PRESTRESSEU CONCRETE

ANALYSIS AND 0ESIGN

Fundamentals
Second Edition
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Fundamentals

2nd Edition
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Fundamentals

2nd Edition

Antoine E. Naaman
Professor of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil and Errvironmental Engineering
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2125, USA

Techno Press 3000

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
USA
Publisher's Cataloging-in-Publication
(Provided by Quality Books, Inc.)

Naaman, Antoine E.
Prestressed concrete analysis and design :
fundamentals I Antoine E. Naaman. -- 2nd ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-9674939-1-9

I. Prestressed concrete construction. I. Title

TA683.9.N3 2004 624.l '83412

QBI03-200942

Library of Congress Control Number

LCCN: 2004090275
Copy editor: Ingrid Naaman
Cover design: Praveen Chompreda

Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design: Fundamentals - 2"d Edition

Copyright© 2004 by Antoine E. Naaman. All rights reserved. No part of this
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 <To my fami{y,
the roots with earnest gratitude,
the 6ranch with deepest [ove,
the 6uds with infinite wishes

In the true spirit of Engineering:

'')Isk.,not what the worfd can do for you,
ask, what you can do for the wor[c["
 CONTENTS vii

CONTENTS

Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xx ix

Chapter 1 Principle and Methods of Prestressing 1

I.I Introduction I
1.2 Examples of Prestressing 2
1.3 History of Pres tressed Concrete 4
1.4 Prestrcssing Methods 9
1.4. I Pretensioning 9
1.4.2 Posttension ing 16
1.4.3 Self-Stressing 18
1.5 Prestressing Systems 20
1.6 Particular Prestressing Techniques 21
1.6. I External Prestressing 21
1.6.2 Circular Prestressing 23
1.6.3 Stage Stressing 24
1.6.4 Partial Prestrcssing 24
1.7 Prestrcssed Versus Reinforced Concrete 25
1.8 Example 28
1.9 Looking Ahead 32
References 33
Problems 37

Chapter 2 Prestressing Materials: Steel and Concrete 41

2.1 Reinforcing Steels 41
2.2 Prestressing Steel 45
2.2.1 Types of Prestressing Tendons 46
2.2.2 Production Process 49
2.2.3 Mechanical and Stress-Strain Properties SI
2.2.4 Relaxation 53
2.2.S ErTects of Temperature 58
2.2.6 Fatigue 59
2.2.7 Corrosion 62
2.3 Concrete 64
2.3.1 Composition 64
2.3.2 Stress-Strain Curve 65
2.3.3 Mechanical Properties 68
2.3.4 Shrinkage 73
2.3.S Creep 75
2.3.6 Fatigue 79
2.3.7 ErTects of Temperature 79
viii CONTENTS

2.3.8 Steam Curing 80

2.4 Constitutive Modeling 81
2.4.1 Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete in Compression 81
2.4.2 Stress-Strain Curve of Reinforcing Steel in Tension 84
2.4.3 Stress-Strain Curve of Pre stressing Steel in Tension 87
2.5 Concluding Remarks 90
References 90
Problems 93

Chapter 3 The Philosophy of Design 95

3.1 What is Design? 95
3.2 Analysis or Investigation Versus Design 96
3.3 Design Objectives 96
3.4 Limit State Design Philosophy 97
3.5 Common Design Approaches 99
3.5.1 WSD (or ASD) 101
3.5.2 USO, SD, or LRFD 102
3.5.3 Plastic Design or Limit Design 105
3.5.4 Nonlinear Design, Probabilistic Design 105
3.6 Design Codes 105
3.7 Loads 106
3.8 Allowable Stresses 109
3.8.l Concrete 109
3.8.2 Prestressing Steel 111
3.8.3 Reinforcing Steel 113
3.9 Load and Strength Reduction Factors 113
3.9.1 Load Factors 113
3.9.2 Strength Reduction Factors 115
3.10 Some Design Comparisons: Reinforced Versus Prestressed
Concrete 116
3.10.1 Practical Design Approach 116
3.10.2 C-Force and C-Line 117
3.10.3 Characteristic Response of RC, PC, and PPC in
Bending in the Elastic Range of Behavior 118
3.10.4 Curvature Computation 120
3.10.5 Load Balancing Feature of Prestressing 121
3.11 ACI Code Viewpoint Related to Prestressed and Partially
Prestressed Concrete 123
3.11.1 Class Definition and Related Serviceability Design
Requirements 123
3.11.2 Tension Controlled and Compression Controlled
Sections 125
3.12 Details of Reinforcement 126
3.13 Prestress Losses in Preliminary Design 129
3.14 Concluding Remarks 131
References 131

Chapter 4 Flexure: Working Stress Analysis and Design 135

4.1 Analysis Versus Design 135
4.2 Concepts of Prestressing 140
4.3 Notations for Flexure 143
 CONTENTS ix

4.3.1 Example: Computation of Sectional Properties 146

4.4 Sign Convention 146
4.4.1 Examples 149
4.5 Loading Stages 151
4.6 Allowable Stresses 152
4.7 Mathematical Basis for Flexural Analysis 154
4.8 Geometric Interpretation of the Stress Inequality Conditions 158
4.9 Example: Analysis and Design ofa Prestressed Beam 160
4.9.1 Simply Supported T Beam 160
4.9.2 Simply Supported T Beam with Single Cantilever on
One Side 164
4.10 Use of the Stress Inequality Conditions for the Design of
Section Properties 168
4.11 Examples of Use of Minimum Section Properties 174
4.11.1 Minimum Weight Slab 174
4.11.2 Minimum Weight Beam 176
4.11.3 Selection of Optimum Beam from a Given Set of
Beams 177
4.12 Limiting the Eccentricity along the Span 179
4.12.1 Limit Kem Versus Central Kem 179
4.12.2 Steel Envelopes and Limit Zone 183
4.12.3 Example 186
4.12.4 Limit Location of Draping Section 188
4.13 Some Preliminary Design Tips 190
4.14 Cracking Moment 191
4.15 Limiting the Amount of Prestressed Reinforcement 193
4.16 End Zone: Pretensioned Members 193
4.16. l Transfer Length and Development Length 193
4.16.2 End Zone Reinforcement 195
4.17 End Zone: Posttensioned Members 196
4.17.1 Analysis of Stresses 196
4.17.2 Anchorage Zone Design 198
4.17.3 Example: Design of End Zone Reinforcement 202
References 204
Problems 205

Chapter 5 Flexure: Ultimate Strength Analysis and

Design 211
5.1 Load-Deflection Response 211
5 .1.1 RC Versus PC at Ultimate 214
5.2 Terminology 215
5.3 Flexural Types of Failures 216
5.4 Special Notation 217
5.5 General Criteria for Ultimate Strength Design of Bending
Members 220
5.5.1 Design Criteria 220
5.5.2 Minimum Reinforcement or Minimum Moment
Resistance: Code Recommendations 221
5.5.3 ACI Code Provisions for Tension-Controlled,
Transition, and Compression-Controlled Sections at
Increasing Levels of Reinforcement 223
x CONTENTS

5.5.4 AASHTO LRDF Recommendation on Maximum

Reinforcement 230
5.6 Background for Analysis of Sections at Ultimate 231
5.6.1 Objective -Assumptions 231
5.6.2 Satisfying Equilibrium 233
5.7 Nominal Bending Resistance: Mathematical Formulation for
Rectangular Section or Rectangular Section Behavior -
Under-Reinforced and Tension-Controlled 233
5.7.1 Force Equilibrium 234
5.7.2 Moment Equilibrium 235
5.7.3 Solution Procedure 236
5.8 Example: Nominal Bending Resistance ofa Rectangular
Section 237
5.8.1 Partially Prestressed Section 237
5.8.2 Fully Prestressed Section 239
5.8.3 Unbonded Tendons 239
5.9 Nominal Bending Resistance: Mathematical Formulation for
T-Section Behavior of Flanged Section 239
5.9.1 Condition for T-Section Behavior 239
5.9.2 Fully Prestressed Section 241
5.9.3 Partially Prestressed Section 242
5.9.4 Remark 244
5.10 Example: Nominal Bending Resistance ofT Section 246
5. I 0.1 Partially Prestressed Section 246
5.10.2 Fully Prestressed Section 248
5.10.3 Unbonded Tendons 248
5.10.4 Odd Case 248
5.11 Stress in Prestressing Steel at Nominal Bending Resistance 249
5.11.1 fps per ACT Code 249
5.11.2 fps per AASHTO LRFD Specification for Bridge
Design 251
5 .11.3 Author's Recommendation 253
5.12 Nominal Bending Resistance: Under-Reinforced Section,
AASHTO LRFD Code 255
5.12. l Equilibrium Equations for Rectangular and Flanged
Sections 255
5.12.2 Solution for Members with Bonded Tendons 256
5.12.3 Solution for Members with Unbonded Tendons 257
5.12.4 Solution for Members with Both Bonded and
Unbonded Tendons 258
5.12.5 Example: PPC (Partially Prestressed Concrete)
Rectangular Section with Bonded Tendons (AASHTO) 258
5.12.6 Example: PPC (Partially Prestressed Concrete)
T Section with Bonded Tendons (AASHTO) 259
5.13 Nominal Moment Resistance: Over-Reinforced and Non
Tension-Controlled Sections 261
5.13.1 ACT Code 261
5.13.2 AASHTO LRFD 261
5.13.3 Example of Over-Reinforced Section as per
AASHTOLRFD 262
5.14 Concept of Reinforcing Index 267
 CONTENTS xi

5.14.1 Definitions 267

5.14.2 Meaning of me 268
5.14.3 Useful Relationships 269
5.14.4 Relationship between Reinforcement Ratio,
Reinforcing Index, and clde 271
5.15 Justification for the Definition of OJe and de and Their
Relation to the Limitations on Levels of Reinforcement and
Moment Redistribution 272
5.15.1 Reinforced Concrete 272
5.15.2 Prestressed Concrete 272
5.15.3 Partially Prestressed Concrete 273
5.16 Derivation of Minimum Reinforcement Ratio, Minimum
Reinforcing Index, or Minimum clde 273
5.16.1 Approximation: Minimum Reinforcement Ratio for
Prestressed Concrete 273
5.16.2 Minimum Reinforcing Index for RC, PC, and PPC 274
5.16.3 Minimum clde Ratio for RC, PC, and PPC
Rectangular Sections 277
5.17 Satisfying Ultimate Strength Design Requirements 278
5.17.1 Basis for Ultimate Strength Design (USO) 278
5.17.2 Possible Remedies to Satisfy Inadequate Nominal
Bending Resistance 279
5.18 Example: Analysis or Investigation Checking for All
Ultimate Strength Design Criteria 280
5.19 Reinforcement Design for Ultimate Strength 282
5.19.1 Example: Reinforcement Design for Nominal
Resistance - Rectangular Section 283
5.19.2 Example: Reinforcement Design for Nominal
Resistance - T Section 288
5.20 Composite Beams 289
5.21 Continuous Beams and Moment Redistribution 290
5.22 Concluding Remarks 290
5.23 Additional Design Examples Based on USO 291
5.23.1 Example 1: Analysis with Unbonded Tendons
Illustrating Eq. (5.41) 291
5.23.2 Example 2: Given Aps, Design for As Based on USO
- Unbonded Tendons 293
5.23.3 Example 3: Given Aps, Design for Aps Based on
USO - Unbonded Tendons 295
5.23.4 Example 4: Given Aps, Design for Aps Based on
USO - Bonded Tendons 295
References 296
Problems 297

Chapter 6 Design for Shear and Torsion 303

6.1 Introduction 303
6.2 Shear Design 304
6.3 Prestressed Versus Reinforced Concrete in Shear 304
6.4 Diagonal Tension in Uncracked Sections 306
xii CONTENTS

6.5 Shear Stresses in Uncracked Sections 310

6.6 Shear Cracking Behavior 312
6.7 Shear Reinforcement after Cracking 314
6.8 ACI Code Design Criteria for Shear 318
6.8.1 Basic Approach 318
6.8.2 Shear Strength Provided by Concrete 320
6.8.3 Required Area of Shear Reinforcement 323
6.8.4 Limitations and Special Cases 324
6.8.5 Critical Sections for Shear 325
6.9 Design Expedients 327
6.10 Example: Design of Shear Reinforcement 330
6.10.1 Elaborate Approach to Determine vc 331
6.10.2 Alternate Conservative Approach to Determine Ve 334
6.10.3 Design for Increased Live Load: Partially
Prestressed Beam 334
6.11 Derivation of Concrete Nominal Shear Strength Equations
(ACI Code) 336
6.12 AASHTO General Procedure for Shear Design 340
6.12.1 General Sectional Procedure for Shear Design 341
6.12.2 Special Considerations 349
6.12.3 Example: Shear Design by AASHTO LRFD Code 351
6.13 Torsion and Torsion Design 354
6.14 Behavior under Pure Torsion 355
6.15 Background to Stress Analysis and Design for Torsion 358
6.15.1 Torsional Stresses 358
6.15.2 Torsional Cracking Strength 360
6.15.3 Torsional Resistance after Cracking 361
6.15.4 Combined Loading 364
6.15.5 Design Theories for Torsion and Code Related
Approaches 366
6.16 Design for Torsion by the 2002 ACI Code 368
6.16.1 Definition of Section Parameters 368
6.16.2 Basic Assumptions and Design Strategy 369
6.16.3 Condition for Consideration of Torsion in Design 370
6.16.4 Critical Section for Torsion 371
6.16.5 Maximum Allowable Torsional Moment Strength 371
6.16.6 Transverse Reinforcement Design 373
6.16. 7 Longitudinal Torsion Reinforcement 374
6.16.8 Combining Shear and Torsion Reinforcement 374
6.16.9 Minimum Torsion Reinforcement 375
6.16.10 Spacing and Detailing 375
6.16.11 Type ofTorsion Reinforcement 376
6.16.12 Design Steps for Combined Torsion and Shear 376
6.17 Example: Torsion Design of a Prestressed Beam 378
6.18 Shear and Torsion in Partially Prestressed Members 381
References 382
Problems 384

Chapter 7 Deflection Computation and Control 389

7.1 Serviceability 389
7.2 Deflection: Types and Characteristics 390
 CONTENTS xiii

7.2.1 Terminology /Notation 390

7 .2.2 Key Variables Affecting Deflections in a Given
Beam 391
7.3 Theoretical Deflection Derivations 392
7.3.1 Moment-Area Theorems 394
7.3.2 Example 396
7.4 Short-Term Deflections in Prestressed Members 397
7.4.1 Uncracked Members 397
7.4.2 Cracked Members 400
7.5 Background to Understanding Long-Term Deflection 406
7.6 Additional Long-Term Deflection: Simplified Prediction
Methods 408
7.6.1 Additional Long-Term Deflection Using ACI Code
Multiplier 410
7.6.2 Additional Long-Term Deflection Using Branson's
Multipliers 410
7.6.3 Additional Long-Term Deflection Using Martin's
Multiplier 411
7.6.4 Additional Long-Term Deflection: Heuristic or
"Rule of Thumb" Method 411
7.6.5 Discussion 411
7.7 Deflection Limitations 412
7.8 Strategy for Checking Deflection Criteria 414
7.9 Example: Deflection ofUncracked or Cracked Prestressed 416
Beam
7. 9 .1 Fully Pres tressed Beam - Un cracked under Full
Service Load 416
7.9.2 Partially Prestressed Beam 417
7.10 Integrating the Modulus of Concrete into Time-Dependent
Deflection Calculations 420
7 .10.1 Age-Adjusted Effective Modulus 420
7.10.2 Equivalent Modulus 422
7.10.3 Equivalent Cyclic-Dependent Modulus 422
7.11 Long-Term Deflection by Incremental Time Steps 423
7 .11.1 Theoretical Approach 423
7.11.2 Simplified C-Line Approach 423
7.12 Example: Time-Dependent Deflection Using the C-Line
Approach 430
7.13 Example: Comparison of Long-Term Deflections Predicted
from Different Methods 435
7.14 Deflection Control 437
7.15 Concluding Remarks 438
References 439
Problems 441

Chapter 8 Computation of Prestress Losses 445

8.1 Sources of Loss of Prestress 445
8.2 Total Losses in Pretensioned Members 448
8.3 Total Losses in Posttensioned Members 451
8.4 Methods for Estimating Prestress Losses 452
8.5 Lump Sum Estimate of Total Losses 453
xiv CONTENTS

8.5.1 Background 453

8.5.2 Lump Sum Estimate of Prestress Loss: AASHTO
LRFD 455
8.6 Separate Lump Sum Estimate of Each Time-Dependent Loss
- AASHTO LRFD 458
8.6.1 Total Loss Due to Shrinkage 459
8.6.2 Total Loss Due to Creep 460
8.6.3 Total Loss Due to Relaxation 460
8.6.4 Losses for Deflection Calculations 462
8.6.5 Example: Losses Due to Relaxation 462
8.7 Loss Due to Elastic Shortening 463
8. 7 .1 Pretensioned Construction: Approximate Method
and AASHTO LRFD 464
8.7.2 Pretensioned Construction: Accurate Method 465
8.7.3 Posttensioned Construction: AASHTO LRFD 466
8.7.4 Posttensioned Construction: Accurate Method 467
8.8 Example: Elastic Shortening Loss in Pretensioned Beam 468
8.9 Example: Computation of Prestress Losses for a
Pretensioned Beam by Lump Sum Methods 470
8.9.1 Lump Sum Estimate of Total Losses by AASHTO
LRFD 470
8.9.2 Lump Sum Estimates of Separate Losses by
AASHTOLRFD 471
8.10 Example: Typical Stress History in Strands 471
8.11 Time-Dependent Loss Due to Steel Relaxation 473
8.12 Time-Dependent Loss Due to Shrinkage 475
8.12.1 Example: Shrinkage Loss Assuming No Other Loss
Occurs 477
8.13 Time-Dependent Loss Due to Creep 479
8.13.1 Example: Creep Loss Assuming No Other Loss
Occurs 482
8.14 Prestress Losses by the Time-Step Method 484
8.15 Example: Computation of Pres tress Losses for a
Pretensioned Beam by the Time-Step Method 486
8.16 Loss Due to Friction 491
8.16.1 Analytical Formulation 491
8.16.2 Graphical Representation 494
8.16.3 Example: Computation of Losses Due to Friction 495
8.17 Loss Due to Anchorage Set 498
8.17 .1 Concept of Area Lost or Equivalent Energy Lost 501
8.17 .2 Example: Loss Due to Anchorage Set 502
8.18 Loss Due to Anchorage Set in Short Beams 504
8.18.1 Example: Anchorage Set Loss in a Short Beam 506
8.19 Concluding Remarks 507
References 507
Problems 510

Chapter 9 Analysis and Design of Composite Beams 515

9.1 Types of Prestressed Concrete Composite Beams 515
9.2 Advantages of Composite Construction 516
9.3 Particular Design Aspects of Pre stressed Composite Beams 518
 CONTENTS xv

9.4 Loading Stages, Shored Versus Unshored Beams 519

9.5 Effective and Transformed Flange Width and Section
Properties 520
9.5.1 Effective Flange Width 520
9.5.2 Transformed Flange Width 522
9.5.3 Cross Section Properties of Composite Section 524
9.6 Interface Shear or Horizontal Shear 525
9.6.1 Evaluation of Horizontal Shear 525
9.6.2 ACI Code Provisions for Horizontal Shear at Contact
Surface 528
9.7 Flexure: Working Stress Analysis and Design 533
9.7.1 Extreme Loadings 533
9.7.2 Stress Inequality Conditions 534
9.7.3 Feasible Domain, Limit Kem, Steel Envelopes 538
9.7.4 Cracking Moment 539
9.7.5 Minimum Section Moduli of Composite Sections 539
9.7.6 Example: Selection of Optimum Beam from a Given
Set of Beams 542
9.8 Flexure: Ultimate Strength Analysis and Design 545
9.9 Designing for Shear and Torsion 547
9.10 Deflections 548
9.11 Example: Prestressed Composite Floor Beam 550
9.12 AASHTO LRFD Provisions on Shear Tie Reinforcement at
Contact Surface of Composite Beams 563
9.12.1 Nominal Shear Transfer Resistance 563
References 566
Problems 567

Chapter 10 Continuous Beams and Indeterminate

Structures 571
10.1 Advantages and Forms 571
10.2 Necessary Analytical Background 574
10.3 Sign Convention and Special Notation 575
10.4 Secondary Moments and Zero-Load-C (ZLC) Line 576
10.5 Example: Secondary Moments and Concordancy Property 579
10.6 Linear Transformation 582
10.7 Concordant Tendons 583
10.8 External Loads Equivalent to Prestressing 585
10.8. l Concept of Equivalent Load 586
I 0.8.2 Application of Equivalent Load to a Continuous
Tendon 588
10.8.3 Example: Equivalent Load 589
10.8.4 Example: Equivalent Load for a Circular and
Parabolic Tendon Profile 592
10.9 Prestressing Moment and Elastic Stresses 596
10. 9. 1 Moment Due to Prestressing, MF 596
10.9.2 Example: Prestressed Moments by the Equivalent
Load Method 598
10.9.3 Elastic Stresses in a Continuous Beam 603
10.10 Design Aids 604
10.11 Working Stress Analysis and Design 608
xvi CONTENTS

10.11.l Assumptions 608

10.11.2 Analysis or Investigation 608
10.11.3 Design 609
10.12 Limit Kem and Limit Zone 611
10.13 Load-Balancing Method 613
10.13.1 General Approach 613
10 .13 .2 Load Balancing of Edge-Supported Slabs 616
10.13.3 Example: Load Balancing of an Edge-Supported
Slab 618
10.13.4 Load Balancing of Frames 620
10.13.5 Limitations of Load Balancing 621
10.14 Ultimate Strength Analysis 621
10.14.l Treatment of Secondary Moments 622
10.14.2 Limit Analysis 622
10.14.3 Redistribution of Moments 625
10.14.4 Secondary Moment and Moment Redistribution 627
10.14.5 Prediction of Plastic Rotation in PPC Beams 627
10.15 Example: Design of a Prestressed Continuous Beam 629
10.16 Useful Design Aids for Continuous Beams 639
References 643
Problems 643

Chapter 11 Prestressed Concrete Slabs 649

11.1 Slab Systems 649
11.1.1 General Design Approach 653
11.2 Unbonded Tendons in One and Two-Way Slab Systems 654
11.2.1 Stress at Ultimate in Unbonded Tendons 655
11.3 Design of One-Way Slabs 657
11.3 .1 Design Procedure 658
I I .3.2 Minimum Bonded Reinforcement 659
11.3.3 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement 660
11.3.4 Additional Design Notes 661
11.3.5 Deflection 662
11.4 Example: Design of a Five-Span Continuous One-Way Slab
Prestressed with Unbonded Tendons 662
11.5 Characteristics of Two-Way Flat Slabs 669
11.5.1 Load Path 669
11.5.2 Reinforcement Layout 670
11.5.3 Theoretical Distribution of Moments 670
11.5.4 Special Notations 673
11.6 Analysis and Design Methods 673
11.6.1 Analysis 673
11.6.2 Design 674
11.6.3 Load Balancing 674
11.7 Analysis by the Equivalent-Frame Method 675
11.7.1 General Approach 676
11.7.2 Computation of Moments and Shear Forces 678
11.8 Design Distribution of Moments and Tendons 680
11.9 Preliminary Design Information and Design Tips 682
11. 9 .1 Slab Thickness and Reinforcement Cover for Fire
Safety 683
 CONTENTS xvii

11.9.2 Punching Shear 683

11.9.3 Average Prestress 683
11.9.4 Nonprestressed Reinforcement 684
11.9.5 Deflection 684
11. l 0 Prestressed Flat Plates: Design for Flexure 684
11.10.1 Working Stress Design 684
11.10.2 Allowable Stresses 685
11.10.3 Ultimate Strength Design 686
11.10.4 Minimum Bonded Reinforcement 686
11. l 0.5 Nominal to Cracking Moment Condition 688
11.11 Flat Plates: Design for Shear 688
11.11.1 Concrete Shear Capacity 688
11.11.2 Transfer Moment Between Columns and Slab 691
11.11.3 Maximum Shear Stress in Critical Section 693
11.11.4 Design Tips 698
11.11.5 Shear Reinforcement 699
11.12 Deflection of Flat Plates 701
11.12.1 Elastic Solution 702
11.12.2 Equivalent Frame Approach 703
11.13 Summary of Design Steps for Two-Way Prestressed Flat
Plates 706
11.14 Example: Design of a Two-Way Prestressed Flat Plate 707
References 725
Problems 727

Chapter 12 Analysis and Design of Tensile Members 731

12.1 Types of Tension Members 731
12.2 Advantages of Prestressed Concrete Tension Members 733
12.2.1 Example: Relative Deformation of Tension
Members 734
12.3 Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Tension Members 735
12.4 Analysis of Tension Members 739
12.4.1 Service Stresses, Decompression, Cracking and
Ultimate Load 739
12.4.2 Short- and Long-Term Deformations 743
12.4.3 Example: Analysis-Investigation of a Tension
Member 745
12.5 Optimum Design of Tension Members 748
12.5.1 Formulation of Design Criteria 748
12.5.2 Design Approximations 753
12.5.3 Minimum Cost Solution 754
12.5.4 Example 756
12.6 Circular Structures: Tanks and Pressure Vessels 758
12.6.1 Analysis of Stresses 761
12.6.2 Design 765
12.6.3 Example: Preliminary Design of Cylindrical Wall
Thickness 767
12.6.4 Practical ·considerations for Design 768
12.7 Combined Tension and Bending 769
References 770
Problems 771
xviii CONTENTS

Chapter 13 Analysis and Design of Compression Members 775

13.1 Types and Their Advantages 775
13.2 Behavior of Columns 779
13.2.1 Load-Deformation Response 779
13.2.2 Classification 780
13.2.3 Load-Moment Interaction Diagram 780
13.2.4 ACI Code Design Interaction Diagram 783
13.3 Analysis of Short Columns 785
13.3.1 Assumptions 785
13.3.2 Basic Equations for Square and Rectangular
Sections 787
13.3.3 Partially Prestressed Square or Rectangular Sections 789
13.3.4 Circular Hollow-Cored and I-Shaped Sections 790
13.4 Example: Column Load-Moment Interaction Diagram 793
13.5 ACI Code and Other Design Considerations 799
13.5. 1 Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement 799
13.5.2 Lateral or Transverse Reinforcement 799
13.5.3 Minimum Size of Columns 801
13.5.4 Minimum Eccentricity 802
13.5.5 Transfer Zone 802
13.6 Slender Columns: Theoretical Background 802
13.6. 1 Definition of Braced, Unbraced, Sway and Non-
Sway Columns or Frames 805
13.6.2 Single and Double Curvature 807
13.6.3 Terminology and Definitions 807
13.6.4 Stiffness under Cracked Conditions for First-Order
Frame Analysis 807
13.7 Slenderness Effects: AC! Code Philosophy 809
13.8 AC! Code Design Provisions for Slender Columns by the
Moment Magnifier Method 811
13.8.1 Sway and Non-Sway Condition 811
13.8.2 Effective Length Factor k 812
13.8.3 Effective Slenderness Ratio and Slenderness
Condition 814
13.8.4 Moment Magnification in Non-Sway Frames 816
13.8.5 Magnified Moments in Sway Frames with
22 < klu Ir< 100 818
13.8.6 Additional Design Checks 821
13.8.7 Design According to the PCI Committee on
Columns 822
13.9 Example: Slender Column Using the PCI Approach 824
13.9.1 Non-Sway or Braced Column 824
13.9.2 Sway or Unbraced Column 827
13.10 Design Expedients and Design Aids 830
13.10.1 Preliminary Dimensioning 830
13.10.2 Design Charts: Load-Moment Interaction
Diagrams 831
13.11 Biaxial Bending 840
13.12 New Design Methodology for Slender Prestressed Columns 843
 CONTENTS xix

13.13 Concluding Remarks 846

References 846
Problems 849

Chapter 14 Prestressed Concrete Bridges 851

14. l Scope 851
14.2 Types of Bridges 853
14.2. l Short-Span Bridges 854
14.2.2 Medium- and Long-Span Bridges Using Precast
Beams 854
14.2.3 Long- and Very Long-Span Bridges 862
14.3 Rational Evolution of Bridge Form with Span Length 867
14.4 Special Construction Techniques for Bridges 869
14.4. l Segmental Construction 869
14.4.2 Truss Bridges 872
14.4.3 Stress Ribbon or Inverted Suspension Bridges 873
14.4.4 Use of New Materials 875
14.5 Design Specifications and General Design Philosophy 878
14.5.1 Limit States 878
14.5.2 Load Combinations, Load Factors and Resistance
Factors 881
14.5.3 Allowable Stresses for Service Limit States 883
14.6 Bridge Live Loads 885
14.6.1 Traffic Lane and Design (or Loading) Lane 885
14.6.2 Basic Types of Live Loads 886
14.6.3 Live Load Combinations for Design 887
14.6.4 Conditions of Application of Live Loads 888
14.6.5 Impact Factor 890
14.6.6 Multiple Presence Factor 890
14.6.7 Pedestrian Load and Sidewalk Load 890
14.6.8 Deflection Limit 891
14.6.9 Other Requirements 891
14.7 Distribution of Live Loads and Beam Distribution Factors 891
14.7.1 Load Distribution Factors 892
14.7.2 Remarks Related to a Particular Bridge Deck Type 899
14.7.3 Simplified Distribution Factor by Heuristic
Approach 900
14.8 Design Aids for Live Load Moments and Shears for One
Loading Lane 901
14.8.1 General Rule for Concentrated Loads in Simply
Supported Spans 901
14.8.2 Equations for Live Load Moments and Shears in
Simply Supported Spans 902
14.8.3 Design Chart for Simply Supported Spans 905
14.8.4 Design Charts for Live Load Moments at Supports
of Continuous Beams with Equal Spans 905
14.9 Moments and Shears in Typical Girders 909
14.10 Example: Composite Bridge with Cast-in-Place Reinforced
Concrete Slab on Top of Prestressed I-Girders 910
14.10.1 Live Load Moments and Shears at Critical Sections 910
14.10.2 Detailed Design of Prestressed I Beams 913
xx CONTENTS

14.11 Example: Bridge Deck with Adjacent Precast Pretensioned

Box Beams 925
14.12 Example: Negative Live Load Moment in Two-Span
Continuous Bridge Deck 930
14.13 Slabs for Bridge Decks and Solid Slab Bridges 932
14.13.1 Equivalent Strip Width for Slab Type Bridges and
Distribution Factor for Slabs 933
14.13.2 Minimum Depth and Clear Concrete Cover 934
14.13.3 Cast-in-Place One-Way Prestressed Slabs 934
14.13.4 Traditional Design of Reinforced Concrete Deck
Slabs 935
14.13.5 Empirical Design of Slabs 936
14.13.6 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement 937
14.13.7 Moments for Slabs Supported on Four Sides 938
14.14 Example: Design ofa Cast-in-Place Posttensioned Slab
Bridge 938
14.15 Precast Bridge Beams Made Continuous by a Cast-in-Place
RC Slab 942
14.15.1 Example: Prestressed Bridge Beams Made
Continuous by Cast-in-Place RC Slab 944
14.16 Design Charts for Prestressed Bridge Beams 948
14.17 Preliminary Design Tips for Dimensioning 949
14.18 Other Design Considerations 951
14.19 Bridge Engineering: Looking Ahead 952
References 954
Problems 956

Chapter 15 Strut-and-Tie Modeling 961

15.1 Introduction 961
15.1.1 Background and Motivation 961
15.1.2 B- and D-Regions 962
15.1.3 Trusses and Strut-and-Tie Models 965
15.1.4 ACI Code Definition 966
15.2 Elements of Strut-and-Tie Models 967
15.2.1 Assumptions 968
15.2.2 Mechanical Requirements and Geometry Rules 969
15.2.3 Requirements for Nodal Zones 969
15.2.4 External and Unbonded Prestressing Tendons 970
15.2.5 Terminology I Notation 971
15.3 Design Steps to Build a Strut-and-Tie Model (STM) 971
15.3.1 Initial Checks 971
15.3.2 Design Steps 972
15.4 Design Philosophy 976
15.5 Design of Ties 976
15.5.1 Prestressing Tendons 977
15.6 Design of Struts 978
15.7 Design of Nodal Zones 981
15.7.1 Assumptions 981
15.7.2 Dimensioning 981
15. 7 .3 Anchorages 982
15.7.4 Nominal Strength 983
 CONTENTS xxi

15.8 STM by AASHTO LRFD 984

15.9 Anchorage Zones of Pre stressed Members 985
15.10 Example: Anchorage Zone Design by STM 987
15.10.1 Two Spread-Out Anchorages 988
15.10.2 Two Anchorages Placed Close to Each Other 997
15.11 Dapped-End Beams 998
15.12 Example: Dapped-End Beam Design by STM 1000
15.13 Examples of Applications of Strut-and-Tie Models to Various
Structures 1007
15.14 Concluding Remarks 1013
References 1013
Problems 1015

Appendix A List of Symbols 1017

Appendix B Unit Conversions 1030
Appendix C Typical Post-Tensioning Systems 1033
Appendix D Answers to Selected Problems 1053
Appendix E Typical Precast I Prestressed Beams 1059
Index 1065