SSABSA

SENIOR SECONDARY ASSESSMENT BOARD OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA EXTERNAL EXAMINATION 2005

2005 MATHEMATICAL METHODS

FOR OFFICE
USE ONLY Graphics calculator

SUPERVISOR ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL Brand

CHECK
TO THIS BOX Model
Computer software

Friday 18 November: 9 a.m.

RE-MARKED Pages: 41
Time: 3 hours Questions: 15

Examination material: one 41-page question booklet

one SACE registration number label

Approved dictionaries, notes, calculators, and computer software may be used.

Instructions to Candidates

1. You will have 10 minutes to read the paper. You must not write in your question booklet or use a calculator
during this reading time but you may make notes on the scribbling paper provided.

2. Answer all parts of Questions 1 to 15 in the spaces provided in this question booklet. There is no need to
fill all the space provided. You may write on pages 7, 17, 21, 31, 38, and 39 if you need more space, making
sure to label each answer clearly.

3. The total mark is approximately 158. The allocation of marks is shown below:

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Marks 8 12 6 9 10 8 18 11 7 14 5 10 12 13 15

4. Appropriate steps of logic and correct answers are required for full marks.

5. Show all working in this booklet. (You are strongly advised not to use scribbling paper. Work that you
consider incorrect should be crossed out with a single line.)

6. Use only black or blue pens for all work other than graphs and diagrams, for which you may use a sharp
dark pencil.

7. State all answers correct to three significant figures, unless otherwise stated or as appropriate.

8. Diagrams, where given, are not necessarily drawn to scale.

9. The list of mathematical formulae is on page 41. You may remove the page from this booklet before the
examination begins.

10. Complete the box on the top right-hand side of this page with information about the electronic technology
you are using in this examination.

11. Attach your SACE registration number label to the box at the top of this page.
QUESTION 1

(a) Sketch the graph of the constraints below and shade the feasible region.

5 x  2 y b 19
x  2 y r 10
x r 0 and y r 0

(3 marks)

(b) A linear objective function of x and y can be optimised over the feasible region you
sketched in part (a).
Determine the exact coordinates of the points that are potential optimal solutions.

(3 marks)

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(c) Consider the objective function P = kx, where k is a positive constant.
Find the optimal solution for the problem of maximising P over the feasible region
you sketched in part (a).
Explain why this is the optimal solution for all positive values of k.

(2 marks)

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QUESTION 2

Chocolates are randomly selected from a large bin and packed into gift boxes of twenty-
five. In the bin 60% of chocolates are soft-centred chocolates and 40% are hard-centred
chocolates.
Let X be the number of soft-centred chocolates in a randomly selected gift box of
twenty-five chocolates.

(a) Describe the distribution of X, giving any relevant values.

(3 marks)

(b) Calculate the probability that a randomly selected gift box of twenty-five chocolates
will contain:

(i) exactly eight soft-centred chocolates.

(1 mark)

(ii) fewer than twelve soft-centred chocolates.

(2 marks)

(iii) from twelve to sixteen soft-centred chocolates.

(3 marks)

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(c) Using appropriate probability calculations, verify the following claim: ‘A randomly
selected gift box of twenty-five chocolates will contain more soft-centred chocolates
than hard-centred chocolates’.

(3 marks)

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QUESTION 3

(a) Without simplifying, find:

dy 1
(i) where y ( x)  .
dx (3 x)

(2 marks)

dz
(ii) where z ( x)  5 x3  6e 2 x.
dx

(2 marks)

x2 x4
(b) Find the rate of change of w(x) at x = 1 where w(x) = 1   .
2 24

(2 marks)

6
You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers. Make sure to label each
answer carefully (e.g. ‘Question 3(a)(i) continued’).

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QUESTION 4

The graph of f (x) = x ln x is shown below:

f (x)

0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6
-1

(a) Describe how f (x) changes as x increases.

(2 marks)

(b) Evaluate the average rate of change of f (x) for the interval 3 b x b 5.

(2 marks)

8
(c) (i) Find an expression for  f a ( x) .

(2 marks)

(ii) Using your answer to part (c)(i), determine the instantaneous rate of change
when x = 2.

(1 mark)

(iii) Use the graph opposite to illustrate the meaning of  f a (2) .
(2 marks)

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QUESTION 5

David is a taxi driver who works only on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday each week. Last
week he recorded the number of jobs that he did, both during the day and at night. This is
presented in matrix A below:
Fri. Sat. Sun.
day ¨ 0 4 3 ·
A= © ¸
night ª 6 5 1 ¹

¨1 ·
© ¸
(a) Let B  <1 1 > and C  1 .
© ¸
©ª 1 ¸¹

Using matrix multiplication, evaluate, where possible:

(i) matrix D where D = BA.

(1 mark)

(ii) matrix E where E = AC.

(1 mark)

(iii) matrix F where F = CA.

(1 mark)

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(b) If the entries in matrix D represent the number of jobs that David did on each of Friday,
Saturday, and Sunday, what do the entries in matrix E represent?

(1 mark)

(c) Let matrices P and Q below represent two possible methods of payment that could be
used by the taxi company that employs David:

$
Fri. ¨ 25 · day night
© ¸
P = Sat. 30
© ¸
and Q =$ < 18 32 >
Sun. ©
ª16 ¸¹

(i) Using matrices D, E, P, and Q, calculate the amount of money David would be
paid by each of the two methods of payment.

(4 marks)

(ii) Which method of payment would enable David to earn more? How much more
would David be paid?

(2 marks)

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QUESTION 6

A farmer must transport 1000 sheep and 100 cattle to market.

Two types of transport are available in sufficient numbers: semi-trailers that can each carry
fifty sheep and ten cattle, and trucks that can each carry forty sheep and three cattle.
The operating cost to go to market is $200 for each semi-trailer and $150 for each truck.
Let x be the integer number of semi-trailers to be used and y be the integer number of
trucks to be used.

(a) State the constraints that represent the information above.

(3 marks)

(b) Is it feasible to have a solution of sixteen semi-trailers and five trucks? Explain your
answer.

(2 marks)

(c) (i) State the objective function for the cost of the transport to market.

(1 mark)

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(ii) Which one of the following feasible solutions is more cost effective? Tick the
appropriate box.
Solution A: eight semi-trailers and fifteen trucks
Solution B: five semi-trailers and twenty trucks
Give a reason for your answer.

(2 marks)

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QUESTION 7

The weight W of chocolates obtained from the supplier Wendle is normally distributed with
a mean  NW  of 10.1 grams and a standard deviation T W  of 0.2 grams.

(a) Complete the following sentence: ‘Ninety-five per cent of Wendle chocolates weigh
between grams and grams’.
(2 marks)

(b) Calculate the probability that a randomly selected Wendle chocolate will weigh:

(i) more than 10 grams.

(2 marks)

(ii) between 9.75 grams and 10.25 grams.

(1 mark)

(c) Twenty-five per cent of Wendle chocolates weigh less than k grams.

(i) Draw a diagram to illustrate this.

(1 mark)

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 (ii) Determine the value of k.

(2 marks)

(d) Viccio, a new supplier, claims that the weight V of its chocolates has a
mean NV  of 10.2 grams and a standard deviation T V  of 0.25 grams.
Fifty Viccio chocolates are randomly selected to test this claim. Their total weight is
507.5 grams.

(i) Find the average weight correct to two decimal places of the fifty randomly
selected Viccio chocolates.

(1 mark)

(ii) Assuming that V is normally distributed, find the 95% confidence interval for
NV correct to two decimal places.

(2 marks)

(iii) Is it reasonable for Viccio to claim that the mean weight of its chocolates is
10.2 grams? Explain your answer.

(2 marks)

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(iv) What number of Viccio chocolates would be needed to obtain a 95% confidence
interval of width 0.1?

(3 marks)

(v) If V is not normally distributed, do your answers to part (d)(ii) and (iii) still
apply? Explain your answer.

(2 marks)

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You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers. Make sure to label each
answer carefully (e.g. ‘Question 3(a)(i) continued’).

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QUESTION 8

A cyclist on a 5-hour journey through the hills carries an instrument that measures height
above sea level.
The journey is in two stages, represented by the two parabolic curves in the graph below:

H (metres × 100)
4

t (hours)
0 1 2 3 3.5 4 5

(a) (i) Verify that the first stage of the journey can be expressed by the algebraic
model
H (t )   2t 2  4t  1
where t is the number of hours of the journey, and H is the height above sea
level of the cyclist for 0 b t b 2.

(2 marks)

(ii) Interpret the point (1, 3).

(2 marks)

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 (iii) When does the cyclist first reach 275 metres above sea level?

(1 mark)

(b) Explain why it is not useful to consider the average rate of change of height above
sea level over the first 2 hours of the cyclist’s journey.

(2 marks)

(c) (i) Find an expression for  H a (t )  for 0 b t b 2.

(1 mark)

(ii) Determine the instantaneous rate of change of height above sea level at the end
of the first 2 hours of the cyclist’s journey.

(1 mark)

(iii) Interpret your answer to part (c)(ii).

(2 marks)

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QUESTION 9

Suppose that 6% of people in Australia have the blood type O-negative. Suppose also that
the Red Cross:
• anticipates the need to collect blood from at least 1150 donors with O-negative blood in
the coming year;
• estimates that it will collect blood from 20 000 donors, of all blood types, in the coming
year.
Let X be the number of donors with O-negative blood. Assume X to have an approximate
binomial distribution.

(a) What are the values of n and p?

(2 marks)

(b) Write down the mean and standard deviation of X.

(2 marks)

(c) Using your answer to part (b), calculate the approximate probability that the target of
at least 1150 donors with O-negative blood will not be met.

(3 marks)

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You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers. Make sure to label each
answer carefully (e.g. ‘Question 3(a)(i) continued’).

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QUESTION 10

A hospital patient is given a pain-relieving drug by injection. The concentration of the drug
in the blood can be modelled by the function
C (t )  50t.e 3t
where C (t) is the concentration, in units, of the drug in the blood at time t hours after the
drug is given.

(a) On the axes below, sketch a graph of C (t) for the first 3 hours after the drug is given.

C(t)

t (hours)
0 1 2 3 4

(2 marks)

dC
(b) (i) Find .
dt

(3 marks)

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 dC
(ii) Solve  0.
dt

(2 marks)

(iii) What is the highest concentration of the drug in the blood?

(1 mark)

(iv) On the graph in part (a), clearly show the point when the drug is at its highest
concentration in the blood by labelling it as A.
(1 mark)

(c) Find the values C a (1) and C a (3) .

(2 marks)

(d) Using your answers to parts (b) and (c), describe how the concentration of the drug
in the blood changes over time.

(3 marks)

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QUESTION 11

A linear programming technique has been applied to a situation where the variables are the
number of trains (x) and the number of planes (y) produced by a toy manufacturing
company.
The following feasible region results.
Assume that all vertices A to J have integer coordinates.

y (planes)

B
D

x (trains)
0 F H J

(a) Suppose that c1 is the profit made on each train and c2 is the profit made on each
plane. Hence the values c1 and c2 can be assumed to be positive constants.

(i) The profit function is

P = c1 x + c2  y
and is represented on the graph above by the broken lines.
Which labelled point on the graph is the optimal solution that will maximise
the profit?

(1 mark)

(ii) Give a reason for your choice in part (a)(i).

(1 mark)

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(b) As a result of an improved manufacturing process, the profit made on each train
increases to become c3, whereas the profit made on each plane remains constant, such
that the profit function now is
P = c3 x + c2  y.

(i) Which labelled points on the graph opposite could now be the optimal
solution?

(2 marks)

(ii) Explain why the points you identified in part (b)(i) could now be the optimal
solution.

(1 mark)

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QUESTION 12

In a survey by a Sunday newspaper, 100 Melbourne residents voted for their favourite sports
commentator by sending in a voting coupon. Thirty-one per cent voted for Kim Lee, a
famous sportsperson.

(a) A different sample of 100 Melbourne residents would not be expected to produce the
same percentage as that above. Explain why.

(1 mark)

(b) (i) Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of all Melbourne
residents who would have voted for Kim Lee at that time.

(2 marks)

(ii) Interpret the meaning of your answer to part (b)(i).

(2 marks)

26
 (iii) If the number of Melbourne residents surveyed had been increased to 1000,
describe the effect that this would have on the 95% confidence interval.

(1 mark)

(iv) Do you think that the result from part (b)(i) can be extended to all Australians?
Give a reason for your answer.

(2 marks)

(c) In another survey conducted Australia-wide, television viewers were asked to vote for
their favourite sports commentator by phoning in their responses.
Would the confidence interval limits based on the first 100 responses be valid? Give a
reason for your answer.

(2 marks)

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QUESTION 13

Parents are concerned about their child Anna, who seems short for her age. A doctor has
been recording Anna’s height for 2 years. The data are presented in the table below:

Age (months) 36 48 51 54 57 60
Height (centimetres) 86 90 91 93 94 95

A scatter plot of the data is shown below:

96
95
94
93
height (centimetres)

92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
age (months)

(a) Since a strong linear pattern has been observed, the data can be represented by the
linear equation
y = mx + c.

(i) Describe the variables represented by x and y.

(2 marks)

(ii) Determine approximate values for the constants m and c.

(2 marks)

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 (iii) According to the linear model, what is Anna’s average rate of change of height
per month?

(1 mark)

Growth rate is defined as the average rate of change of height per month.

(b) Normally, children grow about 6 centimetres in height between the ages of 48 months
and 60 months.

(i) What growth rate does this correspond to?

(1 mark)

(ii) How does Anna’s growth rate compare with the normal growth rate for
children?

(1 mark)

(c) As a result of Anna’s growth rate, the doctor decides to do more tests. Anna is found
to have a growth hormone deficiency. The doctor treats Anna by giving her small
doses of a synthetic hormone at the age of 60 months. From this time Anna’s growth
rate is the same as the normal growth rate for children.

(i) Predict Anna’s height at the age of 70 months following her treatment with a
synthetic hormone.

(2 marks)

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(ii) Predict Anna’s height at the age of 70 months if she is not treated with a
synthetic hormone.

(1 mark)

(iii) Are your predictions in part (c)(i) and (ii) reliable? Explain your answer.

(2 marks)

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You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers. Make sure to label each
answer carefully (e.g. ‘Question 3(a)(i) continued’).

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QUESTION 14

A new car is purchased for $25 000. It depreciates in value by 12% per year.

(a) The equation

t
¥ r ´
Pt  Po ¦ 1  µ
§ 100 ¶

gives the value of the car t years after the purchase date, where Po is the original
sales price and r is the depreciation rate.

Using the equation, find the value of the car after 3 years.

(2 marks)

t
¥ r ´
(b) (i) Explain why Pt  Po ¦1  µ is an exponential model and not a power
§ 100 ¶
model.

(2 marks)

(ii) Determine the logarithmic equation for the model in part (b)(i).

(3 marks)

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 (iii) How long would it take for a newly purchased car to halve in value if the
depreciation rate is 12% per year? Round your answer up to the next whole
year.

(3 marks)

(c) What would the depreciation rate be if the value of a newly purchased car halved
after exactly 6 years?

(3 marks)

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QUESTION 15

The table below shows stopping distances, in metres, for one particular car that was tested
three times at each of five different speeds, in kilometres per hour (km/h).

Speed (km/h) Stopping distance (metres)

20 12.5
20 10.9
20 11.2
40 25.7
40 26.3
40 22.2
60 43.6
60 44.7
60 40.6
80 70.4
80 61.9
80 72.5
100 98.4
100 99.6
100 90.3

We hope to create a model to predict the stopping distance of this car from its speed.

(a) A scatter plot of the data is shown below:

100
90
stopping distance (metres)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
speed (km/h)

Explain why stopping distance is plotted on the vertical axis and speed on the
horizontal axis.

(2 marks)

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(b) When a linear model was fitted to the data, the following residual plot was obtained:

10.0

7.5

5.0

2.5
residual

0.0

-2.5

-5.0

-7.5

-10.0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

speed (km/h)

(i) Using the residual plot above, explain why this linear model is not suitable for
predicting the stopping distance of the car from its speed.

(2 marks)

(ii) Would you expect this linear model to underestimate or overestimate the
stopping distances of the car for a speed of around 70 km/h? Explain your
answer.

(2 marks)

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(c) When a linear model was fitted using distance as the dependent variable instead of
distance, the following residual plot was obtained:

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
residual

0.0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3
-0.4
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

speed (km/h)

Using the residual plot above, explain why this is a better model for predicting the
stopping distance of the car from its speed than the model fitted in part (b).

(2 marks)

(d) The equation of the line of best fit for the model in part (c) is

distance  1.7652  0.0805speed .

(i) Predict the stopping distance when the car is travelling at 75 km/h.

(2 marks)

36
 (ii) Would you feel confident about using this equation to predict the stopping
distance when the car is travelling at 150 km/h? Explain your answer.

(2 marks)

(iii) Would you feel confident about using this equation to predict the stopping
distance for speeds of between 20 km/h and 100 km/h for a different car?
Explain your answer.

(2 marks)

(e) From the equation in part (d), the residual is -0.223 when the speed of the car is
60 km/h and its stopping distance is 44.7 metres.
Show this residual on the residual plot in part (c) by clearly labelling it as point A.
(1 mark)

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You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers. Make sure to label each
answer carefully (e.g. ‘Question 3(a)(i) continued’).

38
You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers. Make sure to label each
answer carefully (e.g. ‘Question 3(a)(i) continued’).

© Senior Secondary Assessment Board of South Australia 2005

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SSABSA

40
You may remove this page from the booklet by tearing along the perforations so that you can refer to it
while you write your answers.

LIST OF MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE FOR USE IN

STAGE 2 MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Standardised Normal Distribution Binomial Probability

A measurement scale X is transformed into a P( X k ) C kn p k (1  p) n  k
standard scale Z, using the formula
where p is the probability of a success in one trial and
X P the possible values of X are k = 0,1, . . . n and
Z .
V
where m is the population mean and sÿ is the n! n(n  1) . . . (n  k  1)
C kn .
standard deviation for the population distribution. (n  k )!k! k!

Confidence Interval — Mean Binomial Mean and Standard Deviation

A 95% confidence interval for the mean m of a The mean and standard deviation of a binomial count X
normal population with standard deviation s, X
based on a simple random sample of size n with and a proportion of successes pˆ n are
sample mean x , is P X np N ( pˆ )  p
V V
x  1.96 d P d x  1.96 . p (1  p )
n n T X  np (1  p ) T ( pˆ )  n
For suitably large samples, an approximate
where p is the probability of a success in one trial.
95% confidence interval can be obtained by using
the sample standard deviation s in place of s.
Derivatives
Sample Size — Mean dy
f ( x) y f c( x)
The sample size n required to obtain dx
a 95% confidence interval of width w xn nx n 1
for the mean of a normal population with
standard deviation sÿ is e kx ke kx
2 1
§ 2 u 1.96V · ln x log e x x
n ¨ ¸ .
© w ¹

Properties of Derivatives
Confidence Interval — Population Proportion d
{ f ( x)  g ( x)} f c( x)  g c( x)
An approximate 95% confidence interval for the dx
population proportion p, based on a large simple
d
random sample of size n with sample proportion { f ( x)  g ( x)} f c( x )  g c( x)
dx
X d
n is
pˆ , {k f ( x)} k f c( x)
dx
pˆ (1  pˆ ) pˆ (1  pˆ ) d
pˆ  1.96 d p d pˆ  1.96 . { f ( x) g ( x)}  f a ( x) g ( x )  f ( x ) g a ( x)
n n
dx
d
f ( g ( x)) f c( g ( x)) g c( x )
dx
Sample Size — Proportion
The sample size n required to obtain an approximate
95% confidence interval of approximate width w for a Laws of Logarithms
proportion is
2
log A  log B log AB
§ 2 u 1.96 ·
n ¨ ¸ p (1  p ). log A  log B log
A
© w ¹ B
( p is a given preliminary value for the proportion) log A n  n log A
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