Professional Documents
Culture Documents
This is a guide only. Please confirm the referencing requirements for your course with your
lecturer.
RMIT Harvard is an author-date referencing style. It is based on the Referencing and attribution section
of the Australian Government Style Manual (AGSM) released in 2021.
RMIT Harvard style requires in-text references and a reference list. In-text references appear within the
body of the document. They include the author’s family name or name of the organisation responsible for
the information source and the year of publication, with page numbers required for quotes if available. A
reference list provides the full bibliographic details of all in-text references at the end of the assignment.
It is recommended that you read the general rules for each section before looking at the specific
information about the source you need to reference.
Note: Although the AGSM states that the title of online sources should be hyperlinked for electronic
formats, RMIT Harvard style does not do this because hyperlinked titles are not compatible with the
EndNote program. In addition, the links would not be available when the work is printed.
CONTENTS
IN-TEXT REFERENCES............................................................................................................................4
General rules...................................................................................................................................................................4
BOOKS................................................................................................................................................5
Book with single author...................................................................................................................................................5
Book with two authors.....................................................................................................................................................6
Book with three or more authors.....................................................................................................................................6
Book whose author is an organisation............................................................................................................................6
Book with no author.........................................................................................................................................................6
Multiple books by the same author.................................................................................................................................7
Book chapter....................................................................................................................................................................7
E-book.............................................................................................................................................................................7
Encyclopedia or dictionary entry without an author........................................................................................................8
Encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an author.............................................................................................................8
Brochure or pamphlet......................................................................................................................................................8
Exhibition catalogue........................................................................................................................................................8
JOURNALS............................................................................................................................................9
Journal article with single author.....................................................................................................................................9
Journal article with two authors.......................................................................................................................................9
Journal article with three or more authors.......................................................................................................................9
Journal article with no authors......................................................................................................................................10
e-Journal article.............................................................................................................................................................10
NEWSPAPERS......................................................................................................................................11
Print newspaper article..................................................................................................................................................11
Print newspaper article with no author..........................................................................................................................11
Newspaper article from a webpage (HTML format)......................................................................................................11
Newspaper article from a webpage (HTML format) with no author..............................................................................12
SOCIAL MEDIA.....................................................................................................................................12
REFERENCE LIST..................................................................................................................................24
General rules.................................................................................................................................................................24
EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST......................................................................................................................25
BOOKS..............................................................................................................................................26
Book with an edition number.........................................................................................................................................27
Book with single author.................................................................................................................................................27
Book with multiple authors............................................................................................................................................27
Book whose author is an organisation..........................................................................................................................27
Book with no author.......................................................................................................................................................28
Multiple books by the same author(s)...........................................................................................................................28
Book chapter in an edited book.....................................................................................................................................28
Book compiled by an editor(s).......................................................................................................................................29
E-book...........................................................................................................................................................................29
Encyclopedia and dictionary entries..............................................................................................................................29
Brochure or pamphlet....................................................................................................................................................30
Exhibition catalogue......................................................................................................................................................30
JOURNALS..........................................................................................................................................30
Journal article with single author...................................................................................................................................31
Journal article with two authors.....................................................................................................................................31
Journal article with three or more authors.....................................................................................................................31
In the examples, the ideas/information belong to Vanna, but you paraphrased them from your
reading of Martin and Rodriguez’s work.
In the reference list, include the source you read. For this example, you would only need to put
Martin and Rodríguez in the reference list.
Books
Day (2018) emphasises the importance of writing as a compelling way to communicate and an
essential skill for employment.
Direct quote
Day (2018:3) states that ‘writing is a uniquely powerful, precise and satisfying form of expression. It is
also a vital skill for future employment’.
Paraphrase
The consequences of climate change are not factored into most building plans (Hill and Martinez-Diez
2020).
Direct quotes
Hill and Martinez-Diez (2020:18) assert that ‘building plans tend to ignore climate risks in most
instances.
‘Building plans tend to ignore climate risks in most instances’ (Hill and Martinez-Diez 2020:18).
Paraphrase
Decision making, when applied to the nursing profession, means the selection of careful consideration
of interventions from a broad spectrum of actions that can lead to a satisfactory outcome (DeLaune et
al. 2019).
Direct quote
In the context of nursing, decision making is defined by DeLaune et al. (2019:63) as ‘considering and
selecting interventions from a range of actions that facilitate the achievement of a desired outcome’.
Paraphrases
The Business Council of Australia (2019) is in favour of stopping the stimulus and increasing
productivity through job creation.
Human health and food and water security will be increasingly threatened by climate change without
an accelerated climate mitigation response (OECD 2019).
Direct quote
According to the OECD (2019:15), ‘the world has already warmed by an average of 1°Celsius and
July 2019 was the hottest July ever recorded. Extreme weather events are taking their toll across the
globe’.
Paraphrases
Australia has a growing role in the education of international students (Higher education in Australia:
the facts 2004).
A Warning (2019) argues that Trump’s presidency was one of America’s most tumultuous.
Paraphrases
The ubiquity of social media has been observed to have detrimental effects on the reliability of
knowledge (Lynch 2016, 2019).
Jenkins (2020a, 20120b) has identified several strategies for maintaining employee motivation.
Book chapter
When using a book chapter in an in-text reference, use the author of the chapter’s details and not the
book editor’s details. Editor details are included in the reference list.
If you use an edited book where the chapters have no identified authors, give the editor’s family name as
the author in an in-text reference.
Paraphrase
Sahai et al. (2021) have noted that opportunities have increased for organisations as a result of the
development of smart technology.
Direct quote
‘In the past decade smart technology, including networking and big data have given ways to
organizations to expand their horizons’ (Sahai et al. 2021:102).
E-book
For online books sourced from Library databases or websites.
Paraphrases
In 1970, fighting relentless police discrimination, and feeling let down by the current legal system,
together with law students and lawyers, Aboriginal activists established the first Legal Aboriginal
Service in Redfern (Perheentupa 2020).
Shann (1948) provides a history of Australia's agricultural economy at the time of Governor Phillip.
Direct quotes
Page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original document. If no page number is
available, you can include information about the location the quote is from in your writing.
The first example below comes from an e-book that has a page number, i.e. 35. The second example
does not have page numbers:
‘The first Legal Aboriginal Service was founded in response to persistent police discrimination and the
legal system’s failure to curtail it’ (Perheentupa 2020:35).
Paraphrase
In order to focus attention on persuading people about a particular issue, megaphone democracy can
often be employed through the context of public forums (Macquarie Dictionary 2017).
Direct quote
Megaphone democracy is defined as ‘the diplomatic strategy of talking freely in public forums about
an issue in order to persuade people to accept a particular point of view’ (Macquarie Dictionary
2017:936).
Direct quote
‘Philosophical conversations about determinism can be traced back through history as the question of
whether human existence is planned or random and have perennially captured the imagination of
thoughtful people’ (Baird 2018:890).
Brochure or pamphlet
If there is no author, cite the publication title and the year. Italicise the publication title.
Provide page number for quotes only when available in the original document.
Paraphrases
Tenants Victoria’s (2020) fact sheet reports provides information for people sharing a house or
apartment.
The Specialist Imaging for Women agency offers neonatal hip ultrasounds services to screen for
developmental hip dysplasia for babies up to 6 months of age (Specialist Imaging For Women c.
2021).
Direct quotes
'Co-tenancy is the most common type of shared housing arrangement' (Tenants Victoria 2020).
Regarding paediatric ultrasound, the Specialist Imaging For Women Paediatrics Services (c. 2021)
offers ‘neonatal hip ultrasound – screening for developmental hip dysplasia – up to 6 months of age’.
Exhibition catalogue
Paraphrase
The exhibition catalogue (NGV International 2021) provides an insightful analysis of the influences of
the development of Chanel’s style and its ongoing impact on fashion.
Journals
Direct quote
One of the themes of their Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) program, according to
Papadopoulou (2020:686), is ‘fostering in our students a strong sense of professional identity and
empowering them to develop and even redefine their practice’.
Paraphrase
Fiorineschi and Rotini (2021) explain that the design discipline commonly recognises novelty as an
important factor in assessing creativity.
Direct quote
‘In the field of design, novelty is widely acknowledged as a key parameter for creativity assessments’
(Fiorineschi and Rotini 2021:590).
Paraphrases
Mobbs et al. (2021) indicate that animal behavioural neuroscience has been significantly influenced
and changed by computational ethology.
With respect to their dynamics, polymer architectures vary in their behaviours (Bichler et al. 2021).
Direct quotes
‘Computational ethology has proven transformative for animal behavioral neuroscience’ (Mobbs et al.
2021:2224).
Paraphrases
For people aged over 50 years, even though it is a rare illness, giant cell arteritis is the most common
type of vasculitis (‘Giant cell arteritis: one size does not fit all’ 2021).
‘Giant cell arteritis: one size does not fit all’ (2021) states that for people aged over 50 years, giant cell
arteritis is the most common type of vasculitis, even though it is a rare illness.
Direct quotes
Page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original document. If no page number is
available, you can include information about the location the quote is from in your writing.
The examples below come from a source that does not have page numbers:
‘The disease has a severe impact on patients’ lives, causing a constellation of cranial and systemic
symptoms…’ (‘Giant cell arteritis: one size does not fit all’ 2021).
‘Giant cell arteritis: one size does not fit all’ (2021) explains in the opening paragraph that ‘…there is
only one targeted drug approved for the disease, despite decades of research…’
e-Journal article
For online journal articles sourced from Library databases or websites.
Paraphrases
Liang et al. (2021) claim that consumers, due to their beliefs about connectivity efficiency with the
Internet of Things, display a high level of brand loyalty when purchasing smart devices and products
for the home.
Although Llaha et al. (2021) discovered that there is a correlation between drinking sugar-sweetened
beverages (SSB) and developing endometrial and ovarian cancer, it was minor and insignificant.
Direct quotes
Page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original document. If no page number is
available, you can include information about the location the quote is from in your writing.
The first example below comes from a source that has a page number, i.e. 163. The second example
does not have page numbers:
In the introduction to their study of consumer purchasing preferences, Liang et al. (2021:163) observe
that ‘the Internet of Things (IoT), especially smart home technology, has been rapidly advancing and
has finally reached mainstream markets and user segments’.
‘The association between SSB [sugar-sweetened beverages] consumption and both endometrial and
ovarian cancer risk tended to be positive but did not reach statistically significant levels’ (Llaha et al.
2021).
Direct quote
‘The pay of bank chief executives could be linked to climate change targets in the future’ (Yeates
2021:24).
Paraphrase
Aged care providers are starting to introduce new fee schemes in response to changes to Federal
government funding (The Sunday Age 2 October 2021).
Direct quote
'Australia's aged-care system is revealing itself to be all too frequently woefully ineffective in meeting
the needs of those who rely on its services' (The Sunday Age 2 October 2021:25).
Paraphrases
Proust and Gailberger (2021) report that virus specialist, Professor Tony Blakely, has stated that if it
proves to be prolific, the new strain of COVID-19 could potentially be contained by a third vaccine.
Although soaring property values have been beneficial for home-owners, there are risks for those
looking to buy a house if they acquired additional debt beyond what they could afford (Wright and
Duke 2021).
Direct quotes
Page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original document. If no page number is
available, you can include information about the location the quote is from in your writing.
The examples below come from sources that do not have page numbers:
'Bringing forward plans for a third vaccine dose could protect against the new strain [of COVID-19] if it
appeared to spread more quickly' (Blakely cited in Proust and Gailberger 2021).
Wright and Duke (2021) begin their article on housing affordability by reporting the Reserve Bank of
Australia’s statement that ‘the lift in prices had delivered a financial boost to people already with a
home, but the market could take on a life of its own if potential buyers took on even more debt to buy
a property’.
Note: Newspaper articles in HTML format (with or without an author) appear as text on the screen
similar to a website. These articles are not in PDF format. If the article is in PDF format with full-page
format/imaging and has no author, please treat it in the same way as a print newspaper article with no
author.
Paraphrase
Aged care providers are starting to introduce new fee schemes in response to changes to Federal
government funding (The Sunday Age 2 October 2021).
Direct quote
Page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original document. If no page number is
available, you can include information about the location the quote is from in your writing.
The example below comes from a source that has a page number, i.e. 25:
'Australia's aged-care system is revealing itself to be all too frequently woefully ineffective in meeting
the needs of those who rely on its services' (The Sunday Age 2 October 2021:25).
Social media
Paraphrases
Australian native ingredients are nutritionally rich with wonderful flavours and textures (Welcome to
Country 2020).
Direct quote
In a post introducing the delights of Australian native food, Welcome to Country (2021) notes that if
you have not ‘explored Australian native Bush Food you are missing out on some incredible flavours,
textures and nutritional benefits’.
For social media accounts that are not publicly accessible (e.g. a private Facebook page), the social
media post should be cited as personal communication, not as social media post.
Paraphrase
In her Facebook post on 14 November, Thunberg (2021c) mocked world leaders for their lack of
leadership at the COP26 summit in Glasgow by accusing them of all talk and no action.
In Greta Thunberg’s Instagram post, she asserts that ‘we can no longer let the people in power
decide what hope is. Hope is not passive’ (Thunberg 2021b).
An entire website is only cited if you are referring to its content or purpose in general, or if you
cannot link the information to a particular webpage.
For example, when referring to a website as a general resource in your assignment, you should
link to that website homepage in the reference list. However, if you cite specific content from a
particular webpage on the website, you need to identify the specific webpage in your reference
list.
Include the author’s name (individual or corporate), followed by publication year (e.g. 2021).
If a webpage does not have an author name (individual or organisation), use the title of the
webpage in italics, followed by year of publication.
If the author’s name is an organisation, you can use the shortened name form for your in-text
citations if the organisation uses it regularly, e.g. ‘WHO’ not ‘World Health Organization’. This
saves you space.
Website / webpage
Paraphrases
The WHO (2021) has declared that malnutrition, as well as the supply and provision of food
worldwide, have worsened on account of COVID-19 and climate change.
Artificial intelligence can be defined as the capacity of a system to adapt to unfamiliar environments,
forming generalisations in its knowledge and using that knowledge in new situations (Heath 2021).
Direct quotes
Page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original document. If no page number is
available, you can include information about the location the quote is from in your writing.
The examples below come from sources that do not have page numbers:
COVID-19 and climate change have had such a huge impact on the world that they both ‘have
exacerbated malnutrition in all its forms and threatened the sustainability and resilience of food
systems around the world’ (WHO 2021).
Heath (2021) explains that artificial intelligence is seen as being ‘tied to a system's ability to adapt and
improvise in a new environment, to generalise its knowledge and apply it to unfamiliar scenarios’.
Page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original document. If no page number is
available, you can include information about the location the quote is from in your writing.
The example below comes from a source that has a page number, i.e. 4:
The Department of Education and Training, Victoria (2020:4) states that ‘when teachers work together
to improve their practice, students learn more’.
As details will vary for government or organisation reports, try to extract as much information as
you can about authorship and publication information etc.
If no page number is available in the report, you can indicate the original location of the quote in
your writing if needed
Authors are often organisations, departments or committees rather than individuals.
Commonly accepted short forms of organisations’ names are used for references in parentheses
to save space. The full name is provided in the reference list.
Paraphrase
The review into the impact of the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency Act 2011 will
examine ... (Department of Education and Training 2016).
Direct quote
This 'review provides an opportunity to reflect on the lessons that can be learned from the first five
years of the TEQSA Act’s operation' (Department of Education and Training 2016).
Direct quote
At the time, it was reported that the company’s 'internet services are provided via dial-up, integrated
services digital network (ISDN) and fixed broadband connections' (Lo 2016:2).
Where there is no author, use the name of the company or organisation responsible for the report.
Direct quote
The company claims that it aims to ‘continuously improve waste performance with all our divisions
striving to divert waste from landfill’ (Wesfarmers Limited 2021).
Paraphrase
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021), both male and female Australians currently
experience a higher life expectancy than their counterparts in other developed countries (ABS 2021).
Direct quote
‘For both males and females, Australia has a higher life expectancy than similar countries such as
New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America’ (ABS 2021).
Dataset
Details will vary for datasets, so try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and
publication information, etc.
If available, include a reference point (for example: figure number or table number) in the in-text
reference for the dataset.
Paraphrase
Using daily rainfall datasets, the Bureau of Meteorology (2022) highlights …
Direct quotes
When you copy or adapt specific data sets in the form of tables, charts or figures you must
acknowledge them both in your writing and with a caption below the figure. Refer to the sections on
table and figures for more information.
Standard
Paraphrase
For procedures and practices relating to timber framed constructions in non-cyclonic areas refer to ...
(Standards Australia 2010).
Direct quote
'For single or upper storey construction, the spacing of bracing elements, measured at right angles to
elements, shall not exceed 9000 mm' (Standards Australia 2010:11).
Paraphrases
The documentary My name is Gulpilil (2017) provides not only insight into the cinematic
achievements of Gulpilil but more importantly, the actor’s own insights as he reflects on his life story.
The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1994) was a surprise international success. With its
inherently Australian characters, comedy and landscape, Priscilla was not expected to …
Direct quote
David Gulpilil describes the documentary of his life in the opening scenes by simply stating, ‘This is
my story of my story’ (My name is Gulpilil 2017).
Podcast
If the author(s) of the podcast is unknown, reference the title of the podcast and the year of the podcast.
Italicise the podcast title.
Paraphrases
Writing short stories on Instagram was the catalyst for Dave Grohl writing his memoir (Fidler and
Rooney 2021).
Bessell and Hunter (2020) consider how the corona virus pandemic is reshaping economies, raising
the question of how applicable the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals remain in addressing global
poverty.
Direct quote
Bessell (2020) points out that despite the Covid-19 pandemic having driven governments to
implement ‘previously unseen welfare interventions … social and economic inequality is deepening
around the globe’.
If the author is unknown, reference the title of the video in italics and the year.
Paraphrase
Opinions of crypto currency vary widely from those that see it as the future of financial exchange to
those that consider it to be an insecure proposition at risk from hacking (ABC News 2021).
Direct quotes
There are conflicting opinions of crypto currency that frame it as either the potential ‘future currency of
Earth’ or full of pitfalls due to being ‘vulnerable to hacking security issues’ (ABC News 2021).
Nabben (2021) points out that there is still much ‘catching up [to do] in terms of the law … around
blockchains considering how fast the space is evolving’.
Radio
Paraphrase
Smail (2021) reports on recent research that shows Australian women, especial mothers, could be
financially better off if policies similar to those in Scandinavia were implemented.
Titles can be the name given by the composer or a popular name that the composition is commonly
called.
If you refer to the name of the song, cite the author/artist and the year in the sentence or parentheses.
When you quote someone’s lyrics, cite the song name, the author and the year of publication in the
sentence or parentheses.
Paraphrase
There are various interpretations of the psychedelic imagery in ‘Lucy in the sky with diamonds’ from
the Beatles’ (1967) album Sgt. Pepper's.
Direct quote
The psychedelic imagery of ‘tangerine trees and marmalade skies [and] cellophane flowers of yellow
and green’ represents … (The Beatles, ‘Lucy in the sky with diamonds’ 1967).
Artworks that you use in your assignment or for study purposes do not need the copyright permissions
that are required for publishing or commercial use. However, it is essential that you give credit to the
creator of the work and reference it in your work.
When citing works of art in the text of your assignment, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout (caption).
Citations are also influenced by where you sourced the creative work. Where possible, cite the original
rather than copies from a reproduction.
How you capture and include the artwork or image (e.g. screen shot, photograph, copy-and-paste) does
not influence the way in which it is referenced. Cite the work based on where you sourced the work.
Note: Your lecturer may have specific requirements for referencing artworks. Any directions given by
your lecturer must be followed, even if they differ from this guide.
A figure number is used in the caption to identify each illustration. These figures are numbered
sequentially in the order in which they appear and followed by a colon.
Illustrations you create of your own work are not usually referenced. However, a caption such as ‘Figure
7: Photograph by author’ or ‘Figure 11: Initial sketches’ might be appropriate when other illustrations in
your assignment are referenced. Check your lecturer’s requirements.
Make sure you refer to the figure in your writing and include the figure number. This can be in the
sentence or in parentheses, for example (see Figure 1).
Refer to a figure by its assigned number, not as the figure above or below or on page 3.
Your lecturer might require a specific long or short caption style. Whichever style you use, make sure
you apply it consistently.
Figure 3: Artist unknown (11-12th C) Tapestry with Dragons and Flowers [Silk tapestry], in Jaynes A
and Liaw J (1968:37)
Figure 4: Henry Burn (1861) Swanston Street from the Bridge [oil on canvas], National Gallery of
Victoria, Melbourne
Figure 5: Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli) (2009) Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao [photograph],
Flickr, Copyright 2009 by Mari, CC BY 2.0, accessed 13 December 2021 https://www.flickr.com/
photos/ 52355315@N08/5757476385/in/album-72157626677144865/
Include the artist, year of creation and title of the artwork in parentheses, if not mentioned in the
sentence, when first mentioning the work.
If you use an image, refer to the figure number when you discuss the artwork.
Examples
The exhibition Gabrielle Chanel. Fashion Manifesto displays the Chanel’s (1925) little black dress in
silk organza transformed black from being the colour of mourning to the height of chic and modernity
(see Figure 7).
The purchase of Pollock’s (1952) Blue Poles created great controversy regarding the value of
abstract art when it was purchased for the National Gallery of Australia.
As illustrated in Figure 4, the painting Swanston Street from the Bridge (Burn 1861) depicts
Melbourne’s growth into a city of domes and spires.
Maps
Maps taken from an online source can include:
· digitised maps that originate from a print source such as old maps and are made available in an
electronic format by museums, galleries and libraries
· web maps that use satellite imagery and GPS data and are taken from online navigation and
mapping sites such as Google Maps
When citing maps in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
· within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference
· in the figure layout (caption)
Refer to a figure by its assigned number, not as the figure above or below or on page 3.
Captions
Rule
Figure number: Cartographer’s full name (year produced) Title of map, Publishing details of where
image was sourced.
Examples
Figure 7: James Kearney (1855) Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [digitised map], SLV
https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/search-discover/explore-collections-format/maps/maps-melbourne-city-
suburbs
Label tables sequentially as Table 1, Table 2 and so on, followed by a colon. Other graphs and diagrams
are labelled as Figures.
Include a title that describes or explains the information in the table or diagram. Note, this is not
italicised.
Refer to a table or figure by its assigned number, not as the table or figure above or below or on page 3.
For tables, graphs and diagrams using published content, acknowledge the source below the table/figure
number and title, on a new line.
When the table includes data from more than one source, you must cite all sources you relied on to
create the table.
Rule
Figure number: Title of table
Source: adapted from Publishing details of where the information was sourced
Examples
Table 2: Reason why students plagiarise
Source: adapted from Bretag B, et al. 2020
Table 4 highlights current prison demographics in Australia, based on data compiled by AIHW (2018).
Other sources
Case study
Case studies are not a publication or reference type. They are a type of writing found in various sources
such as books, journal articles, websites, etc. Reference the case study according to the rules for the
source in which it is found.
Conference paper
Generally, conference papers are published within conference proceedings, either online or in print. In
most cases, a conference paper (rather than the conference proceedings) will be used as a reference.
Paraphrase
Rasmussen and Ngwenya (2021) argue that a successful blended learning environment requires that
students are adequately supported.
Direct quote
'Students should engage in critical self-reflection regarding their ability to apply the theory they study
to their future employment' (Rasmussen and Ngwenya 2021:76).
Note: Some courses and lecturers might not accept lecture materials as a reference in assignments.
Paraphrases
Campbell (2022) asserts that prosperity and sustainability need not be mutually exclusive.
The impact of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on promoting economic growth ...
(Blakewell 2022).
Direct quote
The emphasis in week 3’s lecture on the 'cultural and social background of employees as an
important step in managing workplace diversity' (Tran 2022) led me to reflect on my own experiences
in human resource management.
Legal material
Take care to give accurate and complete details about legislation and legal cases.
When discussing government policies and services that require you to refer to the relevant law(s), the
title of legislation is generally placed first, followed by the relevant subsections.
The Victorian government’s introduction of the Wage Theft Act 2020 was a response to …
Multiple jurisdictions have laws pertaining to the management of water supply in the Murray-Darling
Basin, including the Water Act 1989 (Vic), Natural Resources Management Act 2004 (SA) and Water
Act 2007 (Cth).
Depending on the context, you might need to refer to specific sections, paragraphs and subparagraphs
using a pinpoint reference.
The units are written in lower case unless they begin a sentence. Units of an Act can be written in long or
abbreviated form. Do not begin sentences with the abbreviated form.
The Australian Government Style Manual provides more detail and examples regarding the use of legal
materials.
Paraphrases
Section 5A of the Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005 (Vic) outlines the principles for compliance
with child safety standards.
The principles for compliance with child safety standards are outlined in the Child Wellbeing and
Safety Act 2005 (Vic), s 5A.
Direct quotes
Reportable matters under the Act are an acknowledgement that ‘the protection of children is the
paramount consideration in the context of child abuse’ (para 16B(1)(b)).
Section 55 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) states that ‘there is a guarantee that the
goods are reasonably fit for any disclosed purpose, and for any purpose for which the supplier
represents that they are reasonably fit'.
Law report series are abbreviated, and the first page of the case should appear after the series details.
With quotes, include the location of the quote using a page number. To specify a page number, use the
word 'at' rather than p.
Paraphrase
The case examined the company’s failure to exercise reasonable care in using aluminium composite
panels in the construction of an apartment tower (Owners Corporation No.1 of PS613436T v LU
Simon Builders Pty Ltd (Building and Property) [2019] VCAT 286).
Direct quote
It was identified that ‘…’ (Beasley v Francis (2008) 237 CLR 1 at 72-8).
Media release
Paraphrases
The Minister for Housing announced additional funding for youth accommodation that would be
integrated with additional support service (Office of the Premier of Victoria 2021).
The Australian economy is now moving into a recovery phase, according to the Governor of the
Reserve Bank of Australia, Phillip Lowe (2021), following the disruptions caused by the Delta
outbreak.
Personal communication
Personal communication, such as face-to-face interviews, conversations, telephone calls, letters or
emails, is only cited an in-text reference.
Information about personal communication must be included in the in-text reference. Include the type of
personal communication (for example, personal conversation, email, interview, telephone conversation)
and the date in a date month year format.
Personal communication is not published and therefore, unavailable for verification so is not included in
the reference list.
Paraphrase
Ms Merrick, Melville Shire Council CEO, confirmed the accuracy of the claims by email on 25 April
2022.
Direct quotes
My field placement supervisor commented ‘…’ (Lee, personal communication, 14 May 2022).
Thesis
Paraphrases
The research conducted by Khoo (2018) examined ...
Earlier studies suggest a need for further research that considers the customer’s experience of … (Le
2020; Sutton 2021).
Direct quote
Khoo (2018:44) argues that 'the idea of service design challenges the aesthetics of interiors due to its
focus on functionality and efficiency rather than creating a liveable and appealing environment’.
Referencing your own work is necessary to make sure you don’t self-plagiarise.
If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author.
Don’t cut-and-paste sentences or paragraphs from previous assignment. If you are reusing your ideas,
reword them (paraphrase) and take care to contextualise them to your new assignment.
Note: Check with your lecturer or teacher if it is permissible to reuse and cite work you have previously
submitted.
When paraphrasing, include your family name and the year when you previously submitted the work.
For example, if Jane Smith wanted to use her ideas from a paper she wrote at RMIT University in 2021,
her in-text reference may look like this:
An interview with a marketing manager at a leading women’s fashion retailer revealed that … (Smith
2021).
If your original assignment contained critique or commentary about other sources that you base your
ideas on in your new assignment, you should also include those citations in your new assignment.
If Jane’s earlier paper had criticised Presley and Dietrich for example, and her new work might look like
this:
According to Smith (2021), the claims of Priestly and Dietrich (2009) are out-dated and do not apply
to the case currently being examined.
I have not included Priestly and Dietrich’s (2009) model in this analysis because I believe their claims
are not relevant to current work practices (Smith 2021).
Direct quote
For a direct quote, place the quote between single quotation marks and also provide the page number
from the previous work.
'Risk taking behaviours align with certain personality traits or disorders' (Smith 2021:13).
REFERENCE LIST
General rules
Use a reference list at the end of the document to include the publication details of all the in-text
references cited within your writing.
The general order of the elements is:
o author or authoring organisation’s name
o publishing date
o title information
o publisher details
o accessed date and URL for digital content
Start a reference list on a new page using the heading References.
List only references cited in your writing.
If your lecturer/teacher or supervisor has also requested a bibliography, list any other sources
that you have read but not included in your writing under a heading of Bibliography.
The reference list is arranged alphabetically by the family name of the author. If the author of a
reference is a company or organisation, list the reference based on the first letter of the company
or organisation name.
When the shortened form or acronym of an organisation’s name is mentioned in your work, use it
in your references. List the short form, then include the full name in parentheses.
References
AASW (Australian Association of Social Workers) (2021) Annual Report 2020-2021, AASW, accessed
13 December 2021. https://www.aasw.asn.au/publications/reports
Department of Education and Training, Victoria (2020) High impact teaching strategies, Department of
Education and Training website, accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/
school/teachers/teachingresources/practice/improve/Pages/hits.aspx
Ghezzi A and Cavallo A (2020) 'Agile business model innovation in digital entrepreneurship: lean startup
approaches', Journal of Business Research, 10:519-537, doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.013.
Goel R, Sahai S and Singh G (2021) 'Building the world of internet of things', in Abraham A, Dash SY,
Liang Y and Pani SK (eds), Advanced soft computing techniques in data science, IoT and cloud
computing, Springer International Publishing AG, doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75657-4.
Heath N (2021) What is AI? Here's everything you need to know about artificial intelligence, ZDNet
website, accessed 9 December 2021. https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-ai-heres-everything-you-
need-to-know-about-artificial-intelligence/
Jocevski M (2020) 'Blurring the lines between physical and digital spaces: business model innovation in
retailing', California Management Review, 63(1):99-117, doi:10.1177/0008125620953639.
MarketLine Limited (2021) Global - apparel manufacturing, accessed 13 December 2021, MarketLine
database.
Reynolds M (director) (2017) My name is Gulpilil [motion picture], Screen Australia, SAFC & ABC,
Australia.
Soluk J, Miroshnychenko I, Kammerlander N and De Massis A (2021) 'Family influence and digital
business model innovation: the enabling role of dynamic capabilities', Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, 45(4):867-905, doi:10.1177/1042258721998946.
Thunberg G (15 November 2021a) 'A reminder: the people in power don’t need conferences, treaties...'
[Tweet], Greta Thunberg, accessed 1 November 2021. https://twitter.com/GretaThunberg/status/
1460159146720997377
Thunberg G (28 November 2021b) 'We can no longer let the people in power decide...' [Instagram post],
Greta Thunberg, accessed 1 November 2021. https://www.instagram.com/tv/CUXUfZIsHBm/
Wright S and Duke J (2021) 'RBA issues warning as property prices surge', The Age, 9 October, 2,
accessed 26 November 2021. Australia & New Zealand Newsstream database.
WHO (World Health Organization) (2021) WHO accelerates work on nutrition targets with new
commitments, WHO website, accessed 9 December 2021. https://www.who.int/news/item/07-12-2021-
who-accelerates-work-on-nutrition-targets-with-new-commitments
Books
List all authors as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initials of each authors' given
name(s). Use and to separate the last two authors.
Italicise the title of the book.
If a book has an edition number and it is not the first, add the number and abbreviation ‘edn’ after
the title.
Include the name of the publisher, followed by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a full stop. If
there is no DOI, include the place of publication (city name) instead.
Rule
Author’s family name Initial (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Xth edn, Name of publisher,
doi:number OR Place of publication [if no DOI]
Example
Day T (2018) Success in academic writing, 2nd edn, Palgrave, Basingstoke.
Rule
Author’s family name Initial (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of publisher, doi:number OR
Place of publication [if no DOI].
Example
Deegan C (2019) An introduction to accounting: accountability in organisations and society, Cengage
Learning Australia, Southbank.
Rule
Author’s family name Initial and Author’s family name Initial (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book,
Name of publisher, doi:number OR Place of publication [if no DOI].
Examples
Hill AC and Martinez-Diaz L (2020) Building a resilient tomorrow: how to prepare for the coming
climate disruption, Oxford University Press, New York.
Mewburn I, Firth K and Lehmann S (2018) How to fix your academic writing trouble: a practical guide,
Open University Press, Maidenhead.
If you have used the abbreviated (shortened name) form of the organisation’s name in your writing, use it
in your reference list, too. Put the abbreviated (shortened name) form followed by the full version name
in parentheses.
If you have NOT used the abbreviated (shortened name) form in your writing, and only used the full
version of the organisation’s name instead, leave out abbreviated name and only put full version name.
Examples
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) (2018) Safety management manual, 4th edn, ICAO,
Montréal.
International Civil Aviation Organization (2018) Safety management manual, 4th edn, International
Civil Aviation Organization, Montréal.
Rule
Title (Year) Publisher, doi:number OR Place of publication [if no DOI].
Example
A Warning (2019) Little Brown, London.
Examples
Lynch MP (2016) The internet of us: knowing more and understanding less in the age of big data,
Liveright Publishing Corporation, New York.
Lynch MP (2019) Know-it-all society: truth and arrogance in political culture, Liveright Publishing
Corporation, New York.
Enclose the chapter title in single inverted commas (quotation marks). After the chapter title, insert the
word 'in' before the name of the editor(s).
For a book chapter, use (ed) for a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors.
Rule
Author’s family name initial (Year) ‘Title of chapter: subtitle of chapter’, in Editor’s family name initial
(ed/s) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of publisher, doi:number OR Place of publication [if no
DOI].
Example
Rule
Editor’s family name Initial (ed/s) (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of publisher, doi:number
OR Place of publication [if no DOI].
Example
Meiner S and Yeager JJ (eds) (2019) Gerontologic nursing, 6th edn, Elsevier, St. Louis.
E-book
After publisher name, include the DOI (Digital object identifier) in lower case, followed by a full stop, if e-
book has one. You will often find this within the inside of the cover page. No need to include place of
publication if you include a DOI. If there is no DOI, include place of publication (city) instead. As books
are published in editions, you do not need to include the date you accessed it online.
Examples
Carroll H (2017) Read this if you want to take great photographs, Laurence King Publishing, London.
Edwards M, Howard C and Miller R (2020) Social policy, public policy: From problem to practice,
Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781003117254.
Perheentupa J (2020) Redfern: Aboriginal activism in the 1970s, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.
Pinheiro MM and Costa AJ (2021) Accounting ethics education: teaching virtues and values, Taylor &
Francis Group, doi:10.4324/9780429321597.
For an encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an author, enclose the title of the entry in single inverted
commas (quotation marks) and italicise the encyclopedia or dictionary title.
If the encyclopedia or dictionary is edited, insert the word 'in' before the name of the editor. Use (ed) for
a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors.
Include the name of the publisher, followed by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a full stop. If there is
no DOI, include the place of publication (city name) instead.
Examples
Baird C (2018) ‘Determinism’, in Kolb RW (ed), The SAGE encyclopedia of business ethics and
society, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks.
Neal M (2019) ‘Damascus Securities Exchange’, A dictionary of business and management in the
Middle East and North Africa, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780191843266.001.0001.
Brochure or pamphlet
For a brochure or pamphlet with an author, provide a description of the document in square brackets.
If there is no author, the publication title should be listed first. Italicise the publication title. Include
publisher and place of publication information (if available).
Rule
Author’s Name (Year) Title [format], Publisher, Location.
Examples
ACMI (Australian Centre for the Moving Image) (2021) Disney: The Magic of Animation [brochure],
ACMI, Melbourne.
Specialist Imaging For Women (c.2021) Paediatrics Services [pamphlet], Specialist Imaging For
Women, Ivanhoe, VIC.
Exhibition catalogue
As details will vary for exhibition catalogues, try to extract as much information as you can about
authorship and publication information, etc.
For an exhibition catalogue, provide a description of the document type. If possible, add the exhibition
dates after the document type. For example: [exhibition catalogue], 11 March - 27 May 2022.
If there is no author, list the gallery/museum name first. Italicise the publication title. Include publisher
and place of publication information (if available).
Rule
Author or Gallery Name (Year) Title of exhibition [format], Day Month Year of exhibition, Publisher,
Location of Gallery.
Example
NGV International (2021) Gabrielle Chanel. Fashion Manifesto [printed exhibition catalogue], 5
December 2020 – 25 April 2021 National Gallery of Victoria and Thames & Hudson, Melbourne.
Journals
List all authors in the order in which they appear in the article. Use the initials of each authors'
given name(s).
For two authors, use and to separate them.
For three authors or more, use and to separate last two names.
Enclose publication year in parentheses after the author. If there is no author, enclose the year in
parentheses after article title.
If no publication year supplied, write n.d. (for ‘no date’) or c. in place of the year of publication.
Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and italicise the
journal title.
After journal title, include volume number followed issue number in parentheses. If no issue
number is supplied, leave it out. After issue number, include a colon (:) followed by the page
number range, i.e. start and end page. If page range not available, put the start page instead.
Example
Papadopoulou M (2020) 'Supporting the development of early years students’ professional identities
through an action research programme', Educational Action Research, 28(4):686-699,
doi:10.1080/09650792.2019.1652196.
Rule
Author’s family name Initial and Author’s family name Initial (Year) ‘Title of article: subtitle of article’,
Name of journal, volume(issue):start page-end page, doi:number [if available].
Example
Fiorineschi L and Rotini F (2021) 'Novelty metrics in engineering design', Journal of Engineering
Design, 32(11):590-620, doi:10.1080/09544828.2021.1928024.
All authors’ names are included in the reference list. Use and before the last author.
Rule
Author’s family name Initial, Author’s family name Initial and Author’s family name Initial (Year) ‘Title
of article: subtitle of article’, Name of journal, volume(issue):start page-end page, doi:number [if
available].
Examples
Bichler KJ, Jakobi B and Schneider GJ (2021) 'Dynamical comparison of different polymer
architectures - bottlebrush vs linear polymer', Macromolecules, 54(4):1829-1837,
doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02104.
Liang Y, Xu Q and Jin L (2021) 'The effect of smart and connected products on consumer brand
choice concentration', Journal of Business Research, 135:163-172,
doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.06.039.
Example
'Giant cell arteritis: one size does not fit all' (2021) The Lancet Rheumatology, 3(12):E819,
doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00364-7.
List all authors and other bibliographic details in the same way as with other journal article examples
above.
If available, include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) in lower case at the end.
If there is no DOI, add the database name (if sourced from library database) or URL (if sourced from
website) instead:
- For URLs, add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 26 November 2021), followed by a full stop, a
space then the URL. No full stop after URL.
- For database names, leave out the accessed date and add the database name at the end,
followed by the word database.
Examples
Barkela B (2021) ‘Leadership communication and knowledge integration across the artistic, technical
and administration area in theaters’, Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 51(6):393-409,
doi:10.1080/10632921.2021.1974628.
Wilson C, Marks Woolfson L and Durkin K (2020) ‘School environment and mastery experience as
predictors of teachers' self-efficacy beliefs towards inclusive teaching’, International Journal of
Inclusive Education, 24(2):218-234, Taylor & Francis Online database.
Newspapers
Rule
Author’s family name Initial (Day Month Year) ‘Title of article: subtitle of article’, Name of newspaper.
Examples
Yeates C (6 December 2021) ‘CEO pay of big banks could be linked to climate change targets’, The
Age.
Wright S and Duke J (9 October 2021) 'RBA issues warning as property prices surge', The Age.
Example
Financial Review (7 August 2021) ‘Small business response to COVID-19’.
Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the
URL. No full stop after URL.
Rule
Author’s family name Initial (Day Month Year) ‘Title of article: subtitle of article’, Newspaper Name,
access Day Month Year. URL
Example:
Proust M and Gailberger J (28 November 2021) 'Experts call for booster shots to be given earlier as
Omicron confirmed in Australia', Herald Sun, accessed 29 November 2021.
https://www.heraldsun.com.au/coronavirus/experts-call-for-booster-shots-to-be-given-earlier-as-
omicron-confirmed-in-australia/news-story/23b3c3a3baa4c0bed542c892c6a6a84a
Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the
URL. No full stop after URL.
Rule
Newspaper Name (Day Month Year) ‘Title of article: subtitle of article’, access Day Month Year. URL
Example
The Age (24 January 2022) 'Economists tip August interest rate hike as the cost of living rises’,
accessed 24 January 2022. https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/economists-tip-august-
interest-rate-hike-as-the-cost-of-living-rises-20220124-p59qoc.html
Social media
For blog post, enclose the publication day, month and year in brackets after the author. If there is no
author, enclose the publication day, month and year in brackets after blog name.
After the blog’s name, add accessed date (e.g. accessed 2 November 2021) followed by a full stop, a
space then the URL. No full stop after URL.
Example
Mewburn I (10 June 2020) ‘Why academic writing sucks (and how we can fix it)’, The Thesis
Whisperer, accessed 31 November 2021. https://thesiswhisperer.com/2020/06/10/why-academic-
writing-sucks-and-how-we-can-fix-it/
Example
Welcome to Country (6 August 2021), 'Bush Food of Australia aka Bush Tucker', Welcome to
Country, accessed 2 November 2021. https://www.welcometocountry.com/blog/an-introduction-to-
bush-foods/
For social media posts with no title, include the first 10 words of content followed by an ellipsis (three
dots). Put these first 10 words in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
Include the page name where the post is located, after type of post.
For social media accounts that are not publicly accessible (e.g. a private Facebook page), the social
media post should be cited as personal communication, not as social media post.
After post’s page name, add accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021) followed by a full stop, a
space then the URL. No full stop after URL.
Rule
Poster’s family name Initial or Name of Page (Day Month Year) ‘Title or first 10 words of content of
post ...’ [type of post], Page of Post, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Examples
Thunberg G (15 November 2021a) 'A reminder: the people in power don’t need conferences,
treaties ...' [Tweet], Greta Thunberg, accessed 1 November 2021. https://twitter.com/
GretaThunberg/status/1460159146720997377
Thunberg G (28 November 2021b) 'We can no longer let the people in power decide ...' [Instagram
post], Greta Thunberg, accessed 1 November 2021. https://www.instagram.com/ tv/CUXUfZIsHBm/
Thunberg G (14 November 2021c) ‘The #COP26 is over. Here’s a brief summary: Blah, blah, ...'
[Facebook post], Greta Thunberg, accessed 25 November 2021. https://www.facebook.com/
gretathunbergsweden
When referring to a website as a general resource in your assignment, you should link to that
website homepage in the reference list. However, if you cite specific content from a particular
webpage on the website, you need to identify the specific webpage in your reference list.
Website / webpage
Rule
Author’s family name Initial or Organisation’s Name (Year) Title of webpage, Name of Website
website, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Examples
Heath N (2021) What is AI? Here's everything you need to know about artificial intelligence, ZDNet
website, accessed 9 December 2021. https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-ai-heres-everything-you-
need-to-know-about-artificial-intelligence/
WHO (World Health Organization) (2021) WHO accelerates work on nutrition targets with new
commitments, WHO website, accessed 9 December 2021. https://www.who.int/news/item/07-12-
2021-who-accelerates-work-on-nutrition-targets-with-new-commitments
Example
Department of Education and Training, Victoria (2020) High impact teaching strategies, Department of
Education and Training website, accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/
school/teachers/teachingresources/practice/improve/Pages/hits.aspx
Government report
Government reports may include departmental reports, reports from commissions of inquiry, committees
of review, and committees of parliament.
As details will vary for government or organisation reports, try to extract as much information as you can
about authorship and publication information, etc.
For reports that are available as a PDF, link to the webpage hosting the pdf not the actual PDF.
Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the
URL. No full stop after URL.
Rule
Author’s family name Initial or Agency Name (Year) Title of report: subtitle of report, Name of Agency,
Name of Government, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Examples
Hayne KM (2019) Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation and Financial
Services Industry, Volume 3, Australian Government, accessed 13 December 2021.
https://www.royalcommission.gov.au/banking/final-report
Wells Advisory (2021) Forward impact of COVID-19 on Australian higher education, TEQSA,
Australian Government, accessed 13 December 2021.
https://www.teqsa.gov.au/latest-news/publications/forward-impact-covid-19-australian-higher-
education-report
Italicise the report title. Include the catalogue number after the report title.
Include the publication details (publisher and place of publication). The abbreviation ABS is used for the
name of the publisher.
Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the
URL. No full stop after URL.
For an ABS report with full-page format/imaging (PDF), give the URL for the page where the report can
be found, not the link to the pdf itself.
Rule
Organisation’s name abbreviated (Organisation’s full name) (Year) Title of report: subtitle of report,
catalogue number, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Example
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2021) Life tables 2018-2020, catalogue number 3302.0.55.001,
ABS, Canberra, accessed 3 December 2021. https://www-abs-gov-au.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/
statistics/people/population/life-tables/2018-2020#data-download
Rule
Author’s family name Initial or Organisation’s Name (Year) Title of report: subtitle of report, Name of
Publisher, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Example
AASW (Australian Association of Social Workers) (2021) Annual Report 2020-2021, AASW, accessed
13 December 2021. https://www.aasw.asn.au/publications/reports
Where there is no author, use the organisation responsible for the report.
For company, industry or market reports sourced from RMIT University Library databases, add the
accessed date and the database name followed by the word database.
Rule
Author’s family name Initial or Organisation’s Name (Year) Title of report: subtitle of report, report no.
number [if available], accessed Day Month Year, database name.
Examples
Lo B (2016) Internet service providers in Australia, report no. J5911, accessed 28 November 2021,
IBISWorld database.
MarketLine Limited (2021) Global - apparel manufacturing, accessed 13 December 2021, MarketLine
database.
Rule
Author’s family name Initial or Organisation’s Name (Year) Title of report: subtitle of report, Name of
publisher, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Examples
Baptist World Aid Australia (2021) The 2019 ethical fashion report: The truth behind the bar code,
BWAA, accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/2019-
ethical-fashion-report-the-truth-behind-the-barcode/
Fortescue Metals Group Ltd (2021) Annual report FY21, FMGL, accessed 13 December 2021.
https://www.fmgl.com.au/investors/asx-announcements
Dataset
Details will vary for datasets, so try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and
publication.
Include the series title (if supplied) after the dataset title. Include the resource type (for example: data
file) after the title or series title (if supplied). Add the publication details (if supplied) after the resource
type. For example: Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne.
Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the
URL. No full stop after URL.
Rule
Author’s family name Initial or Name of agency (Year) Title of data set [data set], Name of website,
accessed Day Month Year. URL
Example
RBA (Reserve Bank of Australia) (n.d.) Consumer price inflation: December 2015 – December 2020
[data set], Statistical tables, accessed 10 December 2021. https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/tables/
Standard
Italicise the standard’s title.
If sourced from RMIT University Library databases, add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December
2021), followed by a comma, a space then the database name (e.g. SAI Global) followed by the word
database.
If sourced from a website, add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full
stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.
Examples
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2021) Building construction -- Accessibility and
usability of the built environment, ISO 21542:2021, accessed 9 December 2021.
https://www.standards.org.au/standards-catalogue/international/iso--other/iso--21542-colon-2021
Television program
Put the director or producer’s name in the Author position (as the author).
If applicable, include the italicised series title after the multimedia format, along with any series and
episode numbers if given, e.g. The Business, Insight, Game of thrones (season 7, episode 6).
Rule
Director’s family name Initial (director) or Producer’s family name Initial (producer) (Year) ‘Title of
episode: subtitle of episode’ [television program], Name of series (season number, episode number),
Name of station or studio, Place of production.
Examples
ABC Television (producer) (2021) ‘The business: cryptocurrency special’ [television program], The
Business, ABC Television, Sydney.
Taylor A (director) and Benioff DB and Weiss D (2017) (producers) (20 August 2017) ‘Beyond the
wall’ [television program], Game of thrones (season 7, episode 6), HBO, New York.
Film / Movie
Put the director’s name in the Author position (as the author). If there is no acknowledged director, list
the producer’s name.
Place the title in italics and specify the format in square brackets.
Rule
Director’s family name Initial (director) or Producer’s family name Initial (producer) (Year) Title of film:
subtitle of film [motion picture], Name of studio or Publisher, Place of production.
Examples
Bong JH (director) (2019) Parasite [motion picture], CJ Entertainment, South Korea.
Reynolds M (director) (2017) My name is Gulpilil [motion picture], Screen Australia, SAFC & ABC,
Australia.
Specify the format in square brackets after the title, i.e. [video].
Include the italicised name of the channel or owing organisation after the format.
Include the word website after the name of the website. But if the name of the website is a URL (e.g.
vic.gov.au), do not write the word website. Do not italicise the name of website.
Include publication and access dates in day, month and year format (e.g. 13 December 2021).
After the accessed date, put a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.
Rule
Examples
ABC News (16 June 2021) ‘The Business: Cryptocurrency special’ [video], ABC News (Australian
Broadcasting Corporation), ABC iview website, accessed 30 November 2021.
https://iview.abc.net.au/video/NS2157H001S00
ABC News In-depth (16 June 2021) ‘Bitcoin explained: Everything you need to know about the crypto
craze l The Business’ [video], ABC News In-depth, YouTube website, accessed 30 November 2021.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlGLpSvs34Q
Derham L, Groner M and Kerridge G (n.d.) ‘Interview questions’ [video], AASW (Australian
Association of Social Workers), AASW website, accessed 30 November 2021.
https://www.aasw.asn.au/careers-study/new-graduate-resources/finding-your-job-and-thriving-in-it
Podcast
Include the name/s of podcast host/s, followed by the producer’s name, in the author position (as the
authors).
Place the title of the podcast episode in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and the name of the
podcast series (use sentence case) in italics.
Specify the multimedia format after the title of the podcast episode, i.e. [podcast].
Provide the publication and access dates in day, month and year format.
After the accessed date, put a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.
Rule
Host’s family name Initial (host) and Producer’s family name Initial (producer) or Organisation’s name
(producer) (Day Month Year) ‘Title of podcast episode: subtitle of podcast episode’ [podcast], Name
of podcast series, Name of podcast network, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Examples
Fidler R (host) and Rooney C (producer) (19 October 2021) ‘Rock and Dave Grohl’ [podcast],
Conversations, ABC, accessed 1 December 2021. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/ programs/
conversations/dave-grohl-nirvana-foo-fighters-love-music-rock/13582414
Hunter A and Bessell S (hosts) and Policy Forum.net (producer) (27 November 2020) ‘The wellbeing
economy – a glimpse of the good life’ [podcast], The wellbeing economy podcast series, IMMP
Crawford, accessed 1 December 2021. https://immp.crawford.anu.edu.au/content/wellbeing-
economy-podcast-series
Radio
Include the name of the presenter in the author position (as the author).
Place the title of the radio episode in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and the name of the
radio program (use sentence case) in italics.
Specify the multimedia format after the title of the radio episode, i.e. [radio program].
Rule
Example
Smail S (presenter) (9 December 2021) ‘Australian working mums missing out on big earning
potential and super’ [radio program], The world today, ABC, Melbourne.
If the name of the creator/artist/band is unknown, begin instead with the title of the musical composition
or sound recording (in italics) and the year.
Generally, the title of the album or CD will be used as the title, written in italics. But if you are referencing
a specific track/song on the album or CD, then also include the title of the track/song in single inverted
commas (quotation marks).
Include the publisher details (if supplied). The record company can be the publisher of a musical
composition or sound recording.
For an online musical composition or sound recording, include the access date in day, month, year
format (e.g. 13 December 2021). After the accessed date, put a full stop, a space then the URL. No full
stop after URL.
Examples
The Beatles (1967) ‘Lucy in the sky with Diamonds’ [Song], Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band,
Parlophone.
The Beatles (1967) Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band [Album], Parlophone.
The Beatles (1967) Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (remastered) [Album], Apple, accessed 1
December 2021. https://open.spotify.com/album/6QaVfG1pHYl1z15ZxkvVDW
Artwork
Your own unpublished work or artworks discussed without an image are not included in the
reference list.
Rule
Creator’s family name Initial (Year) Title or description of work [medium], Museum, Exhibition or
Gallery, Location of Gallery, accessed Day Month Year [if viewed online]. URL [if viewed online]
Examples
Artist unknown (c. 11-12th C) Tapestry with Dragons and Flowers [Silk tapestry], The Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York, accessed 9 December 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/
collection/search/39733?
Dwyer M (2021) Apparition [night-time digital projection onto holo-gauze screen], University Square,
Carlton.
Pollock J (1952) Blue poles [Oil, enamel, aluminium paint, and glass on canvas], National Gallery of
Australia, Canberra.
Maps
Add map title in italics.
Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the
URL. No full stop after URL.
Rule
Author/creator’s family name Initial or Organisation’s name (year of creation), Title, material type (if
known), copyright owner/publisher/provider, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Examples
Kearney J (1855) Melbourne and its suburbs, Victoria Surveyor-General, SLV, accessed 10
December 2021. https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/search-discover/explore-collections-format/maps/maps-
melbourne-city-suburbs
VicPlan (2020) Plenty Road Bundoora 3083, web map, Victoria State Government, accessed 10
December 2021. https://mapshare.vic.gov.au/vicplan/
Examples
IAHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2018) ‘5.7 Prisoners’ Australia’s health 2018’,
Australia’s health series no. 1, catalogue number AUS 221, IAHW, Australian Government, accessed
13 December 2021. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/0f15de30-8575-4e80-ac9d-5560633635e0/
aihw-aus-221-chapter-5-7.pdf.aspx
Other sources
Case study
Case studies are not a publication or reference type. They are a type of writing found in various sources
such as books, journal articles, websites, etc. Please reference the source in which the case study is
found.
A conference paper from a webpage will generally be sourced from either the conference's website or
the host organisation’s website.
Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the
URL. No full stop after URL.
Rule
Author’s family name Initial (Day Month Year of conference) ‘Title of paper: subtitle of paper’
[conference presentation], Name of Conference, Conference host, Place of conference, accessed
Day Month Year. URL
Example
Wertenbroch K (17-29 October 2019) ‘When marketing alienates consumers’ [conference
presentation], Advances in consumer research, Association for Consumer Research, Atlanta,
accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.acrwebsite.org/web/conferences/north-american-
conference
Example
Garner R and Whitbread R (19 October 2021) ‘Implementing a Safety Case Regulatory Regime for
Spaceflight Activities’ [unpublished conference presentation], 11th IAASS conference: managing risk
in space, IAASS, Rotterdam.
The title of the course material should be enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks). The title
of the course material should not be italicised.
Include the type of course material (e.g. course handout, PowerPoint slides, lecture, or credentials) after
the title in square brackets.
For online course material, add the course code or course name and the University name. Include the
city of the University after its name.
Examples
RMIT Creds (2022) ‘What is academic integrity?’ [Micro Credential], RMIT University, Melbourne.
Tran L (2020) ‘Managing diverse workforces’ [PowerPoint slides, MANG4321], RMIT University,
Melbourne.
Legal material
The title of a legal case, legislation or patent should be italicised.
For a piece of legislation, include the jurisdiction in brackets after the title. The name of the jurisdiction
should be abbreviated. For example, Commonwealth can be abbreviated to (Cth).
For a legal case, include the year of the case, the volume number of the report series, the abbreviated
name of the report series and the page number that the case begins with in the report series, e.g. (2008)
237 CLR 1.
Examples
Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005 (Vic).
University of New South Wales v Moorhouse and Angus & Robertson (Publishers) Pty Ltd (1975) 133
CLR 1.
Media release
Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the
URL. No full stop after URL.
Rule
Author’s family name Initial or Organisation’s name (Day Month Year) Title of media release: subtitle
of media release [media release], Organisation Name, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Examples
Lowe P (2 November 2021) Statement by Philip Lowe, Governor: monetary policy decision [media
release], RBA, accessed 10 December 2021. https://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2021/mr-21-
24.html
Check with your lecturer or teacher if it is permissible to reuse and cite work you have previously
submitted in other courses.
Referencing your own work is necessary to make sure you don not self-plagiarise.
If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work
as an unpublished paper.
Rule
Student family name Initial (Year) ‘Title of previous work’ [Unpublished paper for course code],
Institution name, Location (if not inferred by university name).
Example
Smith J (2021) ‘An analysis of personality theory’ [Unpublished paper for HRHR1001], RMIT
University, Melbourne.
Thesis
Theses and dissertations are mostly cited and referenced like books. Rather than italics, titles of thesis
are enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
Add the abbreviated name of the award (for example, PhD thesis) in square brackets and the University
name followed by the place of publication.
For theses and dissertations accessed online, include the database or URL. In parentheses, include any
identification number supplied by the database.
Rule
Author’s family name Initial (year) ‘Title: subtitle’ [Thesis type], University, URL or Database name
(Document identifier).
Example
Court T (2019) ‘The site re-presented: everyday civic landscapes’ [PhD dissertation], RMIT University,
RMIT Research Repository (9921864000901341).
Print Thesis
For a print thesis, provide the author's family name and initial(s) followed by the year.
Include the title of the thesis enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks) but not italicised.
Add the abbreviated name of the award (for example, PhD thesis) in square brackets and the University
name followed by the place of publication (if not inferred by the University name).
Rule
Author’s family name Initial (year) ‘Title: subtitle’ [Thesis type], University, Location.
Interview
Face-to-face interviews that you conduct yourself are considered personal communication and are,
therefore, not included in the reference list.
Published interviews follow the same rules as the source that the published interview appears in. For
example, if the interview appears in a television program or podcast, you reference the television
program or podcast. Please refer to the relevant section(s) within this guide for how to reference the
various sources.
The person cited in the in-text reference is treated as the author since they have primary responsibility
for communicating the content you are referring to.
Example
Nabben K (16 June 2021) ‘The Business: cryptocurrency special’ [streaming video], ABC News
(Australian Broadcasting Corporation), ABC iview, accessed 30 November 2021.
https://iview.abc.net.au/video/NS2157H001S00
Personal communication
Since personal communication is not published, it is not included in reference lists.
List the title in the original language. If the original language uses a different alphabet or script from
English, use the anglicised spelling.
Example
Vietnam Customs (2021) Thống kê Hải quan (Customs statistics), Vietnam Customs, accessed 5
December 2021. https://tongcuc.customs.gov.vn/