Continuous-time & Discrete-time

Systems.
• Physical Systems are interconnection of
– components, devices, or subsystems.
• System can be viewed as a process in which
– input signals are transformed by the system or
– cause the system to response in some way,
– resulting in other signals as outputs.
Continuous-time & Discrete-time
Systems.
x(t) y(t)
x(t) Continuous-time y(t)
system

x[n] Discrete-time y[n]

System
x[n] y[n]
 Examples Of Systems
i(t)

vs(t) − vc(t)
From Ohms' s Law : - i(t) = ,
R
Relationship of current and voltage for a capasitor : -
dv (t)
i(t) = C c , and substituting this into the above equation : -
dt
We have the differential equation describing the relationship
between the input vs (t ) and the output vc (t ) : −
dvc(t) 1 1
+ vc(t) = vs(t)
dt RC RC
 Example of Mechanical System

ρ v(t )
f(t)
net force f(t) - ρ v(t) = mass * acceleration of car
dv(t )
∴ f(t) - ρ v(t) = m * ,
dt
dv(t ) ρ 1
i.e. + v(t ) = f (t ).
dt m m
Generally 1st order differential equation : -
dy (t )
+ ay (t ) = bx(t ).
dt
Example of Discrete-time System
Simple Model for Monthly Bank Balance
y[n]=present current balance.
x[n]=net deposit(deposits-withdrawals).
Accrue 1% interest on monthly past balance.
y[n]=1.01y[n-1]+x[n].
or y[n]-1.01y[n-1]=x[n].
Digital Simulation of Differential Equation
Through Difference Equation.
dv(t ) ρ 1
+ v(t ) = f (t ).
dt m m
dv(t) v[n∆ ] - v[n - 1]∆
By first backward difference : =
dt ∆
The differential equation can be expresses as : -
v[n∆] - v[n - 1]∆ ρ 1
+ v[n∆] = f [n∆ ].
∆ m m
1 ρ v[n − 1]∆ 1
v[n∆]( + ) − = f [n∆ ].
∆ m ∆ m
m ∆
v[n∆] − v[n − 1]∆ = f [n∆ ],
m + ρ∆ m + ρ∆
Letting, v[n] = v[n∆] and f[n] = f[n∆].
m ∆
v[n] − v[n − 1] = f [n],
m + ρ∆ m + ρ∆
 Interconnections of Systems
Series or Cascade Form
Input Output
System1 System2

Parallel Form
System 1
Input Output
+
System 2
 Interconnections of Systems
Series - Parallel Form
System 1 System 2
Output
Input + System 4

System 3

Feedback Form
System 1
Input Output
+
System 2
 Interconnections of Systems
Simple Electrical Circuit

i1 (t )
i2 (t )
V(t)

Feedback Block Diagram Form of Circuit

Capasitor
1 t
i1 (t ) v(t ) = ∫ i1 (τ ) dτ
C −∞
Input + Output
i (t )
+- v(t )
i2 (t ) Resistor
v ( t )
i 2 ( t ) =
R
 Basic System Properties
• Systems with and without memory.
• Invertibility and Inverse Systems.
• Causality.
• Stability
• Time Invariance
• Linearity.
 Systems without memory.

• System is memoryless if its output at any

one time depends only on the input at the
same time.
• E.g. y[n]=(2x[n]-x2[n])2
• A resistor is memoryless because y(t)=Rx(t)
• So too an identity system is memoryless
because y(t)=x(t), y[n]=x[n].
 Systems with memory.
• System with memory depicts its output at
any one time that is dependent not only on
the present input but also past(future) values
of input and output.
• E.g. accumulator/summer
n
y[n] = ∑ x[k ],
k = −∞

Delay, y[n] = x[n - 1].

1 t
A capacitor is a memory analog device, y(t) = ∫ x(τ )dτ ,
C -∞
 Invertible System
• Systems whereby distinct inputs lead to
distinct outputs
• As such an inverse system exits that, when
cascaded with the original system, yields an
output w[n] equal to the input x[n] to the
first system.

x[n] y[n] Inverse w[n]=x[n]

System
System
 Examples of an invertible
continuous-time system.
1. y(t)=2x(t) for which the inverse system is
w(t)=y(t)/2.
n n −1
2. y[n] = ∑ x[k ], y[n] = ∑ x[k ] + x[n],
k = −∞ k = −∞

y[n] = y[n − 1] + x[n], x[n] = y[n] − y[n − 1].

∴ the inverse system is : -
w[n] = x[n] = y[n] − y[n − 1].
 Two Examples of Inverse System
x(t) y(t) w(t)=x(t)
y(t)=2x(t) w(t)=y(t)/2

w[n]=x[n]
x[n] n
y[n] = ∑ x[k ]
k = −∞
y[n] w[ n] = y[n] − y[ n − 1].
 Examples of Noninvertible
Systems
• y[n]=0.
• The output is always zero for any value of
input x[n].
• y(t)=x2(t).
• The sign for the input x(t) cannot be
determined for a certain value of output y(t)
• I.e. for both cases the values of the output
is not distinct for distinct values of input,
 Causality
• A system is causal because its output
depends only on present and past values of
the input
• Such a system does not anticipate future
values of input.
• y[n]=x[n]-x[n+1] and y(t)=x(t+1) are non-
causal systems.
 Stability
• A stable system is one in which small inputs
lead to response that do not diverge.

y(t)

stable pendulum unstable pendulum

 Time Invariance
• System is time invariant if the behavior
and characteristics of the system are fixed
over time.
• E.g. the RC circuitry where the values of
the parameter of the components R and C
do not changed with time I.e. constant.
• A system is time invariant if a time shift in
the input signal results in an identical time
shift in the output signal.
 Linearity
• The system is linear if it possesses the
superposition property.
Let y1 (t ) be the response of a continuous - time
system to an input x1 (t ),
and let y 2 (t ) be the output corresponding
to the input x 2 (t ).
System is linear if : -
1) The response to x1 (t ) + x2 (t )
is y1 (t ) + y2 (t ).
2)The response to ax1 (t ) is ay1 (t ), where " a"
is any complex constant.
Combining the two property for
linearity.
ax1 (t ) + bx2 (t ) ⇒ ay1 (t ) + by2 (t )
ax1[n] + bx2 [n] ⇒ ay1[n] + by2 [n].
 Example 1.12. Causality???
Is the system given by y[n] = x[-n] causal or not?
If n > 0 , e.g n = 4, y[4] = x[-4].
This says that at n = 4, the output y[n]
depend on past value of x[n].
However n < 0, e.g n = -3, y[-3] = x[-(-3)],
y[-3] = x[3], i.e. the output y[n] depends
on future value of input x[ +3].
System is not causal.