Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

1. Sketch the waveforms of the following signals:

(i) x(t) = u(t+1) - 2u(t) + u(t-1)
ans:

(ii) x(t) = -u(t+3) + 2u(t+1) – 2u(t-1) + u(t-3)

ans:

(iii) x(t) = r(t+2) – r(t+1) -r(t-1)+r(t-2)

ans:

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

2. Let x[n] and y[n] be given in Figure 1(a) and 1(b), respectively. Carefully sketch
the
following signals:

Figure 1(a) and (b)

(i) x[3n-1]
ans:

(ii) y[2-2n]
ans:

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

(iii) x[n-2] + y[n+2]

ans:

(iv) x[2n]+y[n-4]
ans:

(v) x[n+2]y[n-2]
ans:

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

(vi) x[n]y[-2-n]
ans:

3. Let x(t) and y(t) be given in Figs. 2(a) and (b), respectively. Carefully sketch the
following signals:
(a) x(t-1)y(-t)
(b) x(t)y(-1-t)
(c) x(2t)y(t/2+1)
(d) x(4-t)y(t)

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

Answer:
(a) x(t-1)y(-t)

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

(b) x(t)y(-1-t)
(c) x(2t)y(t/2+1)

(d) x(4-t)y(t)

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

4. A discrete-time signal;

Using u[n], describe x[n] as the superposition of two step functions.

Answer:

5. Given the signal , sketch and

label the waveform for each of the following signals:
(i)
(ii)

Answer:
Signal can be described as

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

below:

(i)  time shifting to right side by 2

(ii)  time shifting to right side by 3, continued by time

scaling with scale of 3.

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

(iii)  time shifting to left side by 3, then

reflect with respect to origin.

6. Determine whether the system y[n] = nx[n-1]+2 is :

(i) memoryless

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

No. y[n] depends on x[n-1].

(ii) time invariant
No.
x[n]  y[n] and y[n-no] = (n- no)x[n- no-1]+2
x1 = x[n- no]  y[n] = nx1[n-1]+2 = nx[n- no-1]+2
y[n] ≠ y[n-no]

(iii) linear
No.
x1  y1[n] = nx1[n-1]+2
x2  y2[n] = nx2[n-1]+2
x3 = x1 + x2  y3[n] = nx3[n-1]+2 = nx1[n-1] + nx2[n-1]+2 ≠ y1[n]+y2[n]

(iv) causal
Yes.
y[n] depends on x[n-1]. (Past)
(v) stable
No.
Let
unbounded
Take also
|y[n]| = n+2  n+2  ∞ as n  ∞ unbounded

7. Consider a continuous-time system with input x(t) and output y(t) related by

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

(a) Is the system causal ?

Ans :
The system is not causal because the output y(t) at some time may depend on
future values of x(t). For instance y(-π) = x(0)

(b) Is the system linear ?

Ans :
Consider two arbitrary inputs x1(t) and x2(t).

x1  y1(t) = x1(sin(t))

x2  y2(t) = x2(sin(t))
Let x3(t) be a linear combination of x1(t) and x2(t). That is,
x3(t) = ax1(t) + bx2(t)

where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x3(t) is the input to the given system,
then corresponding output y3(t) is
y3(t) = x3(sin(t))
= ax1(sin(t)) + bx2(sin(t))
= ay1(t) + by2(t)

Hence, the system is linear.

8. Determine whether the corresponding system is linear, time invariant or both.

(a) y[n] = x2[n-2]

Ans:
(i) linearity
x1  y1[n] = x12[n-2]
x2  y2[n] = x22[n-2]
Let x3(t) be a linear combination of x1[n] and x2[n]. That is:
x3(t) = ax1[n] + bx2[n]
where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x 3(t) is the input to the given system,
then
the corresponding output y3(t) is
y3[n] =

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

≠ ay1[n] + by2[n]
The system is not linear
(ii) time invariant
Consider an arbitrary input x1[n]. Let
y1[n] =
be the corresponding output. Consider a second input x 2[n] obtained by
shifting
x1[n] in time:
x2[n] =
The output corresponding to this input is

Also note that

Therefore

The system is time-invariant.

(b) y[n] = Od{x(t)}

i) linearity

Consider two arbitrary inputs x1(t) and x2(t).

x1  y1(t) = Od{x1(t)}

x2  y2(t) = Od{x2(t)}

Let x3(t) be a linear combination of x1(t) and x2(t). That is,

x3(t) = ax1(t) + bx2(t)

where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x3(t) is the input to the given system,
then the corresponding output y3(t) is

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

y3(t) = Od{x3(t)}
= Od{ax1(t) + bx2(t)}
= aOd{x1(t)} + bOd{x2(t)} = ay1(t) + by2(t)

Hence, the system is linear

ii) time invariance

Consider an arbitrary input x1[n]. Let

y1(t) =

be the corresponding output. Consider a second input x2[n] obtained by

shifting x1[n] in time:
x2(t) =
The output corresponding to this input is

Also note that

Therefore, the system is not time-invariant.

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