Monday, June 27, 2011

CHAPTER 10

P.P.10.1  100,   2
10 cos(2t ) 
2H 
 jL  j4
1
0.2 F    - j2.5
jC
Hence, the circuit in the frequency domain is as shown below.

V 1 -j2.5  V2 4

+
+
100 A 2 Vx j4  
3V x


V1 V1  V2
At node 1, 10  
2 - j2.5
100  (5  j 4) V1  j 4V2 (1)

V2 V1  V2 3Vx  V2
At node 2,   where Vx  V1
j4 - j2.5 4
- j2.5V2  j4 (V1  V2 )  2.5 (3V1  V2 )
0  - (7.5  j4) V1  (2.5  j1.5) V2 (2)

Put (1) and (2) in matrix form.

 5  j4 - j4   V1  100
- (7.5  j4) 2.5  j1.5 V    0 
  2  
where   (5  j4)(2.5  j.15)  (-j4)(-(7.5 j4))  22.5  j12.5  25.74 - 29.05

 2.5  j1.5 j4 
 
 V1   7.5  j4 5  j 4 100 
V    0 
 2 22.5  j12.5  
2.5  j1.5 2.91530.96
V1  (100)  (100)  11.32560.01V
22.5  j12.5 25.74 - 29.05
7.5  j 4 8.528.07
V2  (100)  (100)  33.0257.12V
22.5  j12.5 25.74 - 29.05

In the time domain,

v1 (t )  11.325cos(2t + 60.01) V
 v 2 (t )  33.02cos(2t + 57.12) V

P.P.10.2 The only non-reference node is a supernode.

75  V1 V1 V2 V2
  
4 j4 - j 2
75  V1  - j V1  j 4V2  2V2
75  (1  j ) V1  (2  j 4) V2 (1)

The supernode gives the constraint of

V1  V2  10060 (2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives

75  (1  j )(4060)  (3  j3) V2
75  (1  j )(10060) 71.62210.72
V2    16.881165.72
3  j3 4.24345
V1  V2  10060  (16.358  j 4.17)  (50  j86.6)
V1  33.64  j90.77

Therefore, V1  96.869.66 V, V2  16.88165.72 V

P.P.10.3 Consider the circuit below.

100 A

I3

-j2  6

+
8 I1 j4  I2 5030 V


For mesh 1, (8  j2  j4) I1  j4 I 2  0

(8  j2) I1  j4 I 2 (1)

For mesh 2, (6  j 4) I 2  j 4 I1  6 I 3  5030  0

For mesh 3, I 3  10

Thus, the equation for mesh 2 becomes

(6  j 4) I 2  j 4 I1  60  5030 (2)

8  j2
From (1), I2  I  (0.5  j2) I 1 (3)
j4 1

Substituting (3) into (2),

(6  j 4) (0.5  j 2) I1  j 4 I1  60  5030
(11  j14) I1  (103.3  j 25)
- (103.3  j 25)
I1 
11  j14

103.3  j 25 106.2813.605
Hence, I o  - I1  
11  j14 17.804  51.843
I o  5.96965.45 A

P.P.10.4 Meshes 2 and 3 form a supermesh as shown in the circuit below.

10 

-j4  j8 

I2
+ I1
600 V

I3
-j6 
5

For mesh 1,  60  (15  j 4) I1  ( j 4) I 2  5 I 3  0

(15  j 4) I1  j 4 I 2  5 I 3  60 (1)

For the supermesh, ( j8  j4) I 2  (5  j6) I 3  (5  j4) I1  0 (2)

Also, I 3  I 2  2.4 (3)

Eliminating I 3 from (1) and (2)

 (15  j 4) I1  (5  j 4) I 2  72 (4)
(5  j 4) I1  (5  j 2) I 2  12  j14.4 (5)

From (4) and (5),

15  j 4 - 5  j4  I1   72 
 - 5  j4 5 - j2  I   - 12  j14.4
  2  

15  j4 - 5  j4
  58  j10  58.86 - 9.78
- 5  j4 5 - j2
72 - 5  j4
1   357.6  j 24  358.4 - 3.84
- 12  j14.4 5 - j2

1
Thus, I o  I1   6.0895.94 A


P.P.10.5 Let I o  I 'o  I "o , where I 'o and I "o are due to the voltage source and
current source respectively. For I 'o consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j2  6
Io'

+
8 I1 j4  I2 5030 V


(a)

For mesh 1, (8  j2) I1  j4 I 2  0

I 2  (0.5  j2) I1 (1)

For mesh 2, (6  j 4) I 2  j 4 I1  5030  0 (2)

Substituting (1) into (2),

(6  j 4)(0.5  j 2) I1  j 4 I1  5030
5030
I o'  I1   0.4  j 2.78
11  j14
For I "o consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

100 A

-j2  6
Io"

8 j4 

(b)

j24
Let Z1  8  j2  , Z 2  6 || j4   1.846  j2.769 
6  j4
Z2 (10)(1.846  j 2.769)
I "o  (10)   2.082  j 2.65
Z1  Z 2 9.846  j 0.77

Therefore, I o  I o'  I "o  2.48  j 5.43

I o  5.9765.45 A

P.P.10.6 Let v o  v 'o  v "o , where v 'o is due to the voltage source and v "o is due to
the current source. For v 'o , we remove the current source.

 750,   5
75sin(5t ) 
1 1
0.2 F     -j
jC j (5)(0.2)
1H 
 jL  j (5)(1)  j5

The circuit in the frequency domain is shown in Fig. (a).

8

+
+
750 V Vo' -j  j5 



(a)
Note that - j || j5  -j1.25

By voltage division,
- j1.25
Vo'  (75)  11.577  81.12
8  j1.25
Thus, vo'  11.577 sin(5t  81.12)V

For v "o , we remove the voltage source.

 60,   10
6 cos(10t ) 
1 1
0 .2 F     - j0.5
jC j (10)(0.2)
1H 
 jL  j (10)(1)  j10

The corresponding circuit in the frequency domain is shown in Fig (b).

+ I

8 j10  Vo" -j0.5  60



(b)

j80
Let Z1  - j0.5 , Z 2  8 || j10   4.878  j3.9
8  j10

By current division,
Z2
I (6)
Z1  Z 2
Z2 - j (14.631  j11.7)
Vo"  I (-j0.5)  (6)(-j0.5) 
Z1  Z 2 4.878  j3.4
18.735 - 51.36
Vo"   3.154 - 86.24
5.9434.88
Thus, vo"  3.154 cos(10t  86.24)

Therefore, v o  v 'o  v "o

v o  [11.577sin(5t – 81.12) + 3.154cos(10t – 86.24)] V
P.P.10.7 If we transform the current source to a voltage source, we obtain the
circuit shown in Fig. (a).

4 -j3  2 j

Io

1
+
VS j5 

-j2 

(a)

Vs  I s Z s  ( j12)(4  j3)  36  j 48

We transform the voltage source to a current source as shown in Fig. (b).

V 36  j 48
Let Z  4  j3  2  j  6  j2 . Then, Is  s   4 .5  j 9 .
Z 6  j2

Io

6 1
IS j5 
-j2  -j2 

(b)

(6  j2)( j5) 10
Note that Z || j5   (1  j) .
6  j3 3

By current division,
10
(1  j )
Io  3 (4.5  j 9)
10
(1  j )  (1  j 2)
3
 60  j120 134.16116.56
Io  
13  j 4 13.60217.1
I o  9.86399.46 A
P.P.10.8 When the voltage source is set equal to zero,
Z th  10  (- j4) || (6  j2)
(-j4)(6  j2)
Z th  10 
6 - j2
Z th  10  2.4  j3.2
Z th  (12.4 – j3.2) 

By voltage division,
- j4 (- j 4)(10020)
Vth  (10020) 
6  j2  j4 6  j2
(4 - 90)(10020)
Vth 
6.325 - 18.43
Vth  63.24–51.57 V

P.P.10.9 To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

8 + j4 8 + j4

+ Vo  + Vo 

50
V2 Is
VS a
V1 a

+
4 – j2 0.2V o 4 – j2 0.2V o 10


b
(a) (b) b

0  V1 V  V2
At node 1, 5 1
4  j2 8  j4
- (2  j )V1  50  (1  j 0.5)(V1  V2 )
50  (1  j 0.5)V2  (3  j 0.5)V1 (1)

V1  V2
At node 2, 5  0.2Vo  0, where Vo  V1  V2 .
8  j4

Hence, the equation for node 2 becomes

V  V2
5  0.2 (V1  V2 )  1 0
8  j4
 50
V1  V2  (2)
3  j 0.5

Substituting (2) into (1),

3  j 0.5
50  (1  j 0.5)V2  (3  j 0.5)V2  (50)
3  j 0.5
50
0  50  (2  j )V2  (35  j12)
37
 2.702  j16.22
V2   7.3572.9
2 j
Vth  V2  7.3572.9 V

To find Z th , we remove the independent source and insert a 1-V voltage source between
terminals a-b, as shown in Fig. (b).

Vs
At node a, I s  -0.2Vo 
8  j4  4  j2

8  j4
But, Vs  1 and – Vo  V
8  j4  4  j2 s
8  j4 1 2.6  j0.8
So, I s  (0.2)  
12  j2 12  j2 12  j2
V 1 12  j2 12.166 9.46
and Z th  s   
Is I s 2.6  j0.8 2.7217.10
Z th  4.473–7.64 
P.P.10.10 To find Z N , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

4 j2  4 j2 

I3
8 1 -j3  8 1 -j3  a
a

ZN 200
+ IN
I1 -j4  I2


b
(a) (b) b

(4  j2)(9  j3)
Z N  (4  j2) || (9  j3) 
13  j
Z N  (3.176 + j0.706) 

To find I N , short-circuit terminals a-b as shown in Fig. (b). Notice that meshes 1 and 2
form a supermesh.

For the supermesh,  20  8 I1  (1  j3) I 2  (9  j3) I 3  0 (1)

Also, I1  I 2  j 4 (2)

For mesh 3, (13  j) I 3  8 I1  (1  j3) I 2  0 (3)

Solving for I 2 , we obtain

50  j 62 79.65 - 51.11
I N  I2  
9  j3 9.487 - 18.43
I N  8.396-32.68 A

Using the Norton equivalent, we can find I o as in Fig. (c).

Io

IN ZN
10 – j5 

(c)
By current division,
ZN 3.176  j 0.706
Io  IN  (8.396 - 32.68)
Z N  10  j5 13.176  j 4.294
(3.25412.53)(8.396 - 32.68)
Io 
13.858 - 18.05
I o  1.9714–2.10 A

P.P.10.11
1 1
10 nF 
   -j20 k
jC1 j (5  10 )(10  10 -9 )
3

1 1
20 nF 
   -j10 k
jC 2 j (5  10 )(20  10 -9 )
3

Consider the circuit in the frequency domain as shown below.

-j20 k

10 k 20 k V2 Io
+
V1 Vo

+
120 V -j10 k


As a voltage follower, V2  Vo

12  V1 V1  Vo V1  Vo
At node 1,  
10 - j 20 20
24  (3  j )V1  (1  j )Vo (1)

V1  Vo Vo  0
At node 2, 
20 - j10
V1  (1  j2)Vo (2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives

24  j6Vo or Vo  4 - 90
Hence, vo (t )  4 cos(5000t  90) V
v o (t )  4sin(5,000t) V

Vo  V1
Now, Io 
- j20k
But from (2) Vo  V1  - j 2Vo  8
-8
Io   - j 400 A
- j 20k

Hence, io (t )  400 cos(5000t  90) A

i o (t )  400sin(5,000t) A

1 R
P.P.10.12 Let Z  R || 
jC 1  jRC

Vs R

Vo R  Z

The loop gain is

Vs R R 1  jRC
1/ G    
Vo R  Z R 2  jRC
R
1  jRC
where RC  (1000)(10  103 )(1  10-6 )  10

1  j10 10.0584.29
1/ G  
2  j10 10.278.69
G = 1.0147–5.6
P.P.10.13 The schematic is shown below.

ACMAG = 20V
ACPHASE = 0

Since   2f  3000 rad / s   f  477 .465 Hz . Setup/Analysis/AC Sweep as

Linear for 1 point starting and ending at a frequency of 447.465 Hz. When the schematic
is saved and run, the output file includes

Frequency IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

4.775E+02 1.088E-03 -5.512E+01

Frequency VM($N_0005) VP($N_0005)

4.775E+02 5.364E-01 -1.546E+02

From the output file, we obtain

Vo  0.2682-154.6 V and I o  0.544-55.12 mA

Therefore,
v o (t )  536.4 cos(3,000t – 154.6) mV
i o (t )  1.088 cos(3,000t – 55.12) mA
P.P.10.14 The schematic is shown below.

48 V
ACMAG=16v
ACPHASE=60

Since PSpice does not allow the use of complex impedances, we need to convert the
complex impedances into values of capacitance and inductance. We select  = 1 rad/s
which generates f = 0.15915 Hz. We use this to obtain the values of capacitances,
where C  1 X c , and inductances, where L  X L  . Since AC current sources in
PSpice does not allow the use of phase angles but AC voltages do, we can replace the
current source with a voltage controlled current source. Thus we not have created an AC
current source with a magnitude and a phase.

To obtain the desired output use Setup/Analysis/AC Sweep as Linear for 1 point starting
and ending at a frequency of 0.15915 Hz. When the schematic is saved and run, the
output file includes

Frequency IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

1.592E-01 10.336E+00 1.580E+02

Frequency VM($N_0004) VP($N_0004)

1.592E-01 39.368E+00 4.478E+01

From the output file, we obtain

Vx  39.3744.78 V and I x  10.336158 A

 R   10  10 6 
P.P.10.15 C eq  1  2  C  1  10  10 -9   10 F
 R1   10  10 3 

P.P.10.16 If R  R 1  R 2  2.5 k and C  C1  C 2  1 nF

1 1
fo    63.66 kHz
2RC (2)(2.5  10 3 )(1  10 -9 )