Project management processes and groups Chapter 3

We already looked into it; Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and
techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. To apply those specified skills or
knowledge a framework and predefined processes and procedures
procedure are required.

A process is a set of interrelated actions and activities performed to achieve a pre-specified

pre specified end results.
To achieve specified results each process requires few inputs, and the tools and techniques that can be
applied on those inputs. These three components of process works as show below

Process

Tools and Outputs

Inputs
Techniques

Organizational process assets and enterprise environmental factors must be taken into account for
every process, even if they are not explicitly listed as inputs in the process specification.

The project processes generally fall into one of two major categories:

• Project management processes ensure the effective flow of the project throughout its
it existence.
Project management processes apply globally and across industry groups.

• Product-oriented
oriented processes specify and create the projects product. Product-oriented
Product oriented processes
are typically defined by the project life cycle and vary by application area.
a

Project management is an integrative undertaking requiring each project and product process to be
appropriately aligned and connected with the other processes to facilitate coordination. Actions taken
during one process typically affect that process and other related processes.
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 Project management processes and groups Chapter 3

Project Process groups

Project management processes are grouped into five categories known as Project Management Process
Groups (or Process Groups):

• Initiating Process Group. Those processes performed to define a new project or a new phase of an
existing project by obtaining authorization to start The project or phase.

• Planning Process Group. Those processes required to establish the scope of the project, refine the
objectives, and define the course of action required to attain the objectives that the project was
undertaken to achieve.

• Executing Process Group. Those processes performed to complete the work defined in the project
management plan to satisfy the project specifications.

• Monitoring and Controlling Process Group. Those processes required to track, review, and regulate the
progress and performance of the project: identify any areas in which changes to the plan are required;
and initiate the corresponding changes.

• Closing Process Group. Those processes performed to finalize all activities across all Process Groups to
formally close the project or phase.

The project management processes are presented as discrete elements with well-defined interfaces.
However, in practice they overlap and interact different ways. As every one would agree, there is more
than one way to manage a project. The required Process Groups and their constituent processes are
guides for applying appropriate project management knowledge and skills during the project. The
application of the project management processes is iterative, and many processes are repeated during
the project.

The integrative nature of project management requires the Monitoring and Controlling Process Group to
interact with the other Process Groups, as shown in below image
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Project Management Process Groups are linked by the outputs they produce; they are overlapping
activities that occur throughout the project. The output of one process generally becomes an input to
another process or is a deliverable of the project. The interaction between processes and process groups
is explained in the picture below

These five Process Groups have clear dependencies and are typically performed in the same sequence
on each project. They are independent of application areas or industry focus. THE PROCESS GROUPS ARE
NOT PROJECT PHASES, When large or complex projects are separated into distinct phases or subprojects
such as feasibility study, concept development, design, prototype, build, test, etc., all of the Process
Groups would normally be repeated for each phase or subproject. The project methodology we select is
totally different than the Project management process groups we are talking over here. For example,
for your IT project traditional SDLC is the methodology to run the project. PMP Project management
techniques are applied on SDLC phases to deliver the project results.

PMI’s knowledge areas as skillets required to execute the project. There are 9 knowledge areas, and
those are Integration, Scope, Time, Cost, quality, HR, Communications, Risk, and Procurement. We will
learn more about those in following chapters.

Processes in process groups interact as shown below:

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 Project management processes and groups Chapter 3
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Project management process groups and knowledge areas mapping is explained in below table:

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 Project management processes and groups Chapter 3

Initiating Monitoring and FClosing

Knowledge Planning Process Execution Process
Process control process process
Areas groups group
Group group group
4.4 Monitor and
Control Project
4. Project 4.1 Develop 4.3 Direct and 4.6 Closing
4.2 Develop Project Work
Integration Project manage project project or
Management Plan 4.5 Perform
Management Charter Execution phase
Integrated
Change Control
5.1 Collect Requirements
5.Project Scope 5.4 Verify Scope
5.2 Define Scope
Management 5.5 Control Scope
5.3 Create WBS

6.1 Define Activities

6.2 Sequence Activities
6.3 Estimate Activity
6. Project Time 6.6 Control
Resources
Management Schedule
6.4 Estimate Activity
Durations
6.5 Develop Schedule
7. Project cost 7.1 Estimate Cost
7.3 Control Costs
Management 7.2 Determine Budget
8. Project Quality 8.2 Perform quality 8.3 Perform
8.1 Plan Quality
Management Assurance Quality Control
9.2 Acquire Project
team
9. Project Human
9.1 Develop Human 9.3 Develop Project
Resource
Resource Plan Team
Management
9.4 Manage Project
team
10.3 Distribute
10. Project Information
10.1 Identify 10.2 Plan 10.5 Report
Communications 10.4 Manage
Stakeholders Communications Performance
Management stakeholder
expectations
11.1 Plan Risk
Management
11.2 Identify Risks
11. Project Risk 11.3 Perform Qualitative 11.6 Monitor and
Management Risk Analysis Control Risks
11.4 Perform
Quantitative Risk Analysis
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11.5 Plan Risk Responses

12. Project
12.2 Conduct 12.3 Administer 12.4 Close
Procurement 12.1 Plan Procurements
Procurements Procurements procurements
Management

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Initiation Process Group

The Initiating Process Group consists of those processes performed to define a new project or a new
phase of an existing project by obtaining authorization to start the project or phase. Within the initiating
processes, the initial scope is defined and initial financial resources are committed. Internal and external
stakeholders who will interact and influence the overall outcome of the project are identified. If not
already assigned, the project manager will be selected. This information is captured in the project
charter and stakeholder register.

As part of the Initiating Process Group, many large or complex projects may be divided into separate
phases. In such projects the Initiating processes are carried out during subsequent phases to validate the
decisions made during the original Develop Project Charter and Identity Stakeholders processes.
Invoking the Initiating processes at the start of each phase helps keep the project focused on the
business need the project was undertaken to address. A decision is then made as to whether the project
should be continued, delayed, or discontinued.

2 processes of Initiation process group are

1. Develop Project Charter

Develop Project Charter is the process of developing a document that formally authorizes a
project or a phase and documenting initial requirements that satisfy the stakeholder’s needs
and expectations.
2. Identity Stakeholders
Identify Stakeholders is the process of identifying all people or organizations impacted by the
project, and documenting relevant information regarding their interests, involvement, and
impact on project success.

Planning Process group

The Planning Process Group consists of those processes performed to establish the total scope of the
effort, define and refine the objectives, and develop the course of action required to attain those
objectives. The planning processes develop the project management plan and the project documents
that will be used to carry out the project. Progressive detailing of the project management plan is often
called ‘rolling wave planning,” indicating that planning and documentation are iterative and ongoing
processes.

20 processes in this process group are

1. Develop Project Management Plan

Develop Project Management Plan is the process of documenting the actions necessary to
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define, prepare, integrate, and coordinate all subsidiary plans.

2. Collect Requirements
Collect Requirements is the process of defining and documenting stakeholders’ needs to meet
the project objectives.

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3. Define Scope
Define Scope is the process of developing a detailed description of the project and product.
4. Create WBS
Create Work Breakdown Structure is the process of subdividing project deliverables and project
work into smaller, more manageable components.
5. Define Activities
Define Activities is the process of identifying the specific actions to be performed to produce the
project deliverables.
6. Sequence Activities
Sequence Activities is the process of identifying and documenting relationships among the
project activities.
7. Estimate Activity Resources
Estimate Activity Resources is the process of estimating the type and quantities of material,
people, equipment, or supplies required to perform each activity
8. Estimate Activity Durations
Estimate Activity Durations is the process at approximating the number of work periods needed
to complete individual activities with estimated resources
9. Develop Schedule
Develop Schedule is the process of analyzing activity sequences, durations, resource
requirements, and schedule constraints to create the project schedule
10. Estimate Costs
Estimate Costs is the process of developing an approximation of the monetary resources needed
to complete project activities
11. Determine Budget
Determine Budget is the process of aggregating the estimated costs of individual activities or
work packages to establish an authorized cost baseline
12. Plan Quality
Plan Quality is the process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project
and product, and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance
13. Develop Human Resource Plan
Develop Human Resource Plan is the process of identifying and documenting project roles,
responsibilities, and required skills, reporting relationships, and creating a staffing management
plan
14. Plan Communications
Plan Communications is the process of determining project stakeholder information needs and
defining a communication approach
15. Plan Risk Management
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Plan Risk Management is the process of defining how to conduct risk management activities for
a project
16. Identify Risks
Identify Risks is the process of determining which risks may affect the project and documenting
their characteristics

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17. Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis

Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis is the process of prioritizing risks for further analysis or action
by assessing and combining their probability of occurrence and impact
18. Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis is the process of numerically analyzing the effect of identified
risks on overall project objectives
19. Plan Risk Responses
Plan Risk Responses is the process of developing options and actions to enhance opportunities
and to reduce threats to project objectives
20. Plan Procurements
Plan Procurements is the process of documenting project purchasing decisions, specifying the
approach, and identifying potential sellers

Execution Process Group

The Executing Process Group consists of those processes performed to complete the work defined in the
project management plan to satisfy the project specifications. This Process Group involves coordinating
people and resources, as well as integrating and performing the activities of the project in accordance
with the project management plan

8 processes in this process group are

1. Direct and Manage Project Execution

Direct and Manage Project Execution is the process of performing the work defined in the
project management plan to achieve the projects objectives.
2. Perform Quality Assurance
Perform Quality Assurance is the process of auditing the quality requirements and the results
from quality control measurements to ensure appropriate quality standards and operational
definitions are used
3. Acquire Project Team
Acquire Project Team is the process of confirming human resource availability and obtaining the
team necessary to complete project assignments
4. Develop Project Team
Develop Project Team is the process of improving the competencies, team interaction, and the
overall team environment to enhance project performance
5. Manage Project Team
Manage Project Team is the process of tracking team member performance, providing feedback,
resolving issues, and managing changes to optimize project performance
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6. Distribute Information
Distribute Information is the process of making relevant information available to project
stakeholders as planned.

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7. Manage Stakeholder Expectations

Manage Stakeholder Expectations is the process of communicating and working with
stakeholders to meet their needs and addressing issues as they occur
8. Conduct Procurements
Conduct Procurements is the process of obtaining seller responses, selecting a seller, and
awarding a contract.

Monitoring and Controlling Process Group

The Monitoring and Controlling Process Group consists of those processes required to track, review, and
regulate the progress and performance of the project; identity any areas in which changes to the plan
are required; and initiate the corresponding changes. The key benefit of this Process Group is that
project performance is observed and measured regularly and consistently to identify variances from the
project management plan.

10 process constitutes this process group are

1. Monitor and Control Project Work

Monitor and Control Project Work is the process of tracking, reviewing, and regulating the
progress to meet the performance objectives defined in the project management plan
2. Perform Integrated Change Control
Perform Integrated Change Control is the process of reviewing all change requests, approving
changes, and managing changes to the deliverables, organizational process assets, project
documents, and the project management plan
3. Verify Scope
Verify Scope is the process of formalizing acceptance of the completed project deliverables
4. Control Scope
Control Scope is the process of monitoring the status at the project and product scope and
managing changes to the scope baseline
5. Control Schedule
Control Schedule is the process at monitoring the status of the project to update project
progress and managing changes to the schedule baseline
6. Control Costs
Control Costs is the process of monitoring the status of the project to update The project budget
and managing changes to the cost baseline
7. Perform Quality Control
Perform Quality Control is the process of monitoring and recording results of executing the
quality activities to assess performance and recommend necessary changes
8. Report Performance
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Report Performance is the process of collecting and distributing performance information

including status reports, progress measurements, and forecasts
9. Monitor and Control Risks
Monitor and Control Risks is the process of implementing risk response plans, tracking identified

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risks, monitoring residual risks, identifying new tasks, and evaluating risk process effectiveness
throughout the project
10. Administer Procurements
Administer Procurements is the process of managing procurement relationships, monitoring
contract performance, and making changes and corrections as needed

Closing Process Group

The Closing Process Group consists of those processes performed to finalize all activities across all
Project Management Process Groups to formally complete the project, phase, or contractual
obligations. At project or phase closure, the following may occur:

 Obtain acceptance by the customer or sponsor.

 Conduct post-project or phase-end review,
 Record impacts of tailoring to any process,
 Document lessons learned,
 Apply appropriate updates to organizational process assets,
 Archive all relevant project documents in the Project Management Information System (PMIS)
to be used as historical data, and
 Close out procurements.

Two processes in this process group

1. Close Project or Phase

Close Project or Phase is the process of finalizing all activities across all of the management
Process Groups to normally complete the project or phase
2. Close Procurements
Close procurement is the process of completing each project procurement
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