EEE 3309/311

Lecture 5: Chapter 2
DT Signals and Systems (Part II)
Contents

 Overview of last lecture: DT Systems, Classifications and Convolution

 Section 2.2.1: LTI System and Constant Coefficient Difference Equations

 2.5, 2.5.1, Implementation of DT Systems

 Practice Problems

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Overview

 DT Systems and input-output descriptions: Moving Average (MA) filter and

Accumulator
 Basic operations: Shifting, Folding and Downsampling

 Classifications: Static/Dynamic, Linear, Time invariant, Causal, Stable

 Convolution sum

 Impulse response h(n) for a causal and stable system

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Section 2.3.3: Response of LTI Systems:
Convolution Sum

x(n) y(n)
 System output y(n) depends on input h(n)
x(n) and impulse response function h(n)
as
 y(n)=h(n)*x(n)= 𝑦 𝑛 = σ∞
𝑘=−∞ ℎ 𝑘 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑘 =
σ∞𝑘=−∞ 𝑥 𝑘 ℎ 𝑛 − 𝑘

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 Convolution (contd.)
 Example 2.3.3 Given ℎ 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛 find y(n)
𝑛 1−𝑎𝑛+1
 𝑦 𝑛 = σ∞ ∞ 𝑘 𝑘
𝑘=−∞ ℎ 𝑘 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑘 = σ𝑘=0 𝑎 𝑢 𝑘 𝑢 𝑛 − 𝑘 = σ𝑘=0 𝑎 = 1−𝑎
1
 As 𝑎 < 1 the output y(n) will be 𝑦 𝑛 == 1−𝑎 for n→

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Convolution Properties

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Causal LTI Systems

 At any given time no we have the output from

the LTI system as
 This can be broken up into two different
summations as
 Note that the 2nd summation involves future
values of the input as x(n0+1), x(n0+2)….
 Since the input for a causal LTI system depends
on only present and past values of the input this
implies that h(-1), h(-2),…are zero
 This means that h(n)= 0 when n<0
 Thus for a causal system y(n) is given as
 A signal is causal: x(n)= 0 for n<0 and non-causal
otherwise
 Finally, for both causal h(n) and x(n) the output is 3/5/2021 7
given as
Causal LTI System
Example

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Causal LTI System Example

∞ ∞ 𝑛
𝑘
1 − 𝑎𝑛+1 𝑘
𝑦 𝑛 = ෍ ℎ 𝑘 𝑥 𝑛−𝑘 = ෍𝑎 𝑢 𝑘 𝑢 𝑛−𝑘 =෍𝑎 =
1−𝑎
𝑘=−∞ 𝑘=0 𝑘=0
1
As 𝑎 < 1 the output y(n) will be 𝑦 𝑛 == for n→
1−𝑎

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Stability of LTI Systems

 LTI system is stable if

 This comes from

Bounded Input
Bounded Output
(BIBO) definition for
stability

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Section 2.2.1: LTI System and Constant
Coefficient Difference Equations
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 lim 𝑥 𝑡+ℎ −𝑥(𝑡)
 In CT systems we have differential equations, e.g., 𝑑𝑡 defined as =
𝑑𝑡 ℎ→∞ ℎ

 In DT systems we use difference equations, e.g., x(n)-x(n-1)

 Just like in CT systems, we also need to solve the difference equation to get the output
 Let y(n)= ay(n-1)+x(n) here present output equals weighted past output plus present input

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Solution

 Here y(n)= ay(n-1)+x(n)

 Here y(-1) is the initial
condition (IC)
 Zero input solution
(when input is zero),
yzi(n)

 Zero state solution

(when IC is zero), yzs(n)

 Overall solution:
 y(n)= yzi(n)+ yzs(n)
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Solution (contd.)

 If the initial condition is zero, (e.g. charge on a capacitor, initial memory of

DT system) then output depends on input x(n) only

 For the given system y(n)=

 One can show that the impulse response system h(n) is given as

 Question: Is this a (i) Causal system? (ii) Stable system

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FIR and IIR Systems

 Finite Impulse Response (FIR): Duration of impulse response is finite

 Example: h(n)= u(n)-u(n-2)

 Infinite Impulse Response (IIR): Duration of impulse response is infinite

 Example: h(n)= u(n); h(n)= anu(n)

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2.5, 2.5.1, Implementation of DT Systems

Two input summer

 Hardware implementation of DT systems
needs digital hardware such as x1(n) +
y(n)
microprocessor and programming +
 Basic building blocks for such systems are: x2(n)
 Two input summer
Multiplier a
 Multiplier y(n)
x(n)
 Unit delay

x(n) x(n-1)
z-1
Unit delay

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Example x(n)
1/3 y(n)

x(n) +
z-1

x(n-1)

 Moving Average filter: z-1

1
 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑥(𝑛 − 2)
3

x(n-2)

 Accumulator:
x(n) + y(n)
 y(n)= ay(n-1)+x(n)
+
ay(n-1)
z-1
y(n-1)
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a
Example (Figure 2.5.1)

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Direct Form I Structure
Generalized equation for difference
equation or system description

X(n-1)

x(n-M+1)
1
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑥(𝑛 − 2)
3
x((n-M)
A1=a2=a3=…=0
M=2
Bo=1/3 N=1;
B1=1/3 A1=-a;
B2=1/3 y(n)= ay(n-1)+x(n) M=0;
B0=1; 3/5/2021 18
Direct Form II Structure

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Y(n)= 0.1y(n-1)+1.2y(n-2)+1.1x(n)+0 x(n-1)+.5x(n-3)

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Correlation

 Section 2.6: Correlation and

it’s applications
 Communications
 Avionics
 Biomedical
 Section 2.6.1: Definition
 Cross correlation between
x(n) and y(n)
 Auto correlation for x(n)
 The shift l is known as the
lag or delay variable
 Example 2.6.1

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 Y(n)= x(n)*(n)=x(n)
 Y(n)= x(n)*(n-k)=x(n-k)

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