Digital Signal Processing

Md. Manjurul Gani, Lecturer, EEE, CUET

 What we are going to learn?

Digital signal
processor

What is the function

of it?

Ans: EEE 495

Unit impulse signal

Unit step signal

Discrete-Time System:
Input-output relation
Linear Time-invariant (LTI) system
01. Linearity Satisfy the superposition theorem:

y(n) = y’(n)
 Time-invariance
Input-output characteristics do not change with time: Time
delay or time advance of the input signal leads to an identical
shift in the output signal

x(t ) y (t )

Time

Invariant
x(t  t0 ) y (t  t0 )
System

t0 t0
Output for input x(n-k) is y(n,k). For time invariance
y(n,k) = y(n-k)
Representing a discrete-time signal
using impulse
x(n)

3
1.5 1
1
n
0
n
-2 -1 0 1 2

-2
-3
1

n
0 k
 For others value of n, x(n) = 0

n = 2, x(n) = x(k)∂(2-k) = x(2)

x(n) x(n) = x(2)

n = 1, x(n) = x(k)∂(1-k) = x(1)

3
1.5
n = 0, x(n) = x(k)∂(0-k) = x(0) 1

n
-2 -1 0 1 2
n = -1, x(n) = x(k)∂(-1-k) = x(-1)
-2
-3
n= -2, x(n) = x(k)∂(-2-k) = x(-2)

For others value of n, x(n) = 0

Answer:
Output of a LTI system to arbitrary input:
Convolution Sum

Input LTI Output

System
(filter) y(n) = ?
Let impulse response of the system is:
so

and

Output of the system to input at n is:

= x(n)*h(n)
= convolution of input and impulse response
 Input LTI Output
System
(filter) y(n) = x(n)*h(n)

y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
= convolution of input and impulse response
LTI systems described by
difference equation

H(z) = ?
y(n) = 2 y (n-1) - 3 y(n-2) + x (n-1) + 4 x(n)

Block diagram = ?

H(z) = ?
 The general form of such a difference equation is:

N = Order of the difference equation

The ‘-’ sign on the right-hand side is used for convenience (it
could be ‘+’ also).
 System
Function

Difference
Equation
Transfer function of a LTI system
 1

The output y(n) of an LTI system: y(n) = h(n) * x(n)

Taking Z-transform of both side: Y(z) = H(z) . X(z)
Here, Y(z) = Z-transform of y(n) 2
H(z) = Z-transform of the impulse response, h(n)
X(z) = Z-transform of x(n)

= ratio of z-transform of the output to that of the input.

= Transfer function
= Z-transform of the impulse response, h(n)
**Z-transform convert the convolution in time domain into the multiplication in Z-domain.
 3

We know,

Taking Z-transform:
Therefore, a LTI system has a rational system function.
Poles & Zeros
If X(z) is a rational system function, then
The zeros of a Z-transform X(z) are the values of Z for which X(z) = 0

The poles of a Z-transform X(z) are the values of Z for which X(z) =
FIR and IIR system
 FIR system:

-k
H(z) bk Z

Impulse response:

The impulse response is finite so it is an FIR system

 IIR system: ak
-k
H(z) ak Z
Impulse response: h(n) = an, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ………….
The impulse response is infinite so it is an IIR system
 IIR system:

H(z) = z/(z-a)

Impulse response:

The impulse response is infinite so it is an IIR system

 FIR system
1. Finite Impulse Response system
2. Impulse response is finite
3. The transfer function has only zeros.

IIR system
1. Infinite Impulse Response system
2. Impulse response is infinite
3. The transfer function has both poles and zeros i.e. it is
pole-zero system.
 End of
Introduction