Zl/1112016 Externallncanpressible Viscous Flcm

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9.2 Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution
The solution for the laminar boundary layer on a horizontal flat plate was obtained by Prandtl's student H. Blasius [9.2] in 1908. For two-dimensional, steady,
incompressible flow with zero pressure gradient, the governing equations of motion (Eqs. 5.27a-5.27c) reduce to [9.3]

iJu iJv
-+-=0
ax iJy
(9.3)

iJu au iflu
u-+v-=v-
iJx iJy iJy'l

(9.4)
with boundary conditions

aty=O, u=O, v=O

aty=oo, u=U, ~=0

(9.5)
Equations 9.3 and 9.4, with boundary conditions Eq. 9.5 are a set of nonlinear, coupled, partial differential equations for the unknown velocity field u and v. To solve
them, Blasius reasoned that the velocity profile, u!U, should be similar for all values of x when plotted versus a nondimensional distance from the wall; the boundary-
layer thickness, 0, was a natural choice for nondimensionalizing the distance from the wall. Thus the solution is of the form

{7 = g(~) where ~ oc ~
(9.6)
Based on the solution of Stokes [9.4], Blasius reasoned that 6 oc ..,fWJU and set

~=y fU
v-vx
(9.7)
We now introduce the stream function, If/, where

u= Z and v=-Z
(5.4)
satisfies the continuity equation (Eq. 9.3) identically. Substituting for u and v into Eq. 9.4 reduces the equation to one in which 1/f is the single dependent variable.
Defining a dimensionless stream function as

(9.8)
makes/ (q) the depeodent variable and~ the independeot variable in Eq. 9.4. With 'If defined by Eq. 9.8 and~ defined by Eq. 9.7, we can evaluate each of the terms in
Eq.9.4.
The velocity components are given by

(9.9)
and

v=--=-
iJip
dx
iJf
[ Vi/ifJ-+-
ax 2
1f!!U]
-! [vvxu-dr7df( 11) +-1f!!U]
X
=- -! --q-
2x 2 X

or

(9.10)
By differentiating the velocity components. it also can be shown that

.. u J't
;;; - .,;~..,
~ = u~z
and

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Zl/1112016 Externallncanpressible Viscous Flcm
iPu cfl d'J
ay.=-;;;:dti'
Substituting these expressions into Eq. 9.4, we obtain

(9.11)
with boundary conditions:

atq = 0,
at,=oo,

(9.12)
The second-order partial differential equations govenililg the growth of the laminar boundary layer oo a flat plate (Eqs. 9.3 and 9.4) have been transformed ro a
nonlinear, third-order ordinary differential equation (Eq. 9.11) with boundary conditions given by Eq. 9.12. It iB not possible to solve Eq. 9.11 in closed form; Blasius
solved it using a power series expansion about '1 = 0 matched to an asymptotic expansion for 7J -+ oo. The same equation later was solved more precisely-again
using numerieal methed&-by Howarth [9.5], who reported results ro 5 decimal plaees. The numerieal values off, dfl<b!, aod d'fldr(- in Tsble W9.1 were ealculaled
using fourth order Runge-K.utta numerical integration.
The velocity profile is obtained in dimensionless form by plotting u/U versus q, using values from Table W9.1. The resulting profile is sketched in Fig. 9.3b. Velocity
profiles measured experimentally are in excellent agreement with the analytical solution. Pro::files from all locations on a flat plate are similar; they collapse to a single
profile when plotted in nondim.ensional coordinates.
TableW9.1 The Functioo.ffl!i for the
Laminar Boundary Layer along a
Flat Plale at Zero Incidenne

1J = Y/¥x f f' = .!ff f"

0 0 0 0.3321
0.5 0.04150.1659 0.3309
1.0 0.16560.3298 0.3230
1.5 0.37010.4868 0.3026
2.0 0.65000.6298 0.2668
2.5 0.99630.7513 0.2174
3.0 1.39680.8460 0.1614
3.5 1.83770.9130 0.1078
4.0 2.30570.9555 0.0642
4.5 2.79010.9795 0.0340
5.0 3.28330.9915 0.0159
5.5 3.78060.9969 0.0066
6.0 4.27960.9990 0.0024
6.5 4.77930.9997 0.0008
7.0 5.27920.9999 0.0002
7.5 5.77921.0000 0.0001
8.0 6.27921.0000 0.0000
From Table W9.1, we see that at 11 = 5.0, u/U = 0.992. With the boundary-layer thickness, 0, defined as the value ofy for which u/U = 0.99, Eq. 9.7 gives

(9.13)
The wall shear stress may be expressed as

Then

0.332prfl
Tw = 0.332Uyp!'Uix = ==;:::=-
v'Re;
(9.14)
and the wall shear stress coefficient, CJ, is given by

(9.15)
6, wall shear stress, Tw, and skin frictioo coefficient, Ct, Eqs. 9.13 througb 9.15, depends oo the length Reynolds
Each of the results for boundary-layer thickness,
number, Rex, to the one-half power. The boundary-layer thickness increases as x112 , and the wall shear stress and skin friction coefficient vary as l!x 112 . These results
characterize the behavior of the laminar boundary layer on a flat plate. In Example W9 .1, we evaluate some boundary layer properties using the exact solution.

Example W 9.1 LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER ON A FLAT PLATE: EXACT SOLUTION

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Zl/1112016 Externallncanpressible Viscous Flcm
Use the numerical results presented in Table W9.1 to evaluate the following quantities for laminar boundary-layer flow on a flat plate:
• (a)6'/0(forq=5andasq--+oo).
• (b)v/U at the boundary-layer edge.
• (c)Ratio of the slope of a streamline at the boundary-layer edge to the slope of 6 versusx.

• Given: Numerical solution for laminar flat-plate boundary layer, Table W9.1.
Find:
• (a)li'/li(forq=5andasq--+oo).
• (b)v/U at the boundary-layer edge.
• (c)Ratio of the slope of a streamline at the boundary-layer edge to the slope of Bversus x.

• Solution The displacement thickness is defined by Eq. 9.1 as

6' = f (I- ~)dy., t (I- ~)dy

In order to use the Blasius exact solution to evaluate this integral, we need to convert it from one involving u andy to one involving/' ( = u/U) and '1 variables. From
Eq. 9.7, q = yym;;;:,
soy= q..,fvxtU and dy = dqy,;;Hj Thus,

6' = r:- (1- f')tJdtr = tJ r (1- f')dtr

(I)
Note: Corresponding to the upper limit on yin Eq. 9.4, 'lmsx = oo, or'!JIJJJX R! 5.
From Eq. 9.13,

5
li., - - -
yen;;;:
so if we divide each side ofEq. I by each side ofEq. 9.13, we obtain (withf1 = dfldq)

6' = .!_
li 5
J"- (I-
0
4f)dq
dq

Integrating gives

Evaluating at '7msx = 5, we obtain

6' I 6'
6 = 5 (5.0- 32833) = 0.343 6 (q = 5)
--------------------------------------------~--
The quantity q- f (q) becomes con-! for q > 7. Evaluating at q~ = 8 gives
li' I li'
6 = 5 (8.0- 62792) = 0.344 6 (q -+ c
--------------------------------------------~---
Thus, ~-oo is 0.24 percent larger than 0*,_ 5

From Eq. 9.10,

Evaluating at the boundary-layer edge (q = 5), we obtain

~ = - 1- [5 (0.9915)- 3.2833] = 0·837 ., 0 ·84 ------------------------.::*_cor-_='

u 2..;&; ..;&; ..;&;
Thus vis only0.84 percent of U atRx = lif, and only about0.12 percentofU at Rex = 5 X lOS.
The slope of a streamline at the boundary-layer edge is

dy) v v 0.84
dx streamline = U= U ~ ..pi;
The slope of the boundary-layer edge may be obtained from Eq. 9.13,

5
yen;;;:-- 5 vEu
li., - --

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23111/2016 Ex18tnallnccmpt888ible Vi8COUS Flow
so

: = s{t~~-m = 2.5~ = ; ;

dy)
tbc llllUIIIIlDo
= O.S4 dJj
2.5 tbc
=0.336dJj
tbc
---------------------~...;)~=..
This m~ub indicates that the alope of the sttRmlines is about l of the slope ofthe boundary layer eclp--tha strelllllliDes pme1Illte the bOIIIldary layer, 1111 sbnched
below:

This problem iUUS1111te8 use ofDUIIleriad data :&om the Bllllliu solulion to obtain ok iDfarma1ion on a fiat plate 1am.iDar boundary layer, including the result that the
cdie of the bowui&Jy layer ia not a a1mlmlinc.

PROBLEMS
W9.1 Q
UW!s IIIIJIIerical re&Uita for the Blaaius exact solution for 1amima: boundary-layar flow on a flat plate, plot the ctimensicmloess velocity profile, u/U (on the abscissa),
venus dimenaianless disbmce from the l111filce, y/6 (on the ordinate). Compare with the approximate pullbolic: velocity profile ofPMblem 9.8.

W9.2 Q
u,ms numerical renlta obtainedby Blasius (Table W9.1), evaluate tbl! diatriblllion ofshear sln!u in a laminar bolllldary layer on a flat plate. Plot Tl~ vasus y/6.
Compare with results derived from tho ~ sinusoidal velocity profile given in Problem 9.8.

W9.3 Q
UW!s IIIIJIIerical re&Uita obtainedby Blasius (Table W9.1), evaluamthe diatriblllion ofshear s1re111 inalamiDar bolllldary layer on a fiat plate. Plot Tl~ versus y/6.
Compare with results derived from the ~parabolic velocity profile sivan in PMblem 9.8.

W9.4 Q
U1ins numerical re&Uita obtainedby Blasius (Table W9.1), evaluate the vartica1 c:omponent of velocity in a laminar boundmy layer on a flat plate. Plot u/U versus y/6
forRe" =lOS.
w9.s Q
Verify that the y compcment of velocity for the Blasius solution to the Prandtl boundary-layer equations is given by Eq. 9.10. Obtain an alsebraic expression for the x
companml ofthe acceler:alion of a flllid particle in the laminar boundary layer. Plot~ VCI'II1IS lito determiDc the muim11m X componeut of aa:eleration at a given X.

W9.6
Numerical results ofthe Blaaius solution to the Pnndtl bounda!y-laya equations are preKDted in Table W9.1. Consider steady, inc:cnnpr-mle flow of staDdanl air
=
over a flat plate at fteestream speed U 5 m/s. At x = 20 em, estimate the disbmce from the ll11rlilce at whicluc = 0.95 U. Evalwml the slope oftbutreamline
thloqh 1his point. Obtain an algebraic apreMian for the local skin frkticm, Tw (x). Obtain an a1gebnh: CJqnssion for tbl! total skin frktian drag fime on the plall:.
Evaluate the momamun tbiekoess at L = 1 m.

W9.7 Q
Consider flow of air over a flat plate. On one graph, plot the laminar boandary-layer tbiclmeu as a ftmction of distance aloq the plate (up to transition) for free&tream
speeds U = 1 mls. 2 m/s, 3 m/s, 4 m/s, S mls. and 10 m/s.

W9.B Q
The Bllllliu exact solution involves aolviq a JIOlllinear equation, Eq, 9.11, with initial BDd bouDdary CODdiJioDS given by Eq. 9.12. Set vp an Excel WO!kbook to obtain
mr
a I1UIIlerica1801ution of d:lil system. The workbook ahoa.ld consist of coiUIDDI q,f,f', BDdr . The :rows should eonaiat ofvalues ofthese, with a suitable atep size
for rr (e.a., for 1000 rows the step size forq would be 0.01 to generate clua throuah'l = 10, to go a little beyond the clua in Table W9.1). Thcw.lucs of/ and/' for
the first row are zero (from the initial eonditions, Eq. 9.12); a guess value is needed mr/" (try O.S). Subeequent :row values for/./'. and/11 can be obtained from
prwious row values uains the Eulermetbocl ofSectionmr approDmatiDa first clerivatMI (BDdEq. 9.11). Finally, a solution ean be fouod byusms Excel's Goal S«kl:6
Solver fuw:tiona to vary the initial value of/11 until/' = 1 for large rr (e.g., 'I = 10, boundary condition ofEq. 9.12). Plot the JeSUltl. Note: Beccuse the Euler method
it relatively crwte, the rmllb will ape with Blasiu&' only to within about 1%. Altemalively, geaerae the lllDilCrica1 80lution to the Donlineer equation usiDs an
equation mer such as Matlab or EES.

W9.9 Q
A thin flat plate, L = 9 in. lema BDd b = 3 ft wide, is iDIItalled in a water twmelas a aplitter. The fftlelltmlm speed is U = S ft /s,llld the velocity profile in the
"w
boliDdary layer is approximateclas parabolic. Plot 8, 8', 8lld versus x/L for the plate.

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