DECILES

The values which divide a collection into ten equal parts are called deciles. The
first, second,…… ninth deciles by respectively.

The fifth decile corresponds to median.

The second, fourth, sixth and eighth deciles which collectively divide the data into
five equal parts are called quintiles.

Ungrouped Data

Deciles for ungrouped data will be calculated from the following formulae;

Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending order.

Step 2: We have to find

th
D1 = Size of item

th
D2 = Size of ( ) item

th
D3 = Size of ( ) item

.
th
D9 = Size of ( ) item

Example:

We will calculate second, third and seventh deciles from the following array of
data.
 20 28 29 30 36 37 39 42 53 54

55 58 61 67 68 70 74 81 82 93

We observe the data is already in ascending order.

N= 20

th
D2 = Size of ( ) item

th th th
= Size of ( ) item = Size of ( ) item = Size of item
th th th
= Size of item + 0.2 [Size of item - Size of item]

=30 + 0.2 [36 – 30] = 30 + 0.2*6 = 30 + 1.2 = 31.2

th th
D3 = Size of ( ) item = Size of ( ) item

th th
= Size of ( ) item Size of item
th th th
= Size of item + 0.3 [Size of item - Size of item]

= 37 + 0.3[39-37] = 37 + 0.3*2 = 37 + 0.6 = 37.6

th th th
D7 = Size of ( ) item = Size of ( ) item = Size of ( ) item
th
= Size of item
th th th
= Size of item + 0.7 [Size of item - Size of item]

= 67 + 0.7[68-67] = 67 + 0.7

= 67.7

Grouped Data

(i) Discrete Frequency Distribution

Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending order if necessary.

Step 2: Calculate less than cumulative Frequencies.

Step 3: We have to find

th
D1 = Size of item

th
D2 = Size of ( ) item

th
D3 = Size of ( ) item

.
th
D9 = Size of ( ) item

Step 4: Values are located at the size of the item in whose cumulative frequency it
lies.

Example
Let's calculate 2nd and 5th decile for the following discrete data:

Items 14 36 45 70 105 145

Frequency 2 5 1 6 4 2

Solution:
Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending order, it is already arranged.

Step 2: Calculate less than cumulative Frequencies.

Items Frequency Cumulative Frequency

14 2 2
 36 5 7

45 1 8

70 6 14

105 4 18

145 2 20

N= 20
th th th
D2 = Size of ( ) item = Size of ( ) item= Size of ( ) item
th
= Size of item
th th th
= Size of item + 0.2 [Size of item - Size of item]

Look for the size of the 4th and 5th observation in the cumulative frequency and
select the corresponding value of the variable. Both 4th and 5th observation points
to cumulative frequency value 7, so we select the variable value 36.

= 36 + 0.2 [36 – 36] = 36

th th th
D5 = Size of ( ) item = Size of ( ) item = Size of ( ) item
th
= Size of item
th th th
= Size of item + 0.5 [Size of item - Size of item]

Look for the size of the 10th and 11th observation in the cumulative frequency and
select the corresponding value of the variable. Both 10th and 11th observation points
to cumulative frequency value 14, so we select the variable value 70.

= 70 + 0.5 [70 – 70] = 70

(ii) Continuous Frequency Distribution

Step 1: Calculate less than cumulative frequencies.

Step 2: Find out

(N/10)th observation, {2(N/10)}th observation, …….. {9(N/10)}th observation
Step 3: and locate it in the cumulative frequency, chose the one which same or
greater than. Now select the corresponding class.
Step 3: Apply the formula:

D1 = +( )*h

D2 = +( )*h

D9 = +( )*h

= lower limit of the chosen class

N= number of observations
= frequency of the chosen class
. = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the chosen class.
class size

Example

Calculate D5 for the given data.

Weekly Income Number of Families

2000-4000 20
4000-6000 40
6000-8000 50
8000-10000 32
10000-12000 16
12000-14000 2
We find the less than cumulative frequencies.

Weekly Income Number of Families Cumulative

frequency
2000-4000 20 20
4000-6000 40 60
6000-8000 50 110
8000-10000 32 142
10000-12000 16 158
12000-14000 2 160

N= 160

For

D5

We get size of {5( }th Observation = size of {5( }th Observation = size of
80th Observation

Look for this observation in cumulative frequency column.

We select 110 value in the cumulative frequency column.

It corresponds to the class 6000-8000.

D5 = +( )*h

= lower limit of the chosen class = 6000

N= number of observations = 160
= frequency of the chosen class = 50
. = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the chosen class = 60
class size = 2000

D5 = +( )*h= +( ) * 2000 = 6800

PERCENTILES

The values which divide a data into one hundred equal parts are called percentiles.
The first, second,……. Ninety-ninth percentile are denoted by The
th
50 percentile ( ) corresponds to the median. The
25th percentile corresponds to the first quartile and the
th
75 percentile corresponds to the third quartile.

Ungrouped Data

Percentiles for ungrouped data will be calculated from the following formulae;

Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending order.

Step 2: We have to find

th
P1 = Size of item

th
P2 = Size of ( ) item

th
P3 = Size of ( ) item

.
th
P99 = Size of ( ) item

Example:

We will calculate 25th , 50th and 75th percentiles from the following array of data.
 20 28 29 30 36 37 39 42 53 54

55 58 61 67 68 70 74 81 82 93

We observe the data is already in ascending order.

N= 20

th
P25 = Size of ( ) item

th th
= Size of ( ) item = Size of ( ) item
th
= Size of item
th th th
= Size of item + 0.25 [Size of item - Size of item]

= 36 + 0.25[37 – 36]

= 36 + 0.25 = 36.25
th th
P50 = Size of ( ) item = Size of ( ) item

th th
= Size of ( ) item = Size of item
th th th
= Size of item + 0.50 [Size of item- Size of item]

= 54 + 0.5[55 – 54] = 54 + 0.5 = 54.50

th th
P75 = Size of ( ) item = Size of ( ) item

th th
= Size of ( ) item = Size of item
th th th
= Size of item + 0.75[Size of item- Size of item]

= 68 + 0.75[70 – 68]
= 68 + 1.5= 69.5

Grouped Data

(i) Discrete Frequency Distribution

Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending order if necessary.

Step 2: Calculate less than cumulative Frequencies.

Step 3: We have to find

th
P1 = Size of item

th
P2 = Size of ( ) item

th
P3 = Size of ( ) item

.
th
P99 = Size of ( ) item

Step 4: Values are located at the size of the item in whose cumulative frequency it
lies.

Example

Let's calculate P50 for the following discrete data:

Items 14 36 45 70 105

Frequency 2 5 1 3 12

Solution:
N= 23 (odd)
P50= size of the {50( )}th observation

= {50( )}th observation =( )th observation = {12}th

Items Frequency Cumulative

Frequency

14 2 2

36 5 7

45 1 8

70 3 11

105 12 23

P50=12th Observation is next to the cumulative frequency 23.

Hence, we consider the observation corresponding to it 105. Hence, P50 is 105.

(ii) Continuous Frequency Distribution

Step 1: Calculate less than cumulative frequencies.

Step 2: Find out

P1=(N/100)th observation,
P2={2(N/100)}th observation,
……..
P99={99(N/100)}th observation
Step 3: and locate it in the cumulative frequency, chose the one which same or
greater than. Now select the corresponding class.
Step 3: Apply the formula:

P1 = +( )*h
P2 = +( )*h

P99 = + ( )*h

= lower limit of the chosen class

N= number of observations
= frequency of the chosen class
. = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the chosen class.
class size

Example

Calculate P50 for the given data.

Weekly Income Number of Families

2000-4000 20
4000-6000 40
6000-8000 50
8000-10000 32
10000-12000 16
12000-14000 2

We find the less than cumulative frequencies.

 Weekly Income Number of Families Cumulative
frequency
2000-4000 20 20
4000-6000 40 60
6000-8000 50 110
8000-10000 32 142
10000-12000 16 158
12000-14000 2 160

N= 160

For

P50

We get size of {50( }th Observation = size of {50( }th Observation = size
of 80th Observation

Look for this observation in cumulative frequency column.

We select 110 value in the cumulative frequency column.

It corresponds to the class 6000-8000.

P50 = + ( )*h

= lower limit of the chosen class = 6000

N= number of observations = 160
= frequency of the chosen class = 50
. = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the chosen class = 60
class size = 2000

P50 = + ( )*h= +( ) * 2000 = 6800