Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in

Article Talk Read Edit View history Search Wikipedia

Hindu texts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main page Hindu texts are manuscripts and voluminous historical literature related to any of the
Part of a series on
Contents diverse traditions within Hinduism. A few texts are shared resources across these traditions
Current events
Hindu scriptures and texts
and broadly considered as Hindu scriptures.[1][2] These include the Puranas, Itihasa and
Random article
Vedas. Scholars hesitate in defining the term "Hindu scriptures" given the diverse nature of
About Wikipedia
Hinduism,[2][3] but many list the Bhagavad Gita and the Agamas as Hindu scriptures,[2][3][4]
Contact us
Donate and Dominic Goodall includes Bhagavata Purana and Yajnavalkya Smriti in the list of Hindu
scriptures as well.[2]
Contribute
Contents [hide] Shruti · Smriti
Help
Vedas [hide]
Learn to edit 1 History
Rigveda · Samaveda · Yajurveda · Atharvaveda
Community portal 2 Vedas
Recent changes 3 Upanishads Divisions
Upload file Samhita · Brahmana · Aranyaka · Upanishads
4 Smriti
5 Puranas Upanishads [show]
Tools
6 Other Hindu texts
What links here Other scriptures [hide]
7 Historical significance
Related changes Bhagavad Gita · Agamas
Special pages 8 See also
Related Hindu texts
Permanent link 9 Notes
Vedangas [hide]
Page information 10 References
Shiksha · Chandas · Vyakarana · Nirukta ·
Cite this page 10.1 Bibliography
Kalpa · Jyotisha
Wikidata item 11 Further reading
Puranas [hide]
12 External links
Print/export Brahma puranas
Download as PDF Brahma · Brahmānda · Brahmavaivarta ·
Markandeya · Bhavishya
Printable version
History [ edit ]
Vaishnava puranas
In other projects There are two historic classifications of Hindu texts: Shruti – that which is heard,[5] and Smriti Vishnu · Bhagavata · Naradiya · Garuda ·
Wikimedia Commons – that which is remembered.[6] The Shruti refers to the body of most authoritative, ancient Padma · Vamana · Varaha Purana · Kurma ·
religious texts, believed to be eternal knowledge authored neither by human nor divine Matsya
Languages
agent but transmitted by sages (rishis). These comprise the central canon of Hinduism.[5][7] It Shaiva puranas
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ‬ Shiva · Linga · Skanda · Vayu · Agni
includes the four Vedas including its four types of embedded texts - the Samhitas, the
বাংলা
Brahmanas, the Aranyakas and the early Upanishads.[8] Of the Shrutis (Vedic corpus), the [hide]
भोजपुरी Itihasa
Español
Upanishads alone are widely influential among Hindus, considered scriptures par excellence Ramayana · Mahabharata
ગુજરાતી of Hinduism, and their central ideas have continued to influence its thoughts and
Shastras and Sutras [hide]
िह दी traditions.[9][10]
Dharma Shastra · Artha Shastra · Kamasutra ·
ಕನ ಡ
The Smriti texts are a specific body of Hindu texts attributed to an author,[8] as a derivative Brahma Sutras · Samkhya Sutras ·
ల
ె గ Mimamsa Sutras · Nyāya Sūtras ·
work they are considered less authoritative than Shruti in Hinduism.[6] The Smriti literature is
‫ﺍﺭﺩﻭ‬ Vaiśeṣika Sūtra · Yoga Sutras ·
a vast corpus of diverse texts, and includes but is not limited to Vedāngas, the Hindu epics, Pramana Sutras · Charaka Samhita ·
12 more Sushruta Samhita · Natya Shastra ·
the Sutras and Shastras, the texts of Hindu philosophies, the Puranas, the Kāvya or poetical
Vastu Shastra · Panchatantra ·
Edit links literature, the Bhasyas, and numerous Nibandhas (digests) covering politics, ethics, culture,
Divya Prabandha · Tirumurai ·
arts and society.[11][12] Ramcharitmanas · Yoga Vasistha ·
Swara yoga · Shiva Samhita ·
Many ancient and medieval Hindu texts were composed in Sanskrit, many others in regional
Gheranda Samhita · Panchadasi ·
Indian languages. In modern times, most ancient texts have been translated into other Indian Vedantasara · Stotra
languages and some in non-Indian languages.[2] Prior to the start of the common era, the
Timeline [hide]
Hindu texts were composed orally, then memorized and transmitted orally, from one
Chronology of Hindu texts
generation to next, for more than a millennia before they were written down into
manuscripts.[13][14] This verbal tradition of preserving and transmitting Hindu texts, from one V ·T ·E

generation to next, continued into the modern era.[13][14]

Vedas [ edit ] Sanskrit manuscripts colophon

जला े ैला े ेि छिथलब धनात् |

Main article: Vedas
मूखह ते न मां द ािदित वदित पु तकम् ||
The Vedas are a large body of Hindu texts originating in Vedic period in northern India, the
Rig Veda being composed ca. 1200 BCE, and its Samhita and Brahmanas complete before 'Save me from water,
about 800 BCE.[16] Composed in Vedic Sanskrit hymns, the texts constitute the oldest layer of protect me from oil,
and from loose binding,
Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.[17][18][19] Hindus consider the Vedas
And do not give me into the hands of fools!'
to be apauruṣeya, which means "not of a man, superhuman"[20] and "impersonal,
says the manuscript.
authorless".[21][22][23] The knowledge in the Vedas is believed in Hinduism to be eternal,
—Anonymous verse frequently found
uncreated, neither authored by human nor by divine source, but seen, heard and transmitted
at the end of Sanskrit manuscripts[15]
by sages.[7]

Vedas are also called śruti ("what is heard") literature,[24] distinguishing them from
other religious texts, which are called smṛti ("what is remembered"). The Veda, for
orthodox Indian theologians, are considered revelations, some way or other the
work of the Deity.[25] In the Hindu Epic the Mahabharata, the creation of Vedas is
credited to Brahma.[26]

There are four Vedas: the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda and the
Atharvaveda.[27][28] Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types –
the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals,
ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries
on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (text discussing
meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).[27][29][30]

Upanishads [ edit ] Manuscripts of 18th-century Hindu texts in

Sanskrit(Devanagari) and Odia.
Main article: Upanishad

The Upanishads are a collection of Hindu texts which contain some of the central
philosophical concepts of Hinduism.[31][note 1]

The Upanishads are commonly referred to as Vedānta, variously interpreted to mean either the "last chapters, parts of the Veda" or "the
object, the highest purpose of the Veda".[32] The concepts of Brahman (Ultimate Reality) and Ātman (Soul, Self) are central ideas in all the
Upanishads,[33][34] and "Know your Ātman" their thematic focus.[34] The Upanishads are the foundation of Hindu philosophical thought and
its diverse traditions.[10][35] Of the Vedic corpus, they alone are widely known, and the central ideas of the Upanishads have had a lasting
influence on Hindu philosophy.[9][10]

More than 200 Upanishads are known, of which the first dozen or so are the oldest and most important and are referred to as the
principal or main (mukhya) Upanishads.[36][37] The mukhya Upanishads are found mostly in the concluding part of the Brahmanas and
Aranyakas[38] and were, for centuries, memorized by each generation and passed down verbally. The early Upanishads all predate the
Common Era, some in all likelihood pre-Buddhist (6th century BCE),[39] down to the Maurya period.[40] Of the remainder, some 95
Upanishads are part of the Muktika canon, composed from about the start of common era through medieval Hinduism. New Upanishads,
beyond the 108 in the Muktika canon, continued being composed through the early modern and modern era, though often dealing with
subjects unconnected to Hinduism.[41][42]

Smriti [ edit ]

The texts that appeared afterwards were called smriti. Smriti is a literature which includes various Shastras and Itihasas (epics like
Ramayana, Mahabharata), Harivamsa Puranas, Agamas and Darshanas.

The Sutras and Shastras texts were compilations of technical or specialized knowledge in a defined area. The earliest are dated to later
half of the 1st millennium BCE. The Dharma-shastras (law books), derivatives of the Dharma-sutras. Other examples were
bhautikashastra "physics", rasayanashastra "chemistry", jīvashastra "biology", vastushastra "architectural science", shilpashastra "science
of sculpture", arthashastra "economics" and nītishastra "political science".[43] It also includes Tantras and Agama literature.[44]

This genre of texts includes the Sutras and Shastras of the six schools of Hindu philosophy:
Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta.[45][46]

Puranas [ edit ]

Main article: Puranas

The Puranas are a vast genre of Hindu texts that encyclopedically cover a wide range of topics,
particularly legends and other traditional lore.[47] Composed primarily in Sanskrit, but also in
regional languages,[48][49] several of these texts are named after major Hindu deities such as Lord
Vishnu, Lord Shiva and Goddess Devi.[50][51]

The Puranic literature is encyclopedic,[52] and it includes diverse topics such as cosmogony,
cosmology, genealogies of gods, goddesses, kings, heroes, sages, and demigods, folk tales,
pilgrimages, temples, medicine, astronomy, grammar, mineralogy, humor, love stories, as well as
theology and philosophy.[47][49][50] The content is diverse across the Puranas, and each Purana
has survived in numerous manuscripts which are themselves voluminous and comprehensive.
The Hindu Puranas are anonymous texts and likely the work of many authors over the centuries;
in contrast, most Jaina Puranas can be dated and their authors assigned.[48]
A 19th century manuscript of the
There are 18 Maha Puranas (Great Puranas) and 18 Upa Puranas (Minor Puranas),[53] with over
Hindu text Bhagavad Gita
400,000 verses.[47] The Puranas do not enjoy the authority of a scripture in Hinduism,[53] but are
considered a Smriti.[54] These Hindu texts have been influential in the Hindu culture, inspiring
major national and regional annual festivals of Hinduism.[55] The Bhagavata Purana has been among the most celebrated and popular
text in the Puranic genre.[56][57]

Other Hindu texts [ edit ]

Hindu texts for specific fields, in Sanskrit and other regional languages, have been reviewed as follows:

Field Reviewer Reference

Agriculture and food Gyula Wojtilla [58]

P Acharya, [59][60]
Architecture
B Dagens
Devotionalism Karen Pechelis [61]
 Field Reviewer Reference
AB Keith,
Drama, dance and performance arts Rachel Baumer and James Brandon, [62][63][64]

Mohan Khokar
Education, school system Hartmut Scharfe [65]

Epics John Brockington [66]

Gnomic and didactic literature Ludwik Sternbach [67]

Grammar Hartmut Scharfe [68]

Law and jurisprudence J Duncan M Derrett [69]

Lexicography Claus Vogel [70]

Kim Plofker [71][72]

Mathematics and exact sciences
David Pingree
MS Valiathan, [73][74]
Medicine
Kenneth Zysk
Emmie te Nijenhuis, [75][76]
Music
Lewis Rowell
Mythology Ludo Rocher [77]

Philosophy Karl Potter [78]

Poetics Edwin Gerow, Siegfried Lienhard [79]

Gender and Sex Johann Jakob Meyer [80]

State craft, politics Patrick Olivelle [81]

Tantrism, Agamas Teun Goudriaan [82]

Temples, Sculpture Stella Kramrisch [83]

Scriptures (Vedas and Upanishads) Jan Gonda [84]

Historical significance [ edit ]

The Hindu scriptures provide the early documented history of arts and sciences forms in India such as music, dance, sculptures,
architecture, astronomy, science, mathematics, medicine and wellness. Valmiki's Ramayana (500 BCE to 100 BCE) mentions music and
singing by Gandharvas, dance by Apsaras such as Urvashi, Rambha, Menaka, Tilottama Panchāpsaras, and by Ravana's wives who
excelling in nrityageeta or "singing and dancing" and nritavaditra or "playing musical instruments").[85] The evidence of earliest dance
related texts are in Natasutras, which are mentioned in the text of Panini, the sage who wrote the classic on Sanskrit grammar, and who is
dated to about 500 BCE.[86][87] This performance arts related Sutra text is mentioned in other late Vedic texts, as are two scholars names
Shilalin (IAST: Śilālin) and Krishashva (Kṛśaśva), credited to be pioneers in the studies of ancient drama, singing, dance and Sanskrit
compositions for these arts.[86][88] Richmond et al. estimate the Natasutras to have been composed around 600 BCE, whose complete
manuscript has not survived into the modern age.[87][86]

See also [ edit ]

Hindu Epics
Hindu eschatology
List of Hindu scriptures
List of historic Indian texts
List of sutras
Prasthanatrayi
Sanskrit literature
Timeline of Hindu texts

Notes [ edit ]

1. ^ These include rebirth, karma, moksha, ascetic techniques and renunciation.[31]

References [ edit ]

1. ^ Frazier, Jessica (2011), The Continuum companion to Hindu studies, London: Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-9966-0, pages 1–15
2. ^ a bc de Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-20778-3, page ix-xliii
3. ^a b Klaus Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4, pages 46–
52, 76–77
4. ^ RC Zaehner (1992), Hindu Scriptures, Penguin Random House, ISBN 978-0-679-41078-2, pages 1–11 and Preface
5. ^ a b James Lochtefeld (2002), "Shruti", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8,
page 645
6. ^ a b
James Lochtefeld (2002), "Smrti", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8,
page 656–657
7. ^ a b Ramdas Lamb (2002). Rapt in the Name: The Ramnamis, Ramnam, and Untouchable Religion in Central India . State University of New
York Press. pp. 183–185. ISBN 978-0-7914-5386-5.
8. ^ a b
Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1988), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-1867-6, pages
2–3
 9. ^ a b
Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanisads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-535242-9, page 3; Quote: "Even though
theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth [shruti], in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the
life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism".
10. ^ a bc Wendy Doniger (1990), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, 1st Edition, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-61847-0,
pages 2–3; Quote: "The Upanishads supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy; they alone of the Vedic corpus are widely known and quoted
by most well-educated Hindus, and their central ideas have also become a part of the spiritual arsenal of rank-and-file Hindus."
11. ^ Purushottama Bilimoria (2011), The idea of Hindu law, Journal of Oriental Society of Australia, Vol. 43, pages 103–130
12. ^ Roy Perrett (1998), Hindu Ethics: A Philosophical Study, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-2085-5, pages 16–18
13. ^ a b Michael Witzel, "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in: Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,
ISBN 1-4051-3251-5, pages 68–71
14. ^ a b
William Graham (1993), Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion, Cambridge University Press,
ISBN 978-0-521-44820-8, pages 67–77
15. ^ Sanskrit Manuscripts Project , A Collection, Cambridge Digital Library, University of Cambridge
16. ^ Gavin D. Flood (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism . Cambridge University Press. pp. 37 –39. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.
17. ^ see e.g. MacDonell 2004, pp. 29–39; Sanskrit literature (2003) in Philip's Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-09
18. ^ see e.g. Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957, p. 3; Witzel, Michael, "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in: Flood 2003, p. 68; MacDonell 2004, pp. 29–39;
Sanskrit literature (2003) in Philip's Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-09
19. ^ Sanujit Ghose (2011). "Religious Developments in Ancient India " in Ancient History Encyclopedia.
20. ^ Vaman Shivaram Apte, The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary , see apauruSeya
21. ^ D Sharma, Classical Indian Philosophy: A Reader, Columbia University Press, pages 196–197
22. ^ Jan Westerhoff (2009), Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-538496-3, page 290
23. ^ Warren Lee Todd (2013), The Ethics of Śaṅkara and Śāntideva: A Selfless Response to an Illusory World, ISBN 978-1-4094-6681-9, page 128
24. ^ Apte 1965, p. 887
25. ^ Müller 1891, pp. 17–18
26. ^ Seer of the Fifth Veda: Kr̥ṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa in the Mahābhārata Bruce M. Sullivan, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 85–86
27. ^ a b Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0, pages 35–39
28. ^ Bloomfield, M. The Atharvaveda and the Gopatha-Brahmana, (Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde II.1.b.) Strassburg
1899; Gonda, J. A history of Indian literature: I.1 Vedic literature (Samhitas and Brahmanas); I.2 The Ritual Sutras. Wiesbaden 1975, 1977
29. ^ A Bhattacharya (2006), Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology, ISBN 978-0-595-38455-6, pages 8–14; George M. Williams
(2003), Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2, page 285
30. ^ Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-01603-2
31. ^ a b
Olivelle 1998, p. xxiii.
32. ^ Max Muller, The Upanishads , Part 1, Oxford University Press, page LXXXVI footnote 1
33. ^ Mahadevan 1956, p. 59.
34. ^ a b PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-88706-139-4, pages 35–36
35. ^ Wiman Dissanayake (1993), Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice (Editors: Thomas P. Kasulis et al.), State University of New York
Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-1080-6, page 39; Quote: "The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought and the central theme
of the Upanishads is the identity of Atman and Brahman, or the inner self and the cosmic self.";
Michael McDowell and Nathan Brown (2009), World Religions, Penguin, ISBN 978-1-59257-846-7, pages 208–210
36. ^ Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-14485-8,
Chapter 1
37. ^ E Easwaran (2007), The Upanishads, ISBN 978-1-58638-021-2, pages 298–299
38. ^ Mahadevan 1956, p. 56.
39. ^ Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-512435-4, page 12–14
40. ^ King & Ācārya 1995, p. 52.
41. ^ Ranade 1926, p. 12.
42. ^ Varghese 2008, p. 101.
43. ^ Jan Gonda (1970 through 1987), A History of Indian Literature, Volumes 1 to 7, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-02676-5
44. ^ Teun Goudriaan and Sanjukta Gupta (1981), Hindu Tantric and Śākta Literature, A History of Indian Literature, Volume 2, Otto Harrassowitz
Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-02091-6, pages 7–14
45. ^ Andrew Nicholson (2013), Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-
231-14987-7, pages 2–5
46. ^ Karl Potter (1991), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0779-2
47. ^ a bc
Greg Bailey (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy (Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-17281-3, pages 437–439
48. ^ a b John Cort (1993), Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts (Editor: Wendy Doniger), State University of
New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-1382-1, pages 185–204
49. ^ a b
Gregory Bailey (2003), The Study of Hinduism (Editor: Arvind Sharma), The University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-57003-449-7,
page 139
50. ^ a b
Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-02522-5, pages 1–5, 12–21
51. ^ Nair, Shantha N. (2008). Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom: The Universal Hindu Vision and Its Edifice . Hindology Books. p. 266.
ISBN 978-81-223-1020-7.
52. ^ Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature (1995 Edition), Article on Puranas, ISBN 0-877790426, page 915
53. ^ a b Cornelia Dimmitt (2015), Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-81-208-3972-
4, page xii, 4
54. ^ Greg Bailey (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy (Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-17281-3, page 503
55. ^ Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-02522-5, pages 12–13, 134–156, 203–210
56. ^ Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-20778-3, page xli
57. ^ Thompson, Richard L. (2007). The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana 'Mysteries of the Sacred Universe . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
p. 10. ISBN 978-81-208-1919-1.
58. ^ Gyula Wojtilla (2006), History of Kr̥ṣiśāstra, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-05306-8
59. ^ PK Acharya (1946), An Encyclopedia of Hindu Architecture , Oxford University Press, Also see Volumes 1 to 6
60. ^ Bruno Dagens (1995), MAYAMATA : An Indian Treatise on Housing Architecture and Iconography, ISBN 978-81-208-3525-2
61. ^ Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-535190-3
 62. ^ The Sanskrit Drama , Oxford University Press
63. ^ Rachel Baumer and James Brandon (1993), Sanskrit Drama in Performance, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0772-3
64. ^ Mohan Khokar (1981), Traditions of Indian Classical Dance, Peter Owen Publishers, ISBN 978-0-7206-0574-7
65. ^ Hartmut Scharfe (2002), Education in Ancient India, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-12556-8
66. ^ John Brockington (1998), The Sanskrit Epics, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-10260-6
67. ^ Ludwik Sternbach (1974), Subhāṣita: Gnomic and Didactic Literature, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-01546-2
68. ^ Hartmut Scharfe, A history of Indian literature. Vol. 5, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3-447-01722-8
69. ^ J Duncan M Derrett (1978), Dharmasastra and Juridical Literature: A history of Indian literature (Editor: Jan Gonda), Vol. 4, Otto Harrassowitz
Verlag, ISBN 3-447-01519-5
70. ^ Claus Vogel, A history of Indian literature. Vol. 5, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3-447-01722-8
71. ^ Kim Plofker (2009), Mathematics in India, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-12067-6
72. ^ David Pingree, A Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit, Volumes 1 to 5, American Philosophical Society, ISBN 978-0-87169-213-9
73. ^ MS Valiathan, The Legacy of Caraka, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-81-250-2505-4
74. ^ Kenneth Zysk, Medicine in the Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1401-1
75. ^ Emmie te Nijenhuis, Musicological literature (A History of Indian literature ; v. 6 : Scientific and technical literature ; Fasc. 1), Otto
Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-01831-9
76. ^ Lewis Rowell, Music and Musical Thought in Early India, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-73033-6
77. ^ Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-02522-5
78. ^ Karl Potter, The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volumes 1 through 27, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0309-4
79. ^ Edwin Gerow, A history of Indian literature. Vol. 5, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3-447-01722-8
80. ^ JJ Meyer, Sexual Life in Ancient India, Vol 1 and 2, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-1-4826-1588-3
81. ^ Patrick Olivelle, King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-989182-5
82. ^ Teun Goudriaan, Hindu Tantric and Śākta Literature, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3-447-02091-1
83. ^ Stella Kramrisch, Hindu Temple, Vol. 1 and 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0222-3
84. ^ Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic literature (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3-447-01603-5
85. ^ Ananda W. P. Guruge, 1991, The Society of the Ramayana , Page 180-200.
86. ^ a bc Natalia Lidova (1994). Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism . Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 111–113. ISBN 978-81-208-1234-5.
87. ^ a b Farley P. Richmond, Darius L. Swann & Phillip B. Zarrilli 1993, p. 30.
88. ^ Tarla Mehta 1995, pp. xxiv, xxxi–xxxii, 17.

Bibliography [ edit ]

Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965). The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 81-208-0567-4.
Deussen, Paul; Bedekar, V.M. (tr.); Palsule (tr.), G.B. (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-
81-208-1467-7.
King, Richard; Ācārya, Gauḍapāda (1995), Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: the Mahāyāna context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā,
SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-2513-8
Collins, Randall (2000). The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-
00187-7.
Mahadevan, T. M. P (1956), Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (ed.), History of Philosophy Eastern and Western, George Allen & Unwin Ltd
MacDonell, Arthur Anthony (2004). A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-2000-5.
Olivelle, Patrick (1992). The Samnyasa Upanisads. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507045-3.
Olivelle, Patrick (1998), Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-283576-5
Radhakrishnan, S.; Moore, C. A. (1957). A Source Book in Indian Philosophy . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
ISBN 978-0-691-01958-1.
Ranade, R. D. (1926), A constructive survey of Upanishadic philosophy, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
Varghese, Alexander P (2008), India : History, Religion, Vision And Contribution To The World , Volume 1, Atlantic Publishers &
Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0903-2

Further reading [ edit ]

R.C. Zaehner (1992), Hindu Scriptures, Penguin Random House, ISBN 978-0-679-41078-2
Dominic Goodall, Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-20778-3
Jessica Frazier (2014), The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu studies, Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-1-4725-1151-5

External links [ edit ]

Manuscripts collections (incomplete)

A handlist of Sanskrit and Prakrit Hindu, Buddhist and Jain Manuscripts held by the Wellcome Library , Volume 1, Compiled by
Dominik Wujastyk (Includes subjects such as historic Dictionaries, Drama, Erotics, Ethics, Logic, Poetics, Medicine, Philosophy, etc.)
A handlist of Sanskrit and Prakrit Hindu, Buddhist and Jain Manuscripts held by the Wellcome Library , Volume 2, Compiled by
Dominik Wujastyk (Includes subjects such as historic Dictionaries, Drama, Erotics, Ethics, Logic, Poetics, Medicine, Philosophy, etc.;
for complete 6 set collection see ISBN 0-85484-049-4)
Clay Sanskrit Library publishes Sanskrit literature with downloadable materials.
The Sacred Books of the Hindus Information

Online resources:

The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts - Hinduism

Sacred-Texts: Hinduism
Sanskrit Documents Collection : Documents in ITX format of Upanishads, Stotras etc.
GRETIL: Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages , a cumulative register of the numerous download sites for
electronic texts in Indian languages.
 V ·T ·E Hinduism topics [show]

Categories: Hindu texts

This page was last edited on 8 May 2021, at 16:57 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement

Search...