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Introduction
Quality by Design (QbD) was first described by Joseph M. Juran,[1] and applied with great success,
particularly in the automotive industry. The underlying concept of QbD is that quality must be “designed
in” to a product through the systematic implementation of a strategy to establish a complete
understanding of the product and the processes used to develop and manufacture it. Control strategies
are developed and used to continuously verify and improve quality. The FDA has recently begun to
endorse the QbD approach for the pharmaceutical sector.[2] There are a number of implications of the
concept, including the need for systematic experimental design strategies, modeling the influence of
variables on quality, and ensuring the traceability of information from the stages of design through
validation.
Recently, analytical chemists have begun to apply QbD philosophies to the development of
chromatographic methods, prompting a revisit of method development strategies. Modern technology
allows chromatographers to investigate strategies in the context of Quality by Design. This article will
examine the specific ways in which ACD/AutoChrom MDS and ACD/LC Simulator incorporate QbD
principles into method development.
Summary of QbD Principles and Underlying Concepts
QbD Concept Value to the Organization How can we achieve this?
ACD/AutoChrom/MDS ACD/LC Simulator
Systematic Method Standardization of design process Strategy Manager Modes Manager and
Development resulting in consistent quality and user process control
Procedures greater efficiency
Multivariate Comprehensive examination of Instrument control, Multidimensional
Experimental Design potential methods enabling faster project management, screening and optimized
method development and and peak tracking to decision‐making
improved separations (high facilitate fewer
resolution, accurate unnecessary
measurements, economical run experiments,
time, and solvent saving) multidimensional
screening and
optimization
Focus on Quality Locate optimal parameter ranges Customizable Suitability Definitions
Attributes resulting in better methods, and
therefore better measurments
Designing in Much faster validation of Suitability definitions include robustness terms; pKa
Robustness methods, ensuring accuracy and Prediction
greater precision
Design Space Visual representation of viable Critical Zone display on resolution maps
Modeling parameter values helps
communicate robustness
Knowledge Retention Organizational “memory” of the PACK update of SpecDB Reject impurities from
project enables fast, effective with impurities the project
troubleshooting, and the ability to
quickly redesign methods when Reject function in
impurity profiles change component table
Reduces redundancy Add subsample feature
Reject impurities from
the project
if
Equation 1 describes the calculation of suitability of a given chromatogram CQA, where Pi‐ is the lowest
acceptable value for the CQA, Pi+ is the value above which no additional benefit can be derived, and Si is
the suitability for the parameter.
(2)
Equation 2 calculates the overall suitability of the chromatogram based on n different parameters.
Figure 2 shows how AutoChrom MDS allows users to specify the quality attributes that are important to
their project goals, and set target values accordingly.
Figure 2. CQA definition dialog box in AutoChrom MDS 12.02.
Experimental Design—Screening and Optimization
Another aspect of QbD is the expansion of experimental design space through the systematic, organized
investigation of variables and their impact on overall quality. The screening of variables may take place
in several steps, investigating variables in parallel or sequentially.
Figure 3. An example strategy for systematic method development.[5] 32 experiments enable the
investigation of 6 variables.
Multivariate Approaches
QbD takes into consideration the “dimensionality” of the strategy and the fact that some parameters
are best optimized in parallel. While this may be possible with modern instrumentation and software, in
most cases it is not necessary to model multiple parameters, such as gradient/temperature/pH, for
every candidate column. Most modern approaches thus involve screening of certain parameters
followed by optimization of others. Perhaps the most common is the parallel screening of column and
buffer followed by optimization of temperature and gradient. AutoChrom MDS’s experimental design
system enables the chromatographer to customize the design strategy for the problem at hand. Full
multivariate screening and optimization is available for the most difficult problems, while a more
sequential approach can be configured when appropriate. Figure 4 contrasts two potential approaches
possible with AutoChrom MDS.
Figure 4. Univariate versus multivariate approaches to method development. In this example, sequential
investigation of the parameters results in 16 experiments, versus 240 experiments for simultaneous
investigation of all five parameters.
Figure 5. Parameter optimization in AutoChrom MDS. The quality of the separation in terms of critical
pair resolution and run time is optimized. The resolution map shows time of the final gradient step, but
AutoChrom MDS has automatically optimized five parameters in the two‐step gradient.
Figure 6. Modeling robustness of temperature and pH in LC Simulator 12.02. The system models the
movement of the peaks based on the range of parameter values. The unshaded region indicates the
design space for these parameters.
AutoChrom MDS includes complementary tools to perform multivariate optimization, or univariate
optimization, together with instrument control to automatically configure injection sequences. LC
Simulator requires that the user manually configure injection sequences but uses the same optimization
tools. AutoChrom MDS performs screening and global optimization of temperature and gradient. LC
Simulator can then optimize robustness in other parameters, such as pH and buffer concentration.
Edges of Failure
The concept of design space is closely related to robustness. The design space of the method is the
range of investigated parameters that have been demonstrated to be viable while fulfilling the
requirements for the CQAs of the method. The edges of failure represent the outer limits of the range of
any given parameter within the design space and, in the spirit of QbD, are useful for validation and for
the sake of accumulated knowledge. There is no recommendation in ICH guidelines to verify the edges
of failure of the design space. However, should the user elect to investigate these experiments, modeled
predictions in AutoChrom MDS or LC Simulator can be verified and/or refined with experiments. The
result is greater confidence in the definition of the design space.
Control Strategy
A control strategy is designed to consistently ensure product quality. Chromatographers are very
familiar with this concept as system suitability tests are a standard part of routine application of
chromatographic methods today. These are typically established during method validation. Review of
the characteristics of the chromatograms at the edges of failure of the design space facilitates a
recommendation for the control strategy, as limits of system suitability, which are confirmed in method
validation.
Retention of Knowledge
During the course of chromatographic method development, a considerable amount of information
about a given project is accumulated. In addition to accumulating spectral and method‐specific
retention information, we inherently learn of chromatographic impurity responses to the various
optimized variables. Building robustness in method development leads to the definition of an effective
design space (see above). Retention of this knowledge can facilitate post‐validation adjustments of
methods, within the existing design space, since working “…within the design space is not considered as
a change.”[3] Retaining the design space information in terms of effective ranges of variables can be
valuable for post‐validation adjustments, but even more efficient is the retention of the response
surface for the system. In this context, adjustments to the method can be done quickly and efficiently
based on the previously‐determined model.
Retention of project knowledge within the AutoChrom MDS project can be extremely valuable when
applied across the drug development process. As the synthetic route and formulation are optimized, the
impurity profile for the drug will change. In the past, chromatographers have either restarted method
development entirely, or attempted trial‐and‐error update of the existing method. With AutoChrom
MDS and LC Simulator, the design space can be updated with the new impurity profile in just a few
seconds; considerable chromatographic method space can be ignored as non‐viable, and a new
optimum can be uncovered in a fraction of the time that would otherwise be needed.
Conclusion
While Quality by Design is primarily a system for design of manufacturing processes to optimize product
quality, the concepts can be effectively applied to optimization of chromatographic method quality
using ACD/AutoChrom MDS and ACD/LC Simulator. The QbD philosophy advocates a more systematic,
fact‐based approach and focuses decision‐making systems on key measurable attributes of the method
to ensure it is fit for purpose. The result is a method that gives faster, more consistent chromatographic
measurements.
References
[1] J.M. Juran, A. B. Godfrey, Juran’s Quality Handbook 5th Edition, McGraw‐Hill, 1998.
[2] ICH Q8(R1) Guideline for Industry. Pharmaceutical Development, January, 2008. available at
www.fda.gov
[3] ICH‐Q8 (R2) – Guideline for Industry. Pharmaceutical Development. August, 2009 available at
www.fda.gov
[4] B. Bourguignon, D.L. Massart, J. Chromatogr. A, 586:11–20, 1991.
[5] W. Janssens, R. Sneyers, S. Vrielynck, I. Somers, “A Science‐based Strategy in HPLC Method
Development” presented Nov 08, 2006, at LC/MS Montreux Symposium. Available online at
www.acdlabs.com.
[6] A. Bogomolov and M. McBrien, Anal. Chim. Acta, 490:41–58, 2003.