer or Higher
A Significant Effect on Survival Rate. After 24 Hours, Salinities.
A High Mortality Rate Occurred in The Highest and Figure (2): Mortality rate % of M. Cephalus reared
Lowest Concentrations. (0 ppt ,30 ppt). The Survival under 10 ppt and 20 ppt Salinity.
Rate of Larvae Maintained At 30 ppt Salinity Was
Lower Than That of The Larvae Maintained At 0 ppt
Salinity. Both of Them Were Lower Than 10 ppt and
20 ppt. The Larvae Took Lesser Time to Suffer 100%
Mortality Within Higher Salinities. Fry Kept Under
Decreased Salinity Level Took Longer Time to Suffer
100% Mortality. The Author Suggests That This May
Be Due to The Nature of The Area Larvae Was
Collected From.
 Effect of Water Salinity Concentration on Flathead Grey Mullet, Mugil Cephalus Performance in the Laboratory
The High Survival Rate of M. Cephalus Fry (1.5-2.0
Cm TL) In Water of Different Salinities (10-20ppt)
Shown in This Present Investigation Revealed the
Ability of Grey Mullets to Adapt to Wide Salinity
Fluctuations. The Mortality Experienced Within The
1st Week in the 0 ppt and 30 ppt Salinities Was
Probably Connected with The Abrupt Transfers.
Ciccoti Et Al (1994) Noticed A High Survival Rate and
Tissue Osmolality Regulation of M. Cephalus Juveniles
Acclimated to Freshwater Gradually In 48 Hours.
4.2. Discussion
Mullets Are Euryhaline Being Tolerate to A Wide
Range of Salinities (Tomson, 1996). Adult Mullets Can
Withstand A Wide Range of Salinity Ranging from
Zero Salinity To 75 Ppt, While Fingerlings Can Only
Tolerate Such Wide Salinity Ranges After They Reach
4–7 Cm in Length. However, This Ability Is Not the
Same for All the Species. This Experiment Revealed
That Fresh Water Salinity (Zero Ppt) Was Vital to Fry
Lower Than 4 Cm. It Was Noticeable That Some
Larvae Stayed Alive Longer Than Others. This May
Due to The Condition of Each Fingerling and Their
Ability to Overcome Stress, But Eventually, They All
Died Showing the Same Symptoms of Slow Swimming,
Dark Coloration and Loss of Appetite. The Results
Obtained Indicated That the Fingerlings Died at Fresh
Water (0 ppt) Whether They Were Transferred to It
Abruptly or Directly. The Experiment Indicated That
Brackish Water Ranging From 10 ppt to 20 ppt Are
the Best for Larvae Regarding That Mortality
Increases with Increased Salinity Level. Growth Rate
and Weight Gain Increased at Higher Salinities (20
ppt). The Result Indicated Identified That At 20 ppt
Weight Gain Increases but Survival Rate Decreases,
And At 10 ppt Survival Rate Increases but Weight
Gain Decreases. So, It’s Recommended That A Further
Work Must Be Done to Define Accurately the
Optimum Salinity Level for Both Growth and
Survival, Which Should Range According to The
Present Work From 10 ppt to 20 ppt.
Several Studies Were Carried Out to Investigate the
Effect of Water Salinity on Many Species of The World
Because Mullets Are Very Important Source of Protein
and Have Higher Market Demand. Mires and Shak
(1974) Found That, When Grey Mullet Fry Was
Transferred From 24.6 ppt to 8.22 ppt Salinity, They
Suffered High Mortality. This May Explain the High
Mass Mortality That Occurred in Larvae Reared at
The Higher (30 ppt) And the Zero Salinity in This
Experiment.
Experiment Showed That Mortality Rate of M.
Cephalus Larvae Maintained at Lower Salinities
Was Lower for A Longer Period. Devanson And
Chaco (1943) Reported That Gradual Lowering of
Salinity Markedly Reduced the Mortality of Mullet
Fry.
The Present Results Support Those of Greyand
Mcdonall (1993) And Fielder and Bardsley (1999)
That Juvenile Mulloway Prefer Water with Some
Marine Influence, But Are Able to Survive in Fresh
Water For At Least Short Periods of Time.
The Inability of Mullet to Survive When Suddenly
Transferred to Freshwater Differs from That
Observed for Some Other Euryhaline Fishes.
Juveniles and Adult of Striped Mullet (M. Cephalus)
Are Known to Exhibit A Remarkable Tolerance of
Salinity Fluctuations. They Also Have the Ability to
Cope with The Salinity Fluctuation (Sylvester Et
Al% 1975; Lee and Menuy 1981; Walsh Et. Al. 1989).
El-Ebiaiy, (1982) Investigated the Effects of Salinity
on Survival of Striped Mullet and Pointed Out That
the Lowest Mortality Rate Was Recorded in The
Larvae Reared At 5 ppt Salinity, While the Highest
Mortality Rate Was Reported in The Larvae Reared
At 30 ppt Salinity Followed by Those Reared At 0.75
ppt Salinity.
El-Sayed (1991) Reported That Groups of Grey
Mullets Reared in Fresh Water Exhibited Poor
Growth and Feed Efficiency Associated with High
Mortality Rate. Also, The Striped Mullet Larvae
Suffered Heavier Losses When They Were Exposed
to Abrupt Change From 20 ppt Salinity to
Freshwater, While the Salinity Decreasing Rate Of 5
ppt / 24h Resulted in High Survival Percentages
(Mabrouk, 1991).
The Present Study Also Supports Those of S. O.
OLUKOJO And Omolara (2013) That the Fish Has
A Good Potential for Brackish Water Aquaculture;
Its Fishery and Culture in The Brackish
Environment Can Be Sustained. Salinity Tolerance
Experiment Carried Out Showed That the Fries
of M. Cephalus Could Survive in Varying Salinity
Range Of 5 ppt to 25 ppt Similar of The Results We
Obtained from This Experiment. Finally, at the end
of this study, we recommended the great needs of
further investigation concerning the acclimation of
local mullet's species to different water salinities in
order to investigate the ability of future culture in
brackish and freshwater ponds.
 Effect of Water Salinity Concentration on Flathead Grey Mullet, Mugil Cephalus Performance in the Laboratory
Conclusion
The Ability of Flathead Grey Mullet (M. Cephalus)
Fry to Tolerate A Wide Range of Salinity Regime
Evaluated in This Study Agreed to The Ability of Fish
to Be Cultured in Brackish Water Ranging From 10
Ppt T0 20 ppt.
High Mortality to Total Mortality Occurred at Lower
Salinities (0 ppt) And Also at Higher Salinities (30
Ppt).
Brackish Water Salinity Of 10 ppt to 20 ppt Regimes
Had the Best Weight Gain and Survival Rate.
Acknowledgments
This Paper and Experiment Behind It Would Not
Have Been Possible Without the Exceptional Support
of Our Supervisor, Prof. Ashraf Y. El-Dakar. His
Enthusiasm, Experience and Exacting Attention to
Detail Have Been an Inspiration and Kept Our Work
on Track.
We Would Also Like to Show Our Gratitude to Our
Supervisor Prof. Shymaa M. Shalaby For Sharing Her
Pearls of Wisdom, Knowledge and Invaluable
Assistance During the Course of This Research and
Experiment.
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