Professional Documents
Culture Documents
20
Batter piles are widely used for retaining walls to resist lateral forces. Batter piles have
higher lateral load capacity than vertical piles. Bridge abutments, retaining walls, and
platforms can benefit from batter piles.
• Usually in most cases, one row of piles is battered as in Fig. 20.1. In some cases it is neces-
sary to have more than one row of batter piles, as in Fig. 20.2.
20.1 Theory
20.1.1 Forces on batter piles
Batter piles are capable of resisting significant lateral forces. Lateral resistance of
batter piles comes from two sources:
1. horizontal component of the axial reaction
2. horizontal resistance due to soil (H)
Note that horizontal resistance (H) and horizontal component of the pile axial
reaction are two different quantities (Plate 20.1).
Figure 20.1 Batter piles. (a) Bridge abutments; and (b) typical profile for retaining wall with
batter piles.
Line AB: calculate the total vertical load on piles. Draw the total vertical load.
Line BC: draw the total horizontal load (load due to wind or water).
Piles should be able to withstand these two loads.
Line CD: draw the load on piles along row 3. These piles are vertical.
Line DE: draw the load on piles along row 2.
Line EF: draw the load on piles along row 1. These are batter piles.
Line FA: this line indicates the lateral force required to stabilize the piles. Lateral
resistance of pile should be more than the load indicated by line FA.
Please refer to Fig. 20.1b for the following force polygon:
268 Pile Design and Construction Rules of Thumb
Line AB: calculate the total vertical load on piles. Draw the total vertical load.
Line BC: draw the total horizontal load.
Line CD: draw the load on piles along row 3. These piles are vertical.
Line DE: draw the load on piles along row 2. These piles are batter piles.
Line EF: draw the load on piles along row 1.
Line FA: this line indicates the lateral force required to stabilize the piles. Lateral
resistance of the pile should be more than the load indicated by line FA.
M σ
= ,
I y
M 30,034.8 5005.8
Bending load on piles in row 1 (σ ) = ⋅y= ×3= lb/ft 2
I 18 A A
5005.8
Bending load per pile = × A = 5005.8 lb per pile
A
Factor of safety (FOS) of 2.5–3.0 should be used. For instance, the required verti-
cal pile capacity for piles in row 1 is 23,545 lb. The piles should have an ultimate pile
capacity of 70,635 lb assuming a FOS of 3.0.
Note: no credit should be given to the resistance due to soil friction acting on the
base of the retaining wall. Piles would stress the soil due to the horizontal load acting
on them. Stressed soil underneath the retaining wall will not be able to provide any
frictional resistance to the retaining wall.
If piles were to fail, piles would pull the soil with them. Hence, soil would not be
able to provide any frictional resistance to the retaining structure.
Consider a section of 6 ft. for computational purposes. There are six half piles and
one full pile in this section. Rows 1 and 2 are batter piles. Row 1 has twice as more
piles than rows 2 and 3.
Weight of soil resting on the retaining wall = 5 × 18 × 110 = 9900 lb.
Weight of concrete = (2 × 9 + 2 × 18) × 160 = 8640 lb (160 pcf = concrete d ensity).
Total weight = 18,540 lb per linear foot of wall.
Total weight (W) in a 6-ft. section = 111,240 lb.
There are four piles in the 6-ft. section. Hence, each pile carries a load of 27,810 lb.
Take moments around point “E”
R × L = W × L = M = H · k = 439,998 lb ft.
L = 439,998/111,240 = 3.96 ft.
There are two half piles in row 2 and two half piles in row 3 (total piles in the
section = 4).
Take moments around row 3.
(2 × 6 + 1 × 3)/4 = 3.75 ft.
• As per these calculations, the center of gravity of piles is located 3.75 ft. from row 3.
• Moment of area of the system has to be computed from the center of gravity of piles.
Distance to row 1 from center of gravity = (6 − 3.75) ft. = 2.25 ft.
Distance to row 2 from center of gravity = 0.75 ft.
Distance to row 3 from center of gravity = 3.75 ft.
Step 2: Each pile carries a load of 27,810 lb (see step 1).
• Stress developed on piles
M σ
= .
I y
20.1.5 Row 1
Moment of area of row 1 = A · r2 = A × 2.252 = 10.12 A (A = area of piles).
Moment of area of row 2 = A × 0.752 = 0.56 A.
(Distance is taken from the center of gravity).
Moment of area of row 3 = A × 3.752 = 14.06 A.
Total moment of area = 24.74 A.
Bending moment (M) = 439,998 ft. lb (see step 1).
M 439,998 40, 016
Bending load on piles in row 1(σ ) = ⋅y = × 2.25 = lb.
I 24.74 A A
40, 016 × 2 A
Bending load on first row piles = = 80, 032 lb.
A
There are two piles in the first row. Two half piles and one full pile is equivalent
to two piles.
Total load on pile = vertical load + load due to bending.
Total load on piles in row 1 = 27,810 × 2 + 80,032 = 135,652 lb.
Vertical load per pile is 27,810 lb. Since there are two piles in row 1, 27,810 lb is
multiplied by 2.
Step 3: row 2.
M 439,998 13,339
Bending load on piles in row 2(σ ) = ⋅y= × 0.75 = lb.
I 24.74 A A
13, 339
Bending load per pile = × A = 13, 339 lb per pile.
A
Batter pile design 275
There are two half piles in row 2, which amounts to one pile.
Multiply by area of the pile to convert the load from lb per ft.2 to lb per pile.
Total load on piles in row 2 = 27,810 – 13,339 = 14,471 lb.
(Since center of gravity is on the opposite side, bending moment creates a tensile force
on the pile.)
Step 4: row 3.
M 439,998 66,693
Bending load on piles in row 3(σ ) = ⋅y= × 3.75 = lb.
I 24.74 A A
66, 693
Bending load per pile = × A = 66, 693 lb per pile.
A
Row 3 has two half piles, which amounts to one pile.
Total load on piles in row 3 = 27,810 − 66,693 = −38,883 lb per pile
The value 27,810 lb is the vertical load on piles and 66,693 lb is the load due to bending,
which is tensile.
Total force on piles in row 3 is tensile.
Step 5: draw the force polygon.
NM = 14,471 × tan 15 = 3,877 lb.
GH = 135,652 × tan 20 = 49,373 lb (this load accounts for two piles in row 1).