Harvard Referencing Examples: Important: This Is A Guide Only. To Avoid Losing Marks

HARVARD REFERENCING EXAMPLES
RMIT University Library

Updated: January 2021
Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:
1. Confirm referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer

2. Use Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual: for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley &
Sons, Milton QLD to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples. This guide is based
on this publication.
Harvard is an author-date referencing style. You need to follow this style when acknowledging your
information sources.
Harvard style requires in-text references and the reference list. In-text references appear within the
body of the document. They include the author(s) family name and the year of publication, with extra
details if required, such as page numbers. A reference list provides full details of all in-text references at
the end of the document.
HARVARD REFERENCING EXAMPLES................................................................................................................................... 1
IN-TEXT REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................................... 2
GENERAL RULES...............................................................................................................................................................................2
BOOK WITH SINGLE AUTHOR..............................................................................................................................................................3
BOOK WHOSE AUTHOR IS AN ORGANISATION........................................................................................................................................3
BOOK WITH NO KNOWN AUTHOR........................................................................................................................................................4
BOOK WITH TWO OR THREE AUTHORS..................................................................................................................................................4
BOOK WITH FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS.................................................................................................................................................4
MULTIPLE BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR..............................................................................................................................................4
BOOK CHAPTER................................................................................................................................................................................4
E-BOOK..........................................................................................................................................................................................5
E-BOOK FROM A LIBRARY DATABASE (HTML FORMAT)..........................................................................................................................5
E-BOOK FROM A WEBSITE (HTML FORMAT).........................................................................................................................................5
ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ENTRY WITHOUT AN AUTHOR...................................................................................................................5
ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ENTRY WITH AN AUTHOR........................................................................................................................6
BROCHURE OR PAMPHLET..................................................................................................................................................................6
EXHIBITION CATALOGUE....................................................................................................................................................................6
JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH SINGLE AUTHOR...............................................................................................................................................6
JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH TWO OR THREE AUTHORS..................................................................................................................................7
JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS.................................................................................................................................7
E-JOURNAL ARTICLES.........................................................................................................................................................................7
JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM A LIBRARY ONLINE DATABASE (HTML FORMAT)..................................................................................................7
JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM A WEBPAGE (HTML FORMAT)..........................................................................................................................8
PRINTED NEWSPAPER ARTICLE WITH NO AUTHOR...................................................................................................................................8
PRINTED NEWSPAPER ARTICLE WITH A KNOWN AUTHOR..........................................................................................................................8
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FROM A LIBRARY DATABASE (HTML FORMAT).........................................................................................................8
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FROM A WEBPAGE (HTML FORMAT).....................................................................................................................9
BLOG OR BLOG POST.........................................................................................................................................................................9
SOCIAL MEDIA.................................................................................................................................................................................9
WEBPAGE OR DOCUMENT................................................................................................................................................................10
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AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS REPORT......................................................................................................................................10
GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION REPORT..........................................................................................................................................10
STANDARDS...................................................................................................................................................................................11
COMPANY, INDUSTRY OR MARKET REPORT FROM A LIBRARY DATABASE...................................................................................................11
COMPANY, INDUSTRY OR MARKET REPORT FROM A WEBSITE.................................................................................................................11
DVD FILM OR TELEVISION PROGRAM.................................................................................................................................................12
PODCAST......................................................................................................................................................................................12
STREAMING VIDEO / YOUTUBE VIDEO................................................................................................................................................12
SOUND RECORDING........................................................................................................................................................................12
IMAGES........................................................................................................................................................................................13
OTHER SOURCES............................................................................................................................................................................18
CONFERENCE PAPER........................................................................................................................................................................18
DATASET.......................................................................................................................................................................................18
LECTURE NOTES / COURSE MATERIALS................................................................................................................................................18
LEGAL MATERIAL AND PATENTS.........................................................................................................................................................19
STUDENT’S OWN WORK...................................................................................................................................................................19
THESIS..........................................................................................................................................................................................20
MULTIPLE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR(S) IN THE SAME YEAR..............................................................................................................20
WORKS BY DIFFERENT FIRST AUTHORS WITH THE SAME FAMILY NAME.....................................................................................................20
MULTIPLE CITATIONS IN A SINGLE SENTENCE.......................................................................................................................................20
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION...........................................................................................................................................................20
SECONDARY CITATIONS....................................................................................................................................................................20
REFERENCE LIST................................................................................................................................................................ 22
GENERAL RULES.............................................................................................................................................................................22
EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE LIST............................................................................................................................................................22
BOOKS.........................................................................................................................................................................................23
JOURNAL ARTICLES..........................................................................................................................................................................26
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES.....................................................................................................................................................................27
SOCIAL MEDIA OR WEBPAGES...........................................................................................................................................................28
REPORTS AND STANDARDS...............................................................................................................................................................29
AUDIO VISUAL MATERIAL.................................................................................................................................................................31
IMAGES........................................................................................................................................................................................33
OTHER SOURCES............................................................................................................................................................................34
IN-TEXT REFERENCES
General rules
 Use in-text references to acknowledge each author or source of information (print or online)
used within your writing either by paraphrasing or using a direct quote.
 In-text reference details include the author(s) family name (or company or organisation name, if
the author is a company or organisation) and year of publication, with extra information if
required, such as page numbers.
 An in-text reference can be inserted at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence. If the author
is integrated as part of the sentence, only the date (and page number for direct quote) is in
parentheses immediately after the author's name.
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 Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in parentheses. For example: (Lewis & Lewis
2015). Use the full word 'and' when mentioning an author(s) in a sentence. For example: Lewis
and Lewis (2015) ....
 When a work has two or three authors, always list all author(s) names every time the reference
occurs in the text.
 When a work has four or more authors, list the first author(s) name followed by et al. For
example: Haslam et al. (2013) ... or (Haslam et al. 2013).
 If the author of a reference is unknown, list the reference based on the title of the work.
 If the publication date of a reference is unknown, use n.d.
 If the publication date is unknown but can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text then
use c. (meaning 'circa') before the year.
Direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Do not overuse direct quotes. Put
direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks) and add a page number. If no page
number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The
word paragraph can be abbreviated to para. with a period afterward.
If you omit words from a direct quote, you will need to add a space followed by three ellipsis dots (...) and
another space. For example: Cannon (2012, p. 165) argues that 'changes in corporate approaches to
such sensitive areas ... will require coherent change strategies'.
Block quotations are quotes of more than 30 words in length. Block quotes need to start on a new line,
be indented from the text margin and set in smaller text size without single inverted commas (quotation
marks). At the end of the quote, include the reference details such as author name, year and page
number(s) in parentheses.
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
An in-text reference can be inserted at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence.
Book with single author

Direct quote
Cannon (2012, p. 165) argues that 'changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas as hazard
reduction, resource use, waste, pollution, etc. will require coherent change strategies'.
Paraphrasing
It is argued that strategies will need to be implemented to change how the areas of hazard reduction,
waste and pollution are managed (Cannon 2012).
Book whose author is an organisation

Where the author is an organisation, use the name of the organisation as the author.
Direct quote
It is critical to 'get the policy settings right so that the private sector is able to resume its position and
take over from government as the primary driver of economic growth' (Business Council of Australia
2010, p. 7).
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Paraphrasing
Business Council of Australia (2010) is in favour of stopping the stimulus and increasing productivity
through job creation.
Book with no known author

In place of the author, reference the book title and the year. Italicise the book title.
Direct quote
Higher education in Australia: the facts (2004, p. 23) claims that Australia is ‘a major provider of
international education and training services’.
Paraphrasing
Australia has a growing role in the education of international students (Higher education in Australia:
the facts 2004).
Book with two or three authors

Direct quote
Lewis and Lewis (2015, p. 4) argue 'that the media is implicated in all health promotion strategies'.
Paraphrasing
To assist with health promotion, health care workers need an understanding of the media (Lewis &
Lewis 2015).
Remember: use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets. Use the full word ‘and’ when
mentioning authors in a sentence.
Book with four or more authors

For in-text citations, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year.
Direct quote
Haslam et al. (2013, p. 78) argues 'that wealth accumulation matters, because it provides the financial
foundation upon which to secure income ...'.
Paraphrasing
Accounting numbers are used as a managerial tool (Haslam et al. 2013).
Multiple books by the same author

Order the citations of two or more works by placing the publication years after the author name in
chronological order.
Paraphrasing
The adoption of creative industries has been driven by policy disclosure (Flew 2013, 2014).
Book chapter
When using a book chapter in an in-text reference, use the author(s) details of the chapter and not the
editor(s) details of the book.
If there is no chapter author, use the title of the chapter instead of the author details in the in-text reference
and in the reference list.
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If you use an edited book (where the chapters have no identifying author(s) details) in an in-text reference,
use the editor(s) family name(s) as the author(s).
Direct quote
'Business groups have been seen as both the powerhouses behind Japanese industrialization and the
culprits behind Japan’s decade-long inertia' (Ahmadjian 2006, p. 29).
Paraphrasing
Ahmadjian (2006) noted that there has been disagreement over the influence of Japanese business
groups on the economy.
E-book
E-books with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed books.
E-book from a Library database (HTML format)

Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading or chapter number.
The word chapter can be abbreviated to ch.
'A contested concept like online game addiction has many stakeholders, and academic discourse is only
one of many that influence how we think about this topic' (Karlsen 2013, p. 29).
Paraphrasing
The topic of online gaming addiction can be considered through academic disclosure and other
stakeholders (Karlsen 2013).
E-book from a website (HTML format)

Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a chapter number and/or section
heading, and paragraph number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para. and the word chapter can
be abbreviated to ch.
Shann (1948, ch. 1, para. 2) argues that 'neither legal restrictions nor isolation made the "settlers from
convicts" better able to read the riddle of agriculture in a climate fruitful at times but fatally capricious'.
Paraphrasing
The work by Shann (1948) provides a history of Australia's economy at the time of Governor Phillip.
Encyclopedia or dictionary entry without an author

If there is no author, cite the encyclopedia or dictionary title and the year. Italicise the encyclopedia or
dictionary title.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, add the title of the entry.
The ABC system is used 'to explain the genetic control of floral organ determination during flower
development' (Dictionary of biology 2014, ABC model entry).
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Paraphrasing
During flower development, the ABC model is often used to explain how four genes can change a flower
organ into another form (Dictionary of biology 2014).
Encyclopedia or dictionary entries without an author do not need to be included in the reference list.
Encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an author

Direct quote
If no page number is available, add the title of the entry.
'Focused reflection is a key element of most action research models. One activity essential to reflection
is referred to as metacognition, or thinking about thinking' (Adams 2010, Action research entry).
Paraphrasing
When undertaking action research, the researcher reflects on the research process and what has been
learnt in practice (Adams 2010).
Brochure or pamphlet
If there is no author, cite the publication title and the year. Italicise the publication title.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading.
'Co-tenancy is the most common type of shared housing arrangement' (Tenants Union of Victoria 2010,
Co-tenancy section).
Paraphrasing
The shared household fact sheet provides information for people sharing a house or unit (Tenants Union
of Victoria 2010).
Exhibition catalogue
Direct quote
Di Trocchio et al. (2011, p. 9) state that 'ManStyle is the first exhibition in Australia to focus on
international and Australian men's fashion from the eighteenth century to the present'.
Paraphrasing
A traditional style of suit is the double-breasted pinstripe in navy (Di Trocchio et al. 2011).
Journal article with single author

If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in
single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime' 2010)).
Direct quote
Fazel (2015, p. 260) found that 'a key moment of adjustment for refugee and asylum seeking students
lies in the process of recognition by peers'.
Paraphrasing
Having mental health services based in schools can be beneficial for refugee students in adjusting to a
new life (Fazel 2015).
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Journal article with two or three authors
For two or three authors, use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an
ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.
Direct quote
‘Sustainability engineering can be broadly defined as the integration of sustainability issues in the
various activities associated with engineering practice' (Gagnon, Leduc & Savard 2012, p. 50).
Paraphrasing
In engineering, the definition of sustainable development will change as different interpretations of the
concept are utilised (Gagnon, Leduc & Savard 2012).
Journal article with four or more authors

For four or more authors, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication
year in the in-text reference.
Direct quote
'Provide scientists and scientific institutions with insights into the ingredients of successful social media
engagement in science communication' (Hwong et al. 2017, p. 480).
Paraphrasing
Hwong et al. (2017) found that using photographs, videos and hashtags on Twitter is beneficial when
engaging with the science community.
E-journal articles
E-journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal
articles.
Journal article from a Library online database (HTML format)

Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section
heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
'Results broadly apply to managers in the tourism, hospitality, and service industries' (Hosany & Martin
2012, Managerial implications section).
Paraphrasing
The expectation of tourists ... (Hosany & Martin 2012).
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Journal article from a webpage (HTML format)
Direct quote
Ogilvy (2011, para. 13) is 'less concerned with the means, or with issues of equity, than with the
aspiration in the first place'.
Paraphrasing
Ogilvy (2011) suggests that the tools and techniques for human enhancement need to be selected more
carefully.
Printed newspaper article with no author

If there is no author, reference the newspaper title and the date and year (for example: 2 October 2016).
Italicise the newspaper title.
A newspaper article without an author does not need to be included in the reference list.
Direct quote
'Australia's aged-care system is revealing itself to be all too frequently woefully ineffective in meeting
the needs of those who rely on its services' (The Sunday Age 2 October 2016, p. 25).
Paraphrasing
Aged care providers are starting to introduce new fee schemes in response to changes to Federal
government funding (The Sunday Age 2 October 2016).
Printed newspaper article with a known author

Direct quote
'Australians are piling into Melbourne's central business district at a record rate' (Martin 2014, p. 2).
Paraphrasing
The City of Melbourne's population increased by 10.5 percent in the period between July 2012 and June
2013 (Martin 2014).
Newspaper article from a Library database (HTML format)

Newspaper articles from Library databases with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same
way as printed newspaper articles.
If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a Library database, follow the guidelines for a printed
newspaper article (with no author).
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Direct quote
Carney (2012, p. 23) stated that 'it [was not] enough that Gillard would produce the measures that
Wilkie wanted, she also had to guarantee that they would become law'.
Paraphrasing
The Gillard government ... (Carney 2012).
Newspaper article from a webpage (HTML format)

If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a webpage, follow the guidelines for a printed
Direct quote
‘There is also the risk that the tweeting citizen journalist, unaware of court reporting laws, may include
material which should be excluded' (Banks 2010, para. 8).
Paraphrasing
Guidelines for the use of social media tools in courts ... (Banks 2010).
Blog or blog post

A blog or blog post is usually referenced as you would a webpage.
If there is no author(s) name use the username instead (for example: Thesis Whisperer).
List the format of the entry (for example: blog or blog post).
If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January,
4.25 am).
Direct quote
Include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can
be abbreviated to para.
In a post about the emotions involved in undertaking a literature review, the Thesis Whisper (2013,
para. 16) notes that one of the top five PhD emotions is 'elation when you realise you know more than
your supervisor about your topic and you feel brave enough to argue about it'.
Paraphrasing
When undertaking a literature review ... (Thesis Whisperer 2013).
Social Media
Social media is usually referenced as you would a website.
If there is no author’s name use the username instead.
List the name of the platform (for example: Facebook, Twitter).
If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January,
4.25 am).
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For social media accounts that are not publicly accessible (for example: a private Facebook page), the social
media entry should be referenced as personal communication.
Direct quote
In relation to the Supreme Court vacancy in the United States, the Barack Obama Twitter account stated
that 'it [is] time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy' (Obama
2016).
Paraphrasing
Peter Smith (2015) updated his Facebook page on the 25 April with a link to ...
Webpage or document
As details will vary for webpages or web documents, try to extract as much information as you can about
authorship and publication information etc.
If a webpage or web document does not have an author(s) (individual or corporate), start with the title of
the document in italics followed by the date. If there is no date, use n.d.
Direct quote
The tables are intended 'to aid technical decisions with respect to the national vaccination schedule'
(World Health Organization 2014, para. 8).
Paraphrasing
For immunization program recommendations refer to the information maintained by the World Health
Organization (World Health Organization 2014).
Australian Bureau of Statistics report

For author details, use the full name of the Australian Bureau of Statistics rather than the abbreviation
ABS.
Direct quote
'A major driving force in human activity is the desire for optimal health, better living conditions and
improved quality of life' (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Society section).
Paraphrasing
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) the life expectancy for a female born in 2010 will
be 84 years.
Government or organisation report

Government reports may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of
review and committees of parliament.
As details will vary for government or organisation reports, try to extract as much information as you can
about authorship and publication information etc.
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Direct quote
This 'review provides an opportunity to reflect on the lessons that can be learned from the first five
years of the TEQSA Act’s operation' (Department of Education and Training 2016, para. 3).
Paraphrasing
The review into the impact of the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency Act 2011 will
examine ... (Department of Education and Training 2016).
Standards
Direct quote
'For single or upper storey construction, the spacing of bracing elements, measured at right angles to
elements, shall not exceed 9000 mm' (Standards Australia 2010, p. 11).
Paraphrasing
For procedures and practices relating to timber framed constructions in non-cyclonic areas refer to ...
(Standards Australia 2010).
Company, industry or market report from a Library database

As details will vary for company, industry or market reports, try to extract as much information as you can
Direct quote
'Internet services are provided via dial-up, integrated services digital network (ISDN) and fixed
broadband connections' (Lo 2016, p. 2).
Paraphrasing
Lo (2016) claims that the industry will increase ...
Company, industry or market report from a website

Where there is no author, use the name of the company or organisation responsible for the report.
Direct quote
'Coles is our largest consumer business and its relationship with food and grocery suppliers in Australia
continues to be the focus of some attention' (WesFarmers Limited 2015, Sourcing section).
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Paraphrasing
Wesfarmers Limited (2015) are wanting to engage with the community to limit environmental impact.
DVD film or television program

Reference the title of the film or television program in italics followed by the date of the production.
Direct quote
'You [are] not an artist, Coco. You [are] a shopkeeper' (Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010).
Paraphrasing
Based on the novel of the same name, Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (2010) follows the relationship
between Coco Chanel and Igor Stravinsky.
Podcast
If the author(s) of the podcast is unknown, reference the title of the podcast and the year of the
broadcast. Italicise the podcast title.
Direct quote
Isherwood (2012) stated that 'problem solving drives creativity ...'.
Paraphrasing
In a guest lecture, Isherwood (2012) spoke about creativity in advertising.
Streaming video / YouTube video

If the author(s) (individual or corporate) of the streaming/YouTube video is known, reference the video by
the author(s) family or corporate name and the year of the video.
If the author(s) (individual or corporate) of the streaming/YouTube video is unknown, reference the title
of the video (in italics) and the year of the video.
Direct quote
'Subject guides are mini-websites for each subject area. They show you all the best places to look for
information on what [you are] studying' (RMIT University 2014).
Paraphrasing
Design & thinking: a documentary on design thinking (2012) explores the concept of what is design
thinking.
Sound recording
If the author(s) (artists or band) of the sound recording (for example: album or CD) is known, reference
the sound recording by the artist(s) family name or band name and the year of the sound recording.
If the author(s) (artists or band) of the sound recording is unknown, reference the title of the sound
recording (in italics) and the year of the sound recording.
Generally, the title of the album or CD will be included in the in-text reference. However, if you have only
listened to a single track, then the name of the single track will be included in the in-text reference.
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Direct quote
The first line of Patti Smith's version of Gloria 'Jesus died for somebody's sins but not mine' is
interpreted as ... (Smith 1975).
Paraphrasing
Patti Smith’s 1975 album Horses is interpreted as her introduction to the punk movement (Smith 1975).
Images
General rules for images
RMIT Harvard includes the following within the definition of images and figures:
 drawings and illustrations
 paintings
 photographs
 posters and prints
 maps
 graphs
 tables
 charts
 infographics
General rules
 Number figures consecutively throughout your work using Arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3 and so on,
taking care to order them as they appear within the body of text.
 The first figure is labelled Figure 1, the second, Figure 2, the third, Figure 3 and so on.
 Do NOT label figures with suffix letters such as Figure 5a, instead use, Figure 5.1.
 Below the figure place a caption that includes:
1. the figure number (in bold)

2. title of the figure in italics (if unknown give a short description)
3. author/creator of the figure
4. year of work (if unknown use n.d.)
5. material type (if known)
6. creative commons/copyright statement (if applicable)
Book / Journal article
Paraphrasing
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout
Refer to the figure by its assigned number and include a page number. Do NOT refer to the figure as
“the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
As shown in Figure 1 . . . (Gorman 2001, p. 69).
Figure 1 illustrates . . . (Gorman 2001, p. 69).
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For example, Aubrey Beardsley's drawing, The Stomach Dance (Gorman 2001, p. 69) has
linear qualities that resemble . . .
Figure layout
A figure from a book/journal article will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:
 label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 1)
 title of figure in italics
 author(s)/creator(s) full name, preceded by the word 'by'
 year of figure (if known)
 material type (if known)
Figure 1: The Stomach Dance by Aubrey Beardsley, 1893, line block print.
Webpage
Paraphrasing
Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or
“the Figure on page 17”.
As shown in Figure 2 . . . (Burn 1861).
Figure 2 illustrates . . . (Burn 1861).
The painting, Swanston Street from the Bridge expresses . . . (Burn 1861).
Figure layout
A figure from a webpage will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:

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Figure 2: Swanston Street from the Bridge by Henry Burn, 1861, oil on canvas.
Library database
Paraphrasing
As shown in Figure 3 . . . (Vanni 2007).
Figure 3 illustrates . . . (Vanni 2007).
The photograph of Le Corbusier's Notre-Dame-du-Haut building in Ronchamp, France conveys . . .
(Vanni 2007).
Figure layout
A figure from a library database will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:
Figure 3: Notre-Dame-du-Haut by Vanni, 2007, photograph.
Creative commons
Paraphrasing
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As shown in Figure 4 . . . (Mari 2009).
Figure 4 demonstrates . . . (Mari 2009).
The photograph, Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao shows . . . (Mari 2009).
Figure layout
A creative commons figure will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:
 copyright statement and creative commons license
Figure 4: Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao by Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli), 2009, photograph.
Copyright 2009 by Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli). CC BY 2.0.
Maps
Maps taken from an online source can include:

 Digitised maps that originate from a print source such as old maps and are made available in an
electronic format by museums, galleries and libraries.
 Web maps that use satellite imagery and GPS data and are taken from online navigation and
mapping sites such as Google Maps.
When citing figures such as maps in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
Digitised map
Paraphrasing
As shown in Figure 5 . . . (Kearney 1855).
Figure 5 demonstrates . . . (Kearney 1855).
The map, Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [cartographic material] shows . . . (Kearney 1855).
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Figure layout
A digitised map will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:
Figure 5: Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [cartographic material] by James Kearney, 1855, digitised
map.
Web Map
Paraphrasing
As shown in Figure 6 . . . (VicPlan 2020).
Figure 6 demonstrates . . . (VicPlan 2020).
The web map, Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 highlights . . . (VicPlan 2020).
Figure layout
A web map will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:
Figure 6: Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 by VicPlan, 2020, web map.
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Other sources
Conference paper
Generally, conference papers are published within conference proceedings, either online or in print. In
most cases, a conference paper (rather than the conference proceedings) will be used as a reference.
As details will vary for conference papers, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship
and publication information etc.
A conference paper from a webpage will generally be sourced from the conference's website or the
website of the organisation hosting the conference
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or a section
'Focusing on self-leadership skill awareness and development, the unit thus requires that students
engage in a critical self-reflection process' (Gudmundsson & Laing 2011, p. 108).
Paraphrasing
Gudmunsson and Laing (2011) argue that for a successful blended learning environment students need
support.
Dataset
As details will vary for datasets, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and
publication information etc.
If available, include a reference point (for example: figure number or table number) in the in-text
reference for the dataset. The word figure can be abbreviated to fig.
Paraphrasing
Using the daily rainfall dataset ... (Bureau of Meteorology 2016).
Lecture notes / course materials

Materials from your course may include lecture notes, PowerPoint slides or presentations and
credentials.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number, section
heading or slide number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
By the end of the course, 'students will be able to read a newspaper article in Italian'... (Sample 2016,
Learning outcomes section).
Giving consideration to the 'cultural, economic and social issues of indigenous communities is an
important step in the decision making process ... ' (Sample 2017, slide 4).
Paraphrasing
Sample (2016) outlines the topics to be covered this semester.
The rights of indigenous people include ... (Sample 2017).
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Legal material and patents
Direct quote
For a piece of legislation, include the location of the quote using a section or subsection number or a
regulation or sub-regulation number. The words section or sections can be abbreviated to s. or ss. The
words regulation or regulations can be abbreviated to r. or rr. Use the full words of section(s) or
regulation(s) at the start of a sentence.
For a legal case, include the location of the quote using a page number. To specify a page number, use
the word 'at' rather than p. For example: Beasley v Francis (2008) 237 CLR 1 at 72-8. If no page number
is available, use a paragraph number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
Section 55 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) states that ‘...there is a guarantee that the
goods are reasonably fit for any disclosed purpose, and for any purpose for which the supplier
represents that they are reasonably fit...'.
Paraphrasing
The Australian Copyright Council initiated a test case against the University of NSW (University of New
South Wales v Moorhouse and Angus & Robertson (Publishers) Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 1).
Student’s own work

You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic
integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.
Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.
Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment Declaration Opens
in new window
If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work
as an unpublished paper.
Paraphrasing
When paraphrasing in-text, include your family name and year of previous work in brackets. Or, if
referring to your family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of previous work in
brackets immediately after your family name.
For example, if Jane Smith wanted to cite a paper she wrote at RMIT University in 2018 her in-text
reference may look like this:
Studies indicate that … (Smith 2018).
Smith (2018) noted that …
If your original work contained citations from other sources, you would need to include those same
citations in the new work as well. If Jane Smith's earlier paper had cited Presley and Johnson, for
example, it may look like this:
According to Smith (2018), psychologists such as Presley and Johnson (2009) …
Direct quote
For direct quote in-text, place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page
number from the previous work.
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'Risk taking behaviours align neatly with certain personality traits or disorders' (Smith 2018, p. 3).
Thesis
Direct quote
Khoo (2013, p. 4) argues that 'the idea of a responsive and form-changing architectural surface
challenges the materiality of a physical architecture'.
Paraphrasing
The research conducted by Khoo (2013) examines ... .
Multiple works by the same author(s) in the same year

Insert a letter (starting with the letter ‘a’) after the year. In the reference list, include the same letter after
each year of publication.
It is argued that ... (Jamison 1991a).
Jamison (1991b) states that …
Jamison (1991a, 1991b) provides chiropractic information for diagnosing and health promotion.
Works by different first authors with the same family name

In a single document, to identify works by different first authors with the same family name insert the
initial(s) of the first authors’ given name(s). In the reference list, order works by different first authors with
the same family name by the year of publication.
It is argued that ... (Fitzgerald, B 2010) but A. Fitzgerald and Eliades (2015) claim that ...
Multiple citations in a single sentence

List all citations alphabetically, separated by a semi-colon (;).
It has been claimed that … (Carroll 2012; Chalkley et al. 2012; Kuratko, Goldsby & Hornsby 2012).
Personal communication
Include personal communication, such as face-to-face interviews, conversations, telephone calls, letters
or emails, in an in-text reference.
Information about personal communication must be included in the in-text reference. Include the type of
personal communication (for example, personal conversation, email, interview, telephone conversation)
and the date in a date-month-year format.
Personal conversation can be abbreviated to pers. conv. and a telephone conversation can be
abbreviated to tel. conv.
However, personal communication references do not need to be included in the reference list.
My field placement supervisor commented ‘… ‘ (CM Burns 2014, pers. conv., 20 April).
Ms Merrick (Melville Shire Council CEO) confirmed the details by email on 25 April 2014.
Secondary citations
Use a secondary citation to acknowledge the work of an author(s) that has been directly quoted or
paraphrased in another author(s) work.
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In the in-text reference, include the original source of information and the source you have used. For
example, if an article by Hosany and Martin cites Heath and Scott, refer to both Heath & Scott and
Hosany & Martin.
Early research indicated ... (Heath & Scott, cited in Hosany & Martin 2012).
Heath and Scott (cited in Hosany & Martin 2012) claim that ...
In the reference list, include only the source you have used.
REFERENCE LIST
General rules
 Use a reference list at the end of the document to include the publication details of all the in-text
references within your writing.
 Start a reference list on a new page using the heading References or Reference List.
 List only references included in your writing.
 If your lecturer/teacher or supervisor has also requested a bibliography, list any other sources
that you have read but not included in your writing under a heading of Bibliography.
 The reference list is arranged alphabetically by the family name of the author. If the author of a
reference is a company or organisation, list the reference based on the first letter of the company
or organisation name.
 If there are multiple entries by the same author, then arrange chronologically starting with the
earliest year of publication.
 If there are several authors with the same family name, then arrange alphabetically by initials.
 If the author of a reference is unknown, list the reference based on the title of the work.
 If the publication date of a reference is unknown, use n.d.
 If the publication date is unknown but can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text then use
c. (meaning 'circa') before the year.
Place of publication
 If there is no place of publication use n.p. (for ‘no place’).
 If the place of publication is not commonly known (for example: Harlow) or the place of
publication could be located in two or more countries, additional information is required.
 For Australia and the United States, add the abbreviated name of the State. For example: Fitzroy,
VIC or Delmar, NY
 For the United Kingdom, add the abbreviation UK. For example: Harlow, UK
 For other countries, add the name of the country.
Example of reference list

Below is an example of a reference list displaying various resource types including a book, DVD, journal
article, legislation, newspaper article, report, social media entry and thesis.
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Reference List
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Measures of Australia's progress: summary indicators, cat. no.
1370.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 23 July 2012,
<http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/1370.0.55.001?opendocument#from-banner=LN>.
Carney, S 2012, 'Gillard paying price for gamble on the numbers', The Age, 26 May, p. 23, viewed 27
September 2016, ProQuest database.
Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010, DVD, Madman Entertainment, Richmond, VIC, directed by Jan
Kounen.
Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth).
Jamison, JR 1991a, Diagnostic decision making in clinical practice, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
Jamison, JR 1991b, Health promotion for chiropractic practice, Aspen, Gaithersburg, MD.
Khoo, CK 2013, 'Morphing architecture with responsive material systems', PhD thesis, RMIT University,
Melbourne, <https://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:160591>.
Lewis, B & Lewis, J 2015, Health communication: a media and cultural studies approach, Palgrave
Macmillan, London.
Smith, P 2015, Rethinking higher education: the team is everything, Facebook, 25 April, viewed 16 June
2015, <https://www.facebook.com/pages/Peter-P-Smith/196037770427320>.
'Tackling knife crime' 2010, The Lancet, vol. 376, no. 9747, p. 1118.
Taylor, CM, Karunaratne, CV & Xie, N 2012, 'Glycosides of hydroxyproline: some recent, unusual
discoveries', Glycobiology, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 757-767.
World Health Organization 2014, WHO recommendations for routine immunization - summary tables,
World Health Organization, viewed 1 May 2014,
<http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/immunization_tables/en/>.
Books
Book with single author
List the author details as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initial of the author's given
name(s). Italicise the title of the book. Include the name of the publisher and the place of publication.
Cannon, T 2012, Corporate responsibility governance, compliance and ethics in a sustainable
environment, 2nd edn, Pearson Education, Harlow, UK.
Book with an edition number
For a book with an edition number, add the number and the abbreviation ‘edn’ after the title of the book.
There is no need to include edition information if a book is a first edition, or if no edition is mentioned.
Cannon, T 2012, Corporate responsibility governance, compliance and ethics in a sustainable
environment, 2nd edn, Pearson Education, Harlow, UK.
Book whose author is an organisation
Where the author is an organisation, use the name of the organisation as the author.
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Business Council of Australia 2010, Balancing act: fiscal and policy priorities to support growth: BCA
budget submission 2010-11, Business Council of Australia, Melbourne.
Book with no known author
If there is no author(s), begin the reference list citation with the title of the book (italicised), followed by
the year, publisher and place of publication.
Higher education in Australia: the facts 2004, Business/Higher Education Round Table, Fitzroy, VIC.
Book with multiple authors
List all authors as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initial of each authors' given name(s).
Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors. Italicise the title of the book. Include the name of
the publisher and the place of publication.
Haslam, C, Andersson, T, Tsitsianis, N & Yin, YP 2013, Redefining business models: strategies for a
financialized world, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
Multiple books by the same author(s)
Arrange works by the same author by year of publication, with the earliest year first. Use the initial of the
author's given name(s).
Flew, T 2013, Global creative industries, Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.
Flew, T 2014, New media, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne.
Book chapter
For a book chapter, use (ed.) for a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors. Use the editor(s) name
with initials before the family name (for example: S Chang).
Enclose the chapter title in single inverted commas (quotation marks). After the chapter title, insert the
word 'in' before the name of the editor(s). Add page numbers after the place of publication.
Ahmadjian, CL 2006, 'Japanese business groups: continuity in the face of change', in S Chang
(ed.), Business groups in East Asia: financial crisis, restructuring, and new growth, 3rd edn, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, pp. 29-51.
Edited book
Generally, an edited book will only appear in a bibliography list. A bibliography is used to list any other
sources that you have read but not included in your writing. Check with your lecturer/teacher or
supervisor if you need to provide a bibliography.
In the bibliography list, for an edited book, add (ed.) for a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors.
If you have used an edited book as part of an in-text reference and need to add the book details to a
reference list, use the same format as the bibliography list entry.
If the role of editor (compiler, reviser or translator) is important to the work cite the work by their name
rather than the authors' names.
If the author's role remains of primary importance to the work cite the work using the author's name and
acknowledge the editor (compiler, reviser or translator) in the reference list.
If there is no author, use the name of the editor (compiler, reviser or translator).
Use the abbreviations ed., eds, comp., comps, rev. and trans. as appropriate.
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Lubkin, IM & Larsen, PD (eds) 2013, Chronic illness: impact and interventions, 8th edn, Jones & Bartlett
Learning, Burlington, MA.
E-book
E-books with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed books.
E-book from a Library database (HTML format only)

For e-books in HTML format and sourced from RMIT University Library databases, use the name of the
e-book collection (for example: ProQuest Ebook Central database) instead of the place of publication.
Karlsen, F 2013, A world of excesses: online games and excessive playing, Routledge, ProQuest Ebook
Central database.
For e-books sourced from e-readers, replace the place of publication with the name of the e-reader
device (for example: Kindle).
E-book from a website (HTML format only)
For e-books in HTML format and sourced from the internet, add the viewed date and the URL address
enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) rather than the place of publication.
Shann, E 1948, An economic history of Australia, Cambridge University Press, viewed 16 November
2016, <http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1300861h.html#ch-0>.
Encyclopedia and dictionary entries
For an encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an author, enclose the title of the entry in single inverted
commas (quotation marks) and italicise the encyclopedia or dictionary title.
If the encyclopedia or dictionary is edited, use the editor's name with initials before the family name (for
example: NJ Salkind) and insert the word 'in' before the name of the editor(s). Use (ed.) for a single
editor and (eds) for two or more editors.
Adams, P 2010, 'Action research', in NJ Salkind (ed.) Encyclopedia of research design, Sage Publications,
Thousand Oaks, CA.
For an encyclopedia or dictionary entry in HTML format and sourced from an RMIT University Library
database, use the name of the database (for example: Oxford Reference database) instead of the place
of publication.
Encyclopedia or dictionary entries without an author do not need to be included in the reference list.
Brochure or Pamphlet
As details will vary for brochures and pamphlets, try to extract as much information as you can about
For a brochure or pamphlet with an author, provide a description of the document.
Tenants Union of Victoria 2010, Shared households, pamphlet, Tenants Union of Victoria, Fitzroy, VIC.
If there is no author, the publication title should be listed first. Italicise the publication title. Include
publisher and place of publication information (if available).
Exhibition catalogue
As details will vary for exhibition catalogues, try to extract as much information as you can about
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For an exhibition catalogue, provide a description of the document type. If possible, add the exhibition
dates after the document type. For example: exhibition catalogue, 11 March - 27 November.
Di Trocchio, P, Jocic, L, Leong, R, Somerville, K & Whitfield, D 2011, Manstyle: men + fashion, exhibition
catalogue, 11 March - 27 November, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.
If there is no author, the publication title should be listed first. Italicise the publication title. Include
publisher and place of publication information (if available).
Journal articles
Journal article with a single author
Journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as articles from printed
journals.
List the author details as they appear on the title page of the journal article. Use the initial of the author's
given name(s).
Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the journal title.
Include page numbers after the volume and issue details (if supplied).
Fazel, M 2015, 'A moment of change: facilitating refugee children's mental health in UK
schools', International Journal of Educational Development, vol. 41, pp. 255-261.
If there is no author(s), begin the reference list citation with the title of the article in single inverted
commas (quotation marks) followed by the year, Journal title (italicised), volume, issue (if supplied), page
details.
`Tackling knife crime' 2010, The Lancet, vol. 376, no. 9747, p. 1118.
Journal article with two or three authors
Journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal
articles.
List all authors as they appear on the title page of the journal article. Use the initial of each authors' given
name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Gagnon, B, Leduc, R & Savard, L 2012, 'From a conventional to a sustainable engineering design process:
different shades of sustainability', Journal of Engineering Design, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 49-74.
Journal article with four or more authors
Journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal
articles.
List all authors as they appear on the title page of the journal article. Use the initial of each authors' given
name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Hwong, Y-L, Oliver, C, Van Kranedonk, M, Sammut, C & Seroussi, Y 2017, 'What makes you tick? The
psychology of social media engagement in space science communication', Computers in Human
Behavior, vol. 68, pp. 480-492.
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Journal article from a Library database [HTML format only)
Journal articles from online databases with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as
articles from printed journals.
List all authors as they appear in the journal article. Use the initial of each authors' given name(s). Use
an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Include page numbers if available after the volume and issue details (if supplied).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 27 May 2012) and the database name (for example: ProQuest
database) after the page numbers (if available).
Hosany, S & Martin, D 2012, ‘Self-image congruence in consumer behavior’, Journal of Business

Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691, viewed 27 May 2012, Elsevier SD Freedom Collection database.
commas (quotation marks) followed by the year, Journal title (italicised), volume details (if supplied),
issue details (if supplied), page numbers (if available), viewed date, Database name.
Journal article from a webpage [HTML format only)

For a journal article in HTML format and sourced from a webpage, list all authors as they appear in the
journal article. Use the initial of each authors' given name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last
two authors.
Include the volume and issue details (if supplied).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 27 September 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled
brackets (< and >) after the volume and issue details (if supplied).
Ogilvy, J 2011, 'Human enhancement and the computational metaphor', Journal of Evolution &
Technology, vol. 22, no. 1, viewed 11 June 2012, <http://jetpress.org/v22/ogilvy.htm>.
commas (quotation marks) followed by the year, Journal title (italicised), volume details (if supplied),
issue details (if supplied), page numbers (if available), viewed date, URL address.
Newspaper articles
Printed newspaper article (with no author)
A newspaper article without an author does not need to appear in your reference list.
Printed newspaper article (with a known author)

For a newspaper article with an author, enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas
(quotation marks). Italicise the newspaper title. Include the publication date (for example: 7 April) and
page number(s) after the newspaper title.
Martin, P 2014, 'Melbourne tops nation's growth rate: population record rise in city dwellers', The Age, 7
April, p. 2.
Newspaper article from a Library database (HTML format only)
Newspaper articles from Library databases with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same
way as printed newspaper articles.
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If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a Library database, follow the guidelines for a printed
For a newspaper article in HTML format and sourced from a Library database, enclose the title of the
article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the newspaper title.
Include the publication date (for example: 26 May) and page number(s) (if available) after the newspaper
title.
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 27 September 2016) and the database name (for example:
ProQuest database) after the page number(s) (if available).
Carney, S 2012, 'Gillard paying price for gamble on the numbers', The Age, 26 May, p. 23, viewed 27
September 2016, ProQuest database.
Newspaper article from a webpage (HTML format only)
Newspaper articles from a webpage with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as
printed newspaper articles.
If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a webpage, follow the guidelines for a printed
For a newspaper article in HTML format and sourced from a webpage, enclose the title of the article in
single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the newspaper title.
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 27 September 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled
brackets (< and >) after the publication date (if available).
Banks, D 2010, 'Tweeting in court: why reporters must be given guidelines', The Guardian, 15 December,
viewed 25 November 2015, <http://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/dec/15/tweeting-court-reporters-
julian-assange>.
Social media or webpages

Blog
A blog or blog post is usually referenced as you would a webpage.
Include the author(s) details. If there is no author’s name use the username instead (for example: Thesis
Whisperer).
After the author(s) or username details, if there is no date supplied, use n.d.
For a blog post only, the title of the blog post should be enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation
marks).
The title of the blog should be italicised.
Include the format of the entry.
For a blog post only, add the date (for example: 3 April) of the post. If an author posts multiple entries on
one day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January, 4.25 am).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 8 January 2014) and the URL address enclosed in angled
brackets (< and >) after the format or the date (if a blog post).
Thesis Whisperer 2013, ‘Wormhole literature’, The Thesis Whisperer, blog post, 3 April, viewed 8
January 2014, <http://thesiswhisperer.com/2013/04/03/the-wormhole-incident/>.
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Webber, S & Boon, S 2006, Information literacy blog, blog, viewed 8 January 2014, <http://information-
literacy.blogspot.com>.
Facebook or Twitter
Social media is usually referenced as you would a website.
Include the author(s) details. If there is no author’s name use the username instead.
After the author(s) or username details, if there is no date supplied, use n.d.
Add the first few words (for example: up to ten words) of the social media entry (for example: a
Facebook post or tweet). Italicise the social media entry.
Include the name of the platform.
Add the date (for example: 17 May) of the social media entry. If an author posts multiple entries on one
day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January, 4.25 am).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 19 May 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled
brackets (< and >) after the date of the social media entry.
Obama, B 2016, It’s time for Senate leaders to put politics aside …, Twitter, 17 May, viewed 19 May
2016, <https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/732589315478290432>.
Smith, P 2015, Rethinking higher education the team is everything, Facebook, 25 April, viewed 16 June
2015, <https://www.facebook.com/pages/Peter-P-Smith/196037770427320>.
For social media accounts that are not publicly accessible (for example: a private Facebook page), the
social media entry should be referenced as personal communication.
Webpage or document
As details will vary for webpages or web documents, try to extract as much information as you can about
If there is no author(s) (individual or corporate) details available, start with the title of the webpage or
web document in italics.
The author may be the same as the organisation hosting the website.
After the author(s) (individual or corporate) details, if there is no date supplied, use n.d.
Include the publisher details (publisher name and location of publication) after the title and before the
viewed date. The publisher can also be the same as the author. For example: World Health
Organization.
Include the viewed date (for example: viewed 1 May 2014) and the URL address enclosed in angled
brackets (< and >).
World Health Organization 2014, WHO recommendations for routine immunization - summary tables,
World Health Organization, viewed 1 May 2014,
<http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/immunization_tables/en/>.
Heath, N 2020, What is AI?: Everything you need to know about Artificial Intelligence, ZDNet, viewed 15
December 2020, < https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-ai-everything-you-need-to-know-about-
artificial-intelligence/>.
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Reports and standards
Australian Bureau of Statistics report from the ABS website
For author details, use the full name of the Australian Bureau of Statistics rather than the abbreviation
ABS.
Italicise the report title. Include the catalogue number after the report title. The words catalogue number
can be abbreviated to cat. no.
Include the publication details (publisher and place of publication). The abbreviation ABS can be used for
the name of the publisher.
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 6 October 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled
brackets (< and >).
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Measures of Australia's progress: summary indicators, cat. no.
1370.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 23 July 2012,
<http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/1370.0.55.001?opendocument#from-banner=LN>.
For an Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) report with full-page format/imaging (PDF), there is no need
to include a viewed date or URL address as part of the reference list entry.
Government or organisation report

Government reports may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of
review and committees of parliament.
As details will vary for government or organisation reports, try to extract as much information as you can
Italicise the report title. Include the report number or series code (if supplied) after the report title. For
example: P.P. series no. 31, session 2010-11. Include details of the organisation sponsoring or issuing
the report series (if supplied) before the publication details.
Include the publication details (Publisher and place of publication) - if supplied.
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 16 December 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled
brackets (< and >).
Department of Education and Training 2016, Review of the impact on the higher education sector of the
TEQSA Act, viewed 16 December 2016, <https://www.education.gov.au/review-impact-higher-
education-sector-teqsa-act>.
For a government or organisation report with full-page format/imaging (PDF), there is no need to include
a viewed date or URL address as part of the reference list entry.
Amnesty International 2017, Europe a perfect storm: The failure of European policies in the central
Mediterranean, Amnesty International, London.
Standard from the Standards Australia database

Italicise the standard’s title.
Include the number of the standard after the title (for example: AS 1684.2-2010).
Include the viewed date (for example: 28 September 2012).
Add the name of the Standards Australia database (SAI Global) rather than the URL address.
Standards Australia 2010, Residential timber-framed construction - non-cyclonic areas, AS 1684.2-2010,

viewed 28 September 2012, SAI Global.
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Company, industry or market report from a Library database
Italicise the report title. Include the report number (if available) after the report title.
Include the resource type (for example: company profile) after the report title and report number if
available).
After the resource type, include the publisher of the report (if available) (for example: IBISWorld
database).
For company, industry or market reports sourced from RMIT University Library databases, add the
viewed date (for example: viewed 6 October 2016) and the database name (for example: Marketline
database).
Lo, B 2016, Internet service providers in Australia, report no. J5911, industry report, IBISWorld, viewed 6
October 2016, IBISWorld database.
Where there is no author, use the organisation responsible for the report.
MarketLine Limited 2015, Credit cards in Canada, industry profile, MarketLine Limited, viewed 6 October
2016, MarketLine database.
Company, industry or market report from a website
Italicise the report title. Include the report number (if available) after the report title.
Include the resource type (for example company profile) after the report title and report number if
available).
After the resource type, include the publisher of the report (if available) (for example: IBISWorld).
For a company, industry or market report sourced from a website, add the viewed date (for example:
viewed 16 April 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).
Wesfarmers Limited 2015, Sustainability report 2015, company report, Wesfarmers Limited, viewed 16
April 2016, <http://sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/>.
Audio visual material

DVD film or television program
Italicise the title of the film or television program.
The abbreviation n.d. may be used where the date of publication is unknown.
Specify the multimedia format after the date of recording. For example: DVD or television program.
Include the publisher or distributor details. For example: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, Culver City,
CA or SBS Television, Sydney.
For a DVD film, add any other useful information after the publisher (or distributor) details. For example:
directed by or starring...
For a television program, include the series title (if applicable) after the multimedia format. For example:
Australian Story or Insight.
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Also for a television program, add the date of broadcast in day and month format (for example: 17
October) after the publisher details.
Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010, DVD, Madman Entertainment, Richmond, VIC, directed by Jan
Kounen.
When plans change (part 1) 2016, television program, Australian Story, ABC TV, Sydney, 17 October.
Podcast
If the author(s) of the podcast is unknown, reference the title of the podcast and the year of the
broadcast. Italicise the podcast title.
Italicise the title of the podcast. Specify the multimedia format after the date of recording. For example:
podcast or radio program.
Include publisher details (if supplied) after the multimedia format. For example: ABC Radio, Sydney.
Add the date of broadcast in day and month format (for example: 12 September) and a viewed date (for
example: viewed 5 June 2014). Include the URL of a page where the podcast can be obtained or
subscribed to in angled brackets (< and >).
Isherwood, B 2012, Where ideas come from, podcast, 12 September, viewed 5 June 2014,
<http//itunesu.rmit.edu.au/node/862>.
Fidler, R 2016, Tim Ferguson: why comedy is not just for laughs, radio program, 702 ABC Radio, Sydney,
16 December, viewed 20 December 2016, <https://radio.abc.net.au/programitem/pe8LwEmpX3>.
Streaming video / YouTube video
If the author(s) (individual or corporate) of the streaming/YouTube video is known, begin the reference
list citation with the author(s) family or corporate name.
If the author(s) (individual or corporate) of the streaming/YouTube video is unknown, reference the title
and the year of the video. Italicise the video title.
Specify the format or platform after the date of the video. For example: streaming video or YouTube.
Include the publisher details (if supplied) after the format or platform. For example: RMIT University,
Melbourne.
Add the date of publication (if supplied) in day and month format (for example: 8 October) after the
format or platform and before the publisher details (if supplied).
Include the viewed date (for example: viewed 23 March 2014) and the URL address of the video
enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).
Design & thinking: a documentary on design thinking 2012, streaming video, Muris Media, San
Francisco, viewed 23 March 2014, <https://rmit-kanopystreaming-
com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/video/design-and-thinking>.
RMIT University 2014, What’s a library subject guide?, YouTube, 8 October, RMIT University, Melbourne,
viewed 18 April 2016, <https://youtu.be/IXo58MojuKI>.
Sound recording
If the author(s) (artists or band) of the sound recording (for example: album or CD) is known, reference
the sound recording by the artist(s) family name or band name and the year of the sound recording.
If the author(s) (artists or band) of the sound recording is unknown, reference the title of the sound
recording (in italics) and the year of the sound recording.
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Generally, the title of the album or CD will be used as the title in the reference list entry.
If you have only listened to a single track, then include the title of the single track in the reference list
entry rather than the title of the album or CD. Italicise the title of the sound recording.
Specify the format after the title of the recording. For example: sound recording.
Include the publisher details (if supplied) after the format. For example: A record company can be the
publisher of a sound recording.
Add the date of publication (if supplied) in day and month format (for example: 8 October) after the
format and before the publisher details (if supplied).
For an online sound recording, include the viewed date (for example: viewed 5 September 2017) and the
URL address of the recording enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) after the publication details (if
supplied).
Album or CD
Smith, P 1975, Horses, sound recording, Arista Records LLC, New York.

Single track
Smith, P 1975, Gloria, sound recording, Arista Records LLC, New York.

Online
Smith, P 1975, Horses, sound recording, Arista Records LLC, New York, viewed 5 September 2017,
<https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/horses/id1038568061>.
Images
Book/Journal article
The book or journal article from which the figure is taken needs to be included in the reference list and
formatted in the correct RMIT Harvard style according to the source type.
Gorman, P 2001, The look: adventures in pop & rock fashion, Sanctuary Publishing, London.
Webpage
The figure must appear in the reference list and include details such as the author/creator, year of
creation, title (in italics), material type (if known), publisher/provider/copyright owner, viewed date and
URL enclosed in angled brackets (<>).
Burn, H 1861, Swanston Street from the Bridge, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Victoria, viewed 14
June 2020, <https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4294/>.
Library database
creation, title (in italics), material type (if known), viewed date and database name.
Vanni 2007, Notre-Dame-du-Haut, photograph, viewed 19 June 2020, Oxford Art Online database.
Creative commons
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Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli) 2009, Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, photograph, Flickr, viewed 24
June 2020, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/52355315@N08/5757476385/>.
Maps
Digitised map
Kearney, J 1855, Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [cartographic material], digitised map, Victoria
Surveyor-General, State Library Victoria, viewed 19 June 2020,
<http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/89107>.
Web Map
VicPlan 2020, Plenty Road Bundoora 3083, web map, Victoria State Government, viewed 16 June 2020,
<https://mapshare.vic.gov.au/vicplan/>.
Other sources
Conference paper from a webpage
A conference paper from a webpage will generally be sourced from the conference's website or the
website of the organisation hosting the conference.
For a conference paper from a webpage, enclose the title of the conference paper in single inverted
commas.
Capitalise and italicise the name of the conference. For example: Space Safety is No Accident The 7th
IAASS Conference.
Include the name of the conference host (for example: Curtin University), location and date of the
conference. Include page numbers (if available).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 5 August 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled
brackets (< and >) after the name of the conference host, location and date of the conference (if
supplied).
Gudmundsson, A & Laing, L 2011, ‘Facilitating student self-reflection in a blended learning environment',
in ATN Assessment Conference 2011 Proceedings, Curtin University, Perth, 20 – 21 October, pp. 107-16,
viewed 5 August 2016,
<http://ctl.curtin.edu.au/events/conferences/atna2011/files/ATNA_2011_Proceedings.pdf>.
Conference paper from a Library database
For a conference paper sourced from a Library database, include the title of the conference paper in
single inverted commas (quotation marks). Capitalise and italicise the name of the conference. For
example: Space Safety is No Accident The 7th IAASS Conference.
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Include the publisher name (for example: CSIRO Publishing) and the database name (for example:
EBSCOhost eBook database) rather than the name of the conference host, location and date of the
conference.
Chaudhary, B 2015, ‘Unconventional methods for space debris removal', Space Safety is No Accident The
7th IAASS Conference, Springer International Publishing, SpringerLink eBook database, pp. 49-58.
Conference paper from printed conference proceedings

For conference papers sourced from printed conference proceedings, use the guidelines for a chapter
from an edited book.
If the title of the conference proceedings contains the name of the conference, capitalise the name of the
conference. For example: Geospatial data in a changing world selected papers of the 19th AGILE
Conference on Geographic Information Science.
Wang, J, Wood, Z & Worboys, M 2016, 'Conflict in pedestrian networks' in T Sarjakoski, MY Santos & LT
Sarjakoski (eds), Geospatial data in a changing world selected papers of the 19th AGILE Conference on
Geographic Information Science, Springer, Switzerland, pp. 261-278.
Dataset
As details will vary for datasets, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and
publication information etc.
For an online dataset, if there is no author(s) (individual or corporate) details available, start with the
dataset title in italics. After the author(s) (individual or corporate) details, if there is no date supplied, use
n.d.
Include the series title (if supplied) after the dataset title. Include the resource type (for example: data
file) after the title or series title (if supplied). Add the publication details (if supplied) after the resource
type. For example: Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne.
Include the viewed date (for example: viewed 17 November 2011) and the URL address enclosed in
angled brackets (< and >).
Bureau of Meteorology 2016, High-quality Australian daily rainfall, Australia's climate change datasets,
data file, Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, viewed 16 December 2016,
<ftp://ftp.bom.gov.au/anon/home/ncc/www/change/HQdailyR/>.
Lecture notes or course materials

Materials from your course may include lecture notes, PowerPoint slides or presentations and
credentials.
Use the lecturer(s) family name and initial of given name. For example: Sample, S.
The title of the course material should be enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks). The title
of the course material should not be italicised.
Include the type of course material (for example: lecture notes, credentials, PowerPoint slides or
presentations) after the title.
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For online course material, add the course code or course name and the University name. Include the
viewed date (for example: viewed 18 April 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (<
and >).
Sample, S 2016, ‘Introduction to your course’, lecture notes, COURSECODE, RMIT University, viewed 18
April 2016, <https://my.rmit.edu.au/portal/myStudies/#/lecturenotes/week1>.
RMIT Creds 2019, ‘What is academic integrity’, RMIT Micro Credential, Academic Integrity Awareness,
RMIT University, viewed 27 April 2020, <https://rmit.instructure.com/courses/61851>.
For printed course material, add the course code or course name, the University name and the place of
publication (if not inferred by the University name).
Sample, S 2017, ‘Human rights in indigenous communities’, PowerPoint slides, COURSECODE, RMIT
University, Melbourne.
Legal material and patents

The title of a legal case, a piece of legislation or a patent should be italicised.
For a legal case, include the year of the case, the volume number of the report series, the abbreviated
name of the report series and the page number that the case begins with in the report series. For
example: (2008) 237 CLR 1.
University of New South Wales v Moorhouse and Angus & Robertson (Publishers) Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR
1.
For a piece of legislation, include the jurisdiction in brackets after the title. The name of the jurisdiction
can be abbreviated. For example: Commonwealth can be abbreviated to (Cth).
Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth).
For a patent, include the patent number after the title.
Gupta, BB & Kassapis, S 1997, Water-continuous spread, US Patent 5614245.
Student's own work

You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic
integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.
Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.
Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment DeclarationOpens
in new window
If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work
as an unpublished paper.
In the reference list include:

 Student name.
 Year of previous work.
 Title of previous work (between single inverted commas).
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 Unpublished paper.
 Institution name.
 Location (if not inferred by University name).
Smith, J 2018, ‘An analysis of personality theory’, Unpublished paper, RMIT University, Melbourne.
Thesis viewed online

For a thesis viewed online, the title should be enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
The title of the thesis should not be italicised. Add the abbreviated name of the award (for example: PhD
thesis or EdD thesis). Include the place of publication if it is not inferred by the University name.
For a thesis sourced from a research repository, include the URL address enclosed in angled brackets
(< and >).
Khoo, CK 2013, 'Morphing architecture with responsive material systems', PhD thesis, RMIT University,
Melbourne, <https://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:160591>.
Thesis from a Library database

For a thesis sourced from a Library database, add the database name (for example: ProQuest database)
rather than the URL address.
Hallaq, TG 2013, 'Evaluating online media literacy in higher education: validity and reliability of the
digital online media literacy assessment (DOMLA)’, EdD thesis, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID,
ProQuest database.
Print Thesis
For a print thesis, provide the author's family name and initial(s) followed by the year.
Include the title of the thesis enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks) but not italicised.
Add the abbreviated name of the award (for example: PhD thesis) and the University name followed by
the place of publication (if not inferred by the University name).
Snelling, P 2013, 'Digital craftsmanship: the augmentation and customisation of printed textiles', PhD
thesis, RMIT University, Melbourne.
Secondary citation
Use a secondary citation to acknowledge the work of an author(s) that has been directly quoted or
paraphrased in another author(s) work.
In the reference list, include only the source you have used. For example, if an article by Hosany and
Martin cites Heath and Scott, you would only need to include the Hosany and Martin reference.
Hosany, S & Martin, D 2012, ‘Self-image congruence in consumer behavior’, Journal of Business
Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691.
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Harvard Referencing Examples: Important: This Is A Guide Only. To Avoid Losing Marks

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Harvard Referencing Examples: Important: This Is A Guide Only. To Avoid Losing Marks

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HARVARD REFERENCING EXAMPLES

RMIT University Library

Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:

1. Confirm referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer

Book with single author

Book whose author is an organisation

Book with no known author

Book with two or three authors

Book with four or more authors

Multiple books by the same author

E-book from a Library database (HTML format)

E-book from a website (HTML format)

Encyclopedia or dictionary entry without an author

Encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an author

Journal article with single author

Journal article with four or more authors

Journal article from a Library online database (HTML format)

Printed newspaper article with no author

Printed newspaper article with a known author

Newspaper article from a Library database (HTML format)

Newspaper article from a webpage (HTML format)

Blog or blog post

Australian Bureau of Statistics report

Government or organisation report

Company, industry or market report from a Library database

Company, industry or market report from a website

DVD film or television program

Streaming video / YouTube video

1. the figure number (in bold)

Book / Journal article

2. in the figure layout

As shown in Figure 2 . . . (Burn 1861).

Figure 2 illustrates . . . (Burn 1861).

 label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 2)

Figure 3: Notre-Dame-du-Haut by Vanni, 2007, photograph.

Maps taken from an online source can include:

Figure 6: Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 by VicPlan, 2020, web map.

Lecture notes / course materials

Student’s own work

Multiple works by the same author(s) in the same year

Works by different first authors with the same family name

Multiple citations in a single sentence

Example of reference list

E-book from a Library database (HTML format only)

Hosany, S & Martin, D 2012, ‘Self-image congruence in consumer behavior’, Journal of Business

Journal article from a webpage [HTML format only)

Printed newspaper article (with a known author)

Social media or webpages

The title of the blog should be italicised.

Include the format of the entry.

Government or organisation report

Standard from the Standards Australia database

Standards Australia 2010, Residential timber-framed construction - non-cyclonic areas, AS 1684.2-2010,

Audio visual material

Smith, P 1975, Horses, sound recording, Arista Records LLC, New York.

Smith, P 1975, Gloria, sound recording, Arista Records LLC, New York.

Conference paper from printed conference proceedings

Lecture notes or course materials

Legal material and patents

Student's own work

In the reference list include:

Thesis viewed online

Thesis from a Library database