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 Subject : Building and Town Planning
Subject Code : GPCE0801
Faculty: Kushagra Rawal Module : THE PURPOSE AND
SCOPE OF THEORY OF STRUCTURES
Module Code : GPCE08010501
 Learning Outcome of this Topic

• You will learn about tests of Cement & Concrete.

Introduction
 In our daily lives, we come across a variety of structures ranging from simple
curtain rods and electric poles to more complicated structures such as
multistory buildings, shell roofs, bridges, dams, heavy machinery, automobiles,
acroplanes, and ships.
 Concentrated loads, uniformly distributed loads, uniformly variable loads,
random loads, intemal or external pressures, and dynamic forces are all applied
to these structures.
 The load is transferred from the structure to the supports and then to the earth.
 The initial stage in analysing a structure is to treat it as a single rigid body and
find the reactions from the supports, which is covered by Engineering
Mechanics.
 Internal forces such as axial forces, shearing forces, bending and torsional
moments are applied to the elements of the structure while transferring the
loads operating on it.
 The study of internal forces in structural members is known as structural
analysis. Under Strength of Materials, the behaviour of materials in
constructions subjected to various forms of internal stresses is discussed.
 Structural Design is concerned with the sizing of various members of the to
withstand the internal stresses to which they are exposed during the course of
their lives.
 However, the process of determining reactions, internal forces, material
behaviour of structures in response to such pressures, and member sizing are all
so intertwined that they are difficult to disentangle.
IDEALISATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS
The following idealisations and assumptions are made during analysis, under
normal conditions:
Material Properties
 Materials are assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic. Homogeneous
material refers to the identical particles that exist throughout the material and
isotropic refers to the physical properties of the materials which are identical in
all the directions.
 Another assumption is stress-strain relation is linear, which means in case of
metals, the analysis is carried out within the limit of proportionality and in case
of materials like concrete, the stress-strain relation is approximated to a linear
relation.
Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions for structures are assumed to fall under the following
idealised cases. only:

 Free end :At the free end a structure can have linear or rotational
displacement in any direction and hence, no reaction is developed, e.g., free
end of a cantilever beam.
 (ii) Roller support :At such end the member is free to move along the support
and can rotate freely. Hence, there is no reaction along the support and the
resisting moment is zero. In other words, there will be a reaction only in the
direction normal to the support
 Hinged ends :At such ends it is assumed that the member cannot have linear
motion in any direction but can rotate freely along the support point, i.e., the
end is pinned. In such cases, the support can develop the required resisting
force in any direction and not the resisting moment.
 Fixed ends : Such ends cannot have any linear or rotational movement. At the
fixed end, the support can develop not only the resisting force in any direction
but also the resisting moment.
Small Deflections
 Deflections are assumed to be small, i.e., the changes in the shape of the
structure due to loading are negligible. Hence, for all calculations, the changes in
length of a member and the angle between any two members are neglected.

Loads
Concentrated load A heavy load distributed over a small area is assumed as a
concentrated load acting at a point. For example, in the analysis of the beam ,
the weight of the beam and the load transferred by the secondary beams are
idealised as concentrated loads. The weight of a parapet wall at the free end of
the balcony is a concentrated load.
Uniformly distributed load Live load includes the weight of persons and any other
moveable materials (like furnitures), which vary from time to time on the
structure. For structural analysis, such loads are idealised as uniformly
distributed load over an area. IS 875 gives live loads to be considered for the
design of different types of structures.
Idealising the Structure
 Structures are usually idealised as three-dimensional. But without losing
significant accuracy many structures are idealised as one or two-
dimensional which helps in simplifying the analysis considerably, e.g., a
beam is idealised as a one-dimensional structure since, it has
considerable dimension in one direction compared to the dimensions in
the other two (cross-sectional) directions .
 A building frame is taken as a plane frame, neglecting the connection of
adjacent frames by slabs and secondary beams .If the frames are
equally stiff in both directions in the horizontal plane, they are analysed
as space frames (three-dimensional).
Law of Superposition
 The law of superposition holds good when the material is assumed to
be perfectly elastic and obeys Hooke's law for the range of loads
considered. This means that the structure can be analysed for different
loads separately and the results be superposed to get the final results
due to different combinations of loadings. This assumption also permits
analysing the structure with convenient end conditions and suitable
loadings separately and then combining the results suitably to get a
solution for the required end conditions and loadings.
CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
 The basic tool in structural analysis is the use of equilibrium equations
which states that the structure or part of it remains in its stationary
position. Hence, if the entire structure is considered. the reactions from
the support and the loads on the structure should be in static
equilibrium. The equations of static equilibrium are as follows:
(i) The summation of all the forces along any axis zero.
(ii) The summation of all the moments about any axis is also zero. The
equations of static equilibrium are based on Newton's law.
 For a three-dimensional system, the equations of
equilibrium are as follows:

 For a two-dimensional system with x andy as the

orthogonal axis, the equations of equilibrium are
CONDITIONS OF COMPATIBILITY
The term "compatibility conditions" refers to the need for consistency,
such as at joints where two or more members come together.

At any joint, the following two compatibility requirements must be met:

 Even after deformation, members who meet at a joint will continue to
meet at the same joint.
 Even after deformation, the angle between any two rigid-joint
elements stays the same. Additional equations will be easier to
formulate if the compatibility conditions are met.
STATICALLY DETERMINATE AND INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
 The structures are classified as either statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. A statically determinate structure is one that can be
analysed solely using equations of statical equilibrium, such as beams or
trusses with both ends simply supported, one end hinged and the other
on rollers, and the cantilever type.
 A statically indeterminate structure is one that cannot be analysed only
using equilibrium equations, such as fixed beams, continuous beams,
and supported cantilevers.
 In order to analyse indeterminate structures, one must determine the
various deformations and apply compatibility conditions in addition to
employing equations of equilibrium. Structures that are indeterminate
are also known as redundant structures.
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND SYSTEMS
 A determinate structure is called a simple structure, if it is made up of a
single system. If a system. is to be split into a number of systems which
may then be analysed with equations of equilibrium alone, the system is
termed as compound system. A compound system which may be
analysed by using equations of equilibrium only, after splitting it into
two simple beams.
 QUIZ
1. What are the assumptions of theory of structure?

2. Condition of equilibrium for 2D structure is…

3. Condition of equilibrium for 3D structure is…

4. What is Compound system of structure?

5. What is statically indeterminate structure?

 Thank You
Any Questions?