9 2 U n i t1 3

Switch on 3 Work in pairs.Choose one device each and explain to

your partner what it does.
Work in small groups.List as many ways as you can to
EXAMPLE
send and receivemessages.
A I' IIchoosethe space satellite.
EXAMPLE
B OK.Whatdoesitdo?
7 by phone 2 writing
A Itfollows an orbit in space.Some satelliteshelp
Identify the devices used in telecommunications in communicationand othersprovideinformation...
pictures A-F.

-
 T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o 9n 3s

I nt h i s u n i t
o k e y t e r m si n t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s
o PastSimolev PresentPerfect
o l i s t e n i n ga n d r e a d i n gf o r d e t a i l
o m a k i n gs i m p l ee x p l a n a t i o n s
o hearingthe difference: PastSimplev PresentPerfect

It'smyiob We use the Present Perfectfor actions which

happenedduring a periodfrom the past to the present:
He's worked as a technicianfor eightyears.(He'sstill a
technician.)
f) ListentoTodd We often start a topic using the PresentPerfectand
McArthur, a then switch to the Past Simple:
Telecommunications A Have you ever been to Norway?
Technician.Note the B Yes,I went there in 2001.
following things.
)) Go to Grammar reference p.121
I the number of years he has worked for his company I Completethe text about developmentsin radio and
2 as many items of telecommunicationsequipment television.Put the verbs in bracketsin the correctform:
as you can Past Simple or Present Perfect.
3 as many country names as you can
In just over a hundred years,radio -1
4 the meaning of VolP
(develop)into a major form of entertainment and
Q tisten again and answer the questions. communication. Marconi 'z(invent)a
1 Where did he first learn about telecommunications? wirelesstelegraphsystem in 1896.This
(be)the birth of radio.Voice transmission
Name a changehe has experiencedin
(start)in 1909 following the invention of the valve.
telecommunications.
Semiconductors-' (make)Ítpossible to
Why is his job now much more about braÍnthan develop much smaller,portable radios.The
muscle? introduction in recent years of digital radios
4 W h a t d o e sh e l i k e m o s t a b o u th i s j o b ? u(allow)us to enjoy much better sound
What doeshe not like? quality.
There -' (be)many changes in television
too.ln the UK, the BBC -' (start)daily TV
o LanguaBespot broadcastsin 1936.Colourbroadcasts-'
PastSimptev PresentPerfect (begin)in the late 1960s.Sincethe 1970ssatellite
broadcasting 'o(allow) viewers a wider
Study these examples fro m lt's my job. Why is the choice of programmes.The recent introduction of
Past Simple used for sentences1-3 and the Present digital TV " (mean)better picture and
Perfectfor sentences4-6? sound quality. Manufacturers - now
7 I was in the army for four years. (develop) entertainment systems which
"
2 Ijoined when I left school. include television,radio,DVD recorder/ player,and
3 I travelledquite a lot. computer.The
4 I,vebeen with the companyfor eÍghtyears. Internet
5 I've been to Norway,Kenya,and Belize. 13(make)
6 I'veseenquiteafew changesin phone systems. it possible to enjoy
We use the Past Simplefor things that happened radio and television
at a particular time in the past or during a period that from around the
endedínthe past: world on our PCs.
I travelled a lot when I was in the army.

We use the Present Perfectto talk about past

experiencesbut not when they happened:
I've been to the USA.
Reading and speaking
The Internet
10 Read the text and complete the sentences with the missing information.

The Internet is a worldwide information system

consisting of countless networks and computers,
which allow millions of people to share
information and data . Thanks to the Internet it is
now possible for people all over the world to
communicate with one another in a fast and
cheap way.
The Internet was first invented in the 1960s in
the USA by the Department of Defence as an
internal project to link computers. The
Department wanted an extremely safe way of
sending messages in case of nuclear attack. It
was a British physicist, Sir Timothy Berners-Lee, ' ,
who used it to make information available to '
everyone and created the most important media of the 21 sI century. In 1980 while working at CERN in
Geneva - the largest particle physics laboratory in the world - he first thought of using hypertext to share
and update information among researchers. Then in 1989-90 he produced a plan to link hypertext to
the Internet to create the World Wide Web. He designed and built the first site browser and editor, as
well as the first web server called httpd (Hypertext Trasfer Protocol Deamon). Hypertext are the words or
chains of words in a text we can click on to be linked to new sites whose content is related to the words .
But how does this global system work? It is a network of people and information linked together by
telephone lines which are connected to computers. The applications are based on a client/server
relationship , in which your computer is the client and a remote computer is the server. All you need to
join this system is a computer, a normal telephone line, a modem and an account with an Internet Service
Provider (ISP), a company that provides access to the Internet. A user buys a subscription to a service
provider, which gives him/her an identifying username, a password and an email address . With a
computer and a modem, the user can connect to the service provider's computer which gives access to
many services, such as WWW (world wide web), emails and FTP (file t'ransfer protocol).

1 The Internet allows people to

2 In the 1960s, the Internet was used
3 Thanks to Sir Timothy Berners-Lee
4 He created the World Wide Web by linking
5 All you need to access the Internet is
6 The ISP is

11Prepare
Write a summary of the text in exercise 10 following the flow chart.

Write about the

Write about the Describe the Explain the importance of
role of the revolution that Say how the the Internet in
origins of the
Internet in the occurred in the Inte rnet system your own life
Internet and its
modern world. 1990s. works. and describe
first uses.
how you use it.

32
 C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c el 2 l

We do not use the auxiliary do / doestoformthe

negativeand questions.
13PastSimplev PresentPerfect
wor They den*+he+rlddownload illegally ... PastSlmple
Nor De{+'he+rld... ?
Positive
When we use should to give an opinion, we use I think /
I /You /He / She / It / We / They texted her an
I don't think + subject+ shou/d.
invitation.
I thÍnkyou should buy the camera with 4 megapixels.
= subject + Past Simple
I don,t think chíIdrenshould play violent video games.

In the second sentenceabove,it is also possibleto say I Negative

think + subject + shouldn't: I/ You / He / She / It / We / They didn't in
I think children shouldn,t play vÍolentvideogames. work Signals.

but this form is not as common as the first sentence. = subject+ did not (didn'tl + inflnitive

Questions Short answers

12PastPassive Did you work Y e s I, / h e / s h e / i t / w e /
We use the Past Passiveto talk about systems and
mainlyindoors? they did.
plocesSesÍnthe past.As with the Present Passive No,l/he/she/it/we/
(Unit 7),we use the Past Passivewhen the action is they didn't.
more important than the agent,or where the agent is =Did + subject + infinitive
not known.
We use the Past Simple to talk about an action that
Positive happened at a particular point in the past.
Welding was done byhand. I operated dÍfferenttypesof equÍpment.(=it is clear that
this person no longer operatesdifferent types of
= subject + was / were + past participle
onrrinmani\

Negative
With the Past Simple we can use expressions such as
Cars were not (weren't)inspected by robots. in + year,month, season,before,andafter.
= subject + was / were not (wasn't / weren't)+ past PresentPerfect
nr rti rinl e
Positive
Questions Short answers
I have seen many changes in
Were designs produced Yes,theywere. telecommunications.
on computer? No,theyweren't. = subject+ have / has + past participle
= Was / Were + subject + past partÍciple
Negative
How were desÍgnsproduced7
She hasn't emailed me today.
= question word + was / were + subject+ past participle
= subject+ have / has not (haven't / hasn't) + past
We can use by after a Passiveform to say who or what
partÍcÍpIe
causedthe action in a process.
SupplÍeswereorderedby rtaff' not by computer. Questions
Have you spent time Yes,I/you/we/they
inthe army? have.
Yes,he / she / it has.
No,I/you/we/they
haven't.
No, he / she / it hasn't.
1 2 2 C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c e

=Have / Has + subject + past participle Here,mustn't = it is a requirement of the job that
candidates do not have less than three years'
We use the Present Perfectto talk about actions or
experience.Do not confuse this with don't have to +
experiencesthat happened during a period of time
inf,nitive,which means that something lsn't
from the past to the present.It is not important when
necessarv.
they occurred.
I've operated different typesof equipment.(=at some Questions Short answers
point in this person'slife, they have operateddifferent Must candidates be Yes,I/ you / he I she / it /
types of equipment, and possibly still do) British nationals? theymust.
We can begin talking about a topic in the Present No,I/you/we/they
Perfect,then use the Past Simple to add details about don't have to.
when something happened. No, he / she / it doesn't
I've worked in Si.gnalssince 2003.Beforethat,I was a have to.
Mechanic. =Must + subject+ infinitive

for / since Note that in negative short answers,we say don't have
We can use both the Past Simple and the Present to rather than mustn't,becausewe want to say that
Perfectwith/or, and the Present Perfectwith s inceto somethÍngisn't necessary.
answer the question How /ong7 should
for + períodof time, to say how long a period of time Positive
Iasted:foreight months,for two hours
sÍnce+ point in time to say when a period of time You should have experience of working with
started:since 2 o' clock,since 1.993,
sinceyesterday this system.
Present Perfect: I've been herefor a few months. = subject +should+ infinitive
Past Simple: Iwas inthe armyforfouryears.
Negative
Present Perfect I've worked here sinceI was eiahteen.
Applicants should not (shouldn't) have a hearing
disability.
14|ob ÍequiÍement' = subject + should not (shouldn'tJ+ infinitive
In addition to the functions of giving instructÍons
(Unit 9) and advice (Unit 11),we can use must and Questions Short answers
shouldto describeessentíaI characteristicsthat are Should applÍcants Yes,I/you / he / she /
necessaryfor a job or role. have a knowledge of public it / they should.
must health issues? No,I / you / we / they
don't have to.
Positive No, he / she / it
Candidates must speak French and German. doesn't have to.

= subject + musf + infinitive =Must + subject+ infinitive

Negative Note that the negatÍveshort answer is the same as for

must.Must is generally stronger than should, and
Applicants mustn't have less than three years' means that a requirement is essential rather than
experrence. merelv desirable.
= subject + must not (mustn'tl + infinitive