Present Simple : Facts and Routines

Time Expressions:
- Every day/week/month/year
- On Mondays/Wednesdays/Saturdays
- Once a day/week/month/year
- Twice a day/week/month/year
- Three times a day/week/month/year
- Adverbs of Frecuency: Always/Usually/Often/Sometimes/Never

(+) Subj + Verb + Compl (T.E.)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Verb + Compl

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

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Present Continuous :
1. Actions currently in progress
2. To talk about temporary situations
3. To talk about future plans and arragements - Time Trace (moment and/or a date
and/or an hour)

Time Expressions:
1. Now, right now, in this moment, at the moment, currently
2. This week/month/term/year
3. Later, tonight, tomorrow, day after tomorrow, next week/month

(+) Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl

(To-Be)(+ing)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl

(To-Be) (+ing)

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(To-Be) (+ing)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(To-Be) (+ing)

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Present Perfect : To talk about actions in the past which have consecuences in the
present
Life Experiences

***In Present Perfect Tense we DO NOT USE Time Expressions***

Life Experiences
Ever / Never
Have you ever...? : Alguna vez has...? = Have you ever visited Europe? / Have you
ever eaten chontacuros?
I have never... : Yo nunca he... = I have never visited Europe / I've never eaten
chontacuros
I haven't visited Europe / I haven't eaten
chontacuros

Just / Already (+) : Postion is after the Aux and before the main Verb
Just: An action that recently happened
Already: An action that happened before a certain time
Ex. I have done my revision - I've just/already done my revision

Yet (-/?) : Position is at the end of the sentence

Yet: An action that hasn't happened up to now
Ex. I haven't done my revision yet / Have you done your revision yet?

How long...? : To talk about duration.

For : To talk about the period of time something has continued - Introduce a number
or a moment.
Since : To say when something started.
Ex. How long have you studied English?
I have studied English for 10 years / for a month / for two days
I have studied English since 2010 / since January / since last month / since an
hour ago

(+) Subj + Have/Has + Verb + Compl

(Past Part.)

(-) Subj + Have/Has (not) + Verb + Compl

(Past Part.)

(? Y/N) Have/Has + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past Part.)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl
(Have) (Have) (P.P)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl
(Have) (Have) (P.P)

(? Wh) WH + Have/Has + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past Part.)

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Present Perfect Continuous: To talk about an action that has been in progress since
a certain point in the past up to now.

(+) Subj + Have/Has + Been + Verb + Compl

(ing)
(-) Subj + Have/Has (not) + Been + Verb + Compl
(ing)

(? Y/N) Have/Has + Subj + Been + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Been + Verb + Compl
(Have) (Have) (ing)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Been + Verb + Compl
(Have) (Have) (ing)

(? Wh) WH + Have/Has + Subj + Been + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)

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Past Simple: To talk about completed actions and/or statements in the past.

Time Expressions:
- Yesterday, the day before yesterday
- Last day/week/month/year
- Ago: A moment ago, a minute ago, a day ago, a week ago, a month ago, a year ago

(+) Subj + Verb + Compl (T.E.)

(Past)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl

(Past)

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Verb + Compl

(Past) (Past)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl
(Past) (Past)

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past)

Who listened to the new Imagine Drangons album? / Who did(v) this awful drawing? /
Who cleaned the house yesterday?
Whose new album did you listened to?

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Past Continuous: To talk about an action in the past that lasted for a longer
period of time

Time Expressions:
- Yesterday, the day before yesterday
- Last day/week/month/year
- Ago: A moment ago, a minute ago, a day ago, a week ago, a month ago, a year ago
(1)
(+) Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl
(To-Be)(+ing)
(Past)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl

(To-Be) (+ing)
(Past)

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(To-Be) (+ing)
(Past)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)
(Past) (Past)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)
(Past) (Past)

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(To-Be) (+ing)
(Past)

(2) Interruption with WHEN : When a longer action is interrupted by a shorter

action
- Past Continuous + WHEN + Past Simple

- WHEN + Past Simple + (,) + Past Continuous

(3) Interruption with WHILE : When a shorter action is interrupted by a longer

action
- Past Simple + WHILE + Past Continuous

- While + Past Continuos + (,) + Past Simple

(4) Simultaneous Actions / Parallel Actions: Two actions happening at the same time
without encountering each other
- Past Continuous + WHILE + Past Continuous

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Past Perfect: To talk about an event that happened before another past event
(precedent).
It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which
one happened first.

(+) Subj + Had + Verb + Compl

(Past Part.)

(-) Subj + Had (not) + Verb + Compl

(Past Part.)

(? Y/N) Had + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

 (Past Part.)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl
(Had) (Had) (P.P)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl
(Had) (Had) (P.P)

(? Wh) WH + Had + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past Part.)

USAGES:
1. For a completed action in the past.
Expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It
can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

2. Duration before something in the past.

We use the past perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up
until another action in the past.

3. Specific times with the past perfect.

- Unlike with the present perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or
phrases with the past perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not
necessary.

- If the past perfect action did occur at a specific time, the simple past can be
used instead of the past perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence.

- The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the past
perfect is optional.

- If the past perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, past

perfect is not optional.

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Past Perfect Continuous: To talk about an event that happened (for a longer period
of time) before another past event (precedent).

(+) Subj + Had + Been + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(-) Subj + Had (not) + Been + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(? Y/N) Had + Subj + Been + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Been + Verb + Compl
(Had) (Had) (ing)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Been + Verb + Compl
(Had) (Had) (ing)

(? Wh) WH + Had + Subj + Been + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)
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Future Simple: To talk about plans and arragements in some point of the future.

Be Going to:
- To talk about future plans and arragements in a short, medium or long term.
- It's a certain future, which means it's 100% sure to happen.
- We can (or not) use Time Phrases of Time Expressions for this tense.
- To predict things based on previous events or information from before that are
likely to happen.

(1) Be Going To - ///Certain Future - 100%\\\

(+) Subj + Aux + Going to + Verb + Compl I am going to play soccer next
week. / He is going to study for his test tonight
(To-Be) (Inf.)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Going to + Verb + Compl She isn't going to travel to
New York / They aren't going to eat pizza later
(To-Be) (Inf.)

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Going to + Verb + Compl + ? Are you going to go to Mia's
house? / Is she going to come to the party?
(To-Be) (Inf.)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Going to + Verb + Compl
Yes, I am. / Yes, I'm going to go to Mia's house
(To-Be) (To-Be) (Inf.)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Going to + Verb + Compl
No, I'm not. / No, I'm not going to go to Mia's house
(To-Be) (To-Be) (Inf.)

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Going to + Verb + Compl + ? Where are you going to
go tonight? / What is he going to read tomorrow?
(To-Be) (Inf.)

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

(2) Will - ///Uncertain Future - 50/50%\\\

(+) Subj + Will + Verb + Compl I will study English tomorrow

(Inf.)

(-) Subj + Won't + Verb + Compl I won't play video games tonight
(Inf.)

(? Y/N) Will + Subj + Verb + Compl + ? Will they read the homework this
afternoon?
(Inf.)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl Yes, they
will. / Yes, they will read the homework this afternoon
(Will) (Will) (Inf.)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl No,
they won't. / No, they won't read the homework this afternoon
 (Will) (Will) (Inf.)

(? Wh) WH + Will + Subj + Verb + Compl + ? What will the weather be

tomorrow? / What will you do later?
(Inf.)

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

(3) Present Continuous + Time Expression

Time Expressions:
Later, tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month

(+) Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl (T.E.) I'm traveling to London

tonight
(To-Be)(+ing)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl (T.E.) You aren't running this
weekend
(To-Be) (+ing)

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl (T.E.) + ? Is he buying a new car this
afternoon?
(To-Be) (+ing)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl (T.E.) Yes,
he is. / Yes, he's buying a new car this afternoon
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl (T.E.) No, he
isn't. / No, he isn't buying a new car this afternoon
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl (T.E.) + ? When are you leaving the
house? - I'm leaving the house tomorrow morning.
(To-Be) (+ing)

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Future Continuous: To talk about an action that WILL BE in progress in some point
in the future.
Aux. Verb: Will + be

(+) Subj + Will + be + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(-) Subj + Won't + be + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(? Y/N) Will + Subj + be + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + be + Verb + Compl
(Will) (Will) (ing)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + be + Verb + Compl
(Will) (Will) (ing)
(? Wh) WH + Will + Subj + be + Verb + Compl + ?
(ing)

USES:
1. For interrupted actions in the future - Ex. When you get home, I will be
watching this movie.
2. For specific time as an interruptuion in the future - Ex. We will be having
breakfast tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock
3. For the actions already happening now and expected to continue some time in the
future
Ex. We will still be dealing with this task in an hour.
4. To ask questions politely about the future - Ex. Will you be leaving to Mexico
tonight?
5. While expressing the intentions for the future - Ex. I will be helping my mother
during the weekend
6. For parallel actions or a series of parallel actions (sometimes to describe the
atmosphere)
Ex. This time next week, they will be dancing, chatting together and having fun.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Aux. Verb: Going to + be

(+) Subj + Aux + Going to + be + Verb + Compl

(To-Be) (ing)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Going to + be + Verb + Compl

(To-Be) (ing)

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Going to + be + Verb + Compl + ?

(To-Be) (ing)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Going to + be + Verb + Compl
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Going to + be + Verb + Compl
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Going to + be + Verb + Compl + ?

(To-Be) (ing)

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Future Perfect: To talk about completed actions in the future.

(+) Subj + Will + have + Verb + Compl

(Past Part.)

(-) Subj + Won't + have + Verb + Compl

(Past Part.)

(? Y/N) Will + Subj + have + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past Part.)

(S) Yes, Subj + Will / (L) Yes, Subj + Will + have + Verb + Compl
(Past Part.)
(S) No, Subj + Won't / (L) Yes, Subj + Won't + have + Verb + Compl
(Past Part.)

(? WH) Wh + Will + Subj + have + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past Part.)

Notes:
We use the future perfect with a future time word, (and often with 'by') to talk
about an action that will finish before a certain time in the future,
but we don't know exactly when.
By 10 o'clock, I will have finished my homework. (= I will finish my homework some
time before 10, but we don't know exactly when.)
By the time I'm sixty, I will have retired. (= I will retire sometime before I'm
sixty. Maybe when I'm fifty-nine, maybe when I'm fifty-two.)

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Future Perfect Continuous: To talk about actions from the past and/or the present
which will be continuing up to a certain point in the future.

(+) Subj + Will + have + been + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(-) Subj + Won't + have + been + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(? Y/N) Will + Subj + have + been + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)

(S) Yes, Subj + Will / (L) Yes, Subj + Will + have + been + Verb + Compl
(ing)

(S) No, Subj + Won't / (L) Yes, Subj + Won't + have + been + Verb + Compl
(ing)

(? WH) Wh + Will + Subj + have + been + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)

Uses:
1. Duration Before Something in the Future
We use the future perfect continuous to show that something will continue up until
a particular event or time in the future.
"For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can
be used with the future perfect continuous.
Notice that this is related to the present perfect continuous and the past perfect
continuous; however, with future perfect continuous,
the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future.
Ex.
- They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.
- She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally
closes.
- James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time
he leaves for Asia.

2. Cause of Something in the Future

Using the future perfect continuous before another action in the future is a good
way to show cause and effect.
Ex.
- Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over
an hour.
- Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is
going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years.