Logical Thinking, Fall 2020

Sample for Final Exam Preparation

Name: ______________________________________ Date: _________________________

Roll #: ____________________________________ Time Allowed: 3 hours

Instructions

1. Please make sure you read all the instructions carefully.

2. Answer ALL questions to the best of your ability.

3. No discussion is allowed.

4. No sharing of calculators is allowed.

5. Total Marks Possible: 100

 1. Attempt any one of the games on
a. https://www.mindgames.com/Daily+Puzzles
OR
b. http://www.1to25.com/1_to_25_Home.html

Marks: 20
 2. Identify the logical fallacies in the following statements:

Marks Statement Fallacy

2 Pakistan should agree to do whatever China demands
because, otherwise, China will pull out of CPEC. If they pull
out of CPEC, our economy will suffer massively, the business
community will pull out their investments, and millions of
jobs will be lost. This will further devaluate the rupee and
lead to massive inflation. This will cause mass starvation in
the population, leading to riots and a total breakdown in law
and order. The state will be unable to cope and will collapse.
Therefore, in order to survive, we must do whatever China
demands.
2 When junior players complained about the sliding scale
favouring those who had played more matches, and Miandad
with the greatest number of caps most of all, he browbeat
them: "Why are you always thinking about money instead of
playing cricket? You have only just started playing for
Pakistan and you are becoming greedy."
(from: https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/agent-provocateur-
410441)
2 Fan 1: “I know why we keep losing matches. It’s because our
approach is unscientific. All the teams use scientific methods
to analyse their performances. That’s why we should too –
otherwise, we’ll get left behind and we’ll keep losing.”
Fan 2: “Oh come on, there are lots of reasons we keep losing,
not just because we’re ‘behind the times’!”
Fan 1: “I’m telling you, using a scientific approach to
analysing match data is the only way to improve. Can you
show me a single example of a team that doesn’t use a
scientific approach and still keeps improving?”
2 “This is the best brand of cereal you can get on the market.
That’s why Sania Mirza recommends it. You can’t argue with
her – she’s an elite sportswoman as well as a mom!”
2 Prime Minister: “Mr Speaker, our country faces a terrible
danger at the moment. I appeal to my esteemed colleagues
to vote in favour of increasing the defence budget so that we
can once more hold up our head among Muslim nations as
the largest, the best, and the most well-funded military!”

Leader of the Opposition: “Mr Speaker, while I appreciate the

Prime Minister’s concern for the status of our military among
Muslim nations, I would just like to remind our worthy
colleagues that this bill authorizes the purchase of crores of
rupees worth of new uniforms from the only firm that the
Prime Minister’s government has allowed to manufacture
these new uniforms, a firm owned and managed by members
of the Prime Minister’s own family. I submit that this bill is
nothing more than a cheap way for the Prime Minister to
enrich his pockets! Shame! Shame on this thief!”
Marks: 10
 3. For each of the following statements, write down the requested variations:

Marks Statement Variations

5 If you did not study during the Contrapositive:
semester, you will not get better
than a C in this course.
Converse:

Inverse:

4 if you get a GPA of 3.5 in Computer Contrapositive:

Science, you can get a really good
job as a programmer.
Converse:

Inverse:

Negation:

4 If the guard at the door of your Contrapositive:

house decides to rob you, then you
have two options: fight him or
submit to his orders. Converse:

Inverse:

Negation:

5 All Pakistanis are South Asians. Negation:

Conditional: (can you write this in conditional??)

If a person is a Pakistani, then that person is a South
Asian.

Contrapositive:

Converse:
 Inverse:

2+1+1 If Pakistan is ruled by the elite, poor Negation:

people will continue to suffer
injustice.
Contrapositive:

Inverse:

Marks: 25
 4. Re-express the following statements using only the CONJUNCTION, DISJUNCTION and
NEGATION connectives:

Hint: please open book chapter 2 and check meaning of CONJUNCTION, DISJUNCTION and
NEGATION 😊

Marks Statement Re-written form

2.5 pq
2.5 (p ^ q) => r
2.5 You are my best friend if you help
me cheat.
2.5 If the judges are corrupt and the
media has been purchased, then it
is easy to manipulate the legal
system.

Marks: 10
5. Check whether the following arguments are valid. Marks: 15 + 15
For each argument, identify the premises and the conclusion (5 marks), re-write these in
symbolic form (5 marks) and use the truth table method to check whether they are valid or
invalid (5 marks)

a. If Kashif plays in the match, Fareed will be left out of the team. If Fareed does not
play in the match, his father will not be able to see him play. Fareed’s father was so
happy and proud to be in the stadium as his son made an unbeaten half-century.
Therefore, Kashif did not play in the match.

b. Either Fareeda will lend Mohsin her car or Baji Shamim will cancel Mohsin's contract.
Baji Shamim cancelled Mohsin’s contract. So we know that Fareeda did not lend
Mohsin her car.
6. Translate each of the following arguments to symbolic form
Marks: 10 + 10
a. If one gets married before one turns 25 and has at least three children, one will have
a happy life. I am 26 and single. Therefore, I must be unhappy.

b. If you want to be considered a successful person, one must own at least own two
houses. Either a successful person does not own two houses or she has 7 crore
rupees. Therefore, if I am a successful person, I have 7 crore rupees.
7. Prove whether the following statements are equivalent. Marks: 10
You may use any method to prove or disprove the equivalence, as long as it is logical and
complete.
a. I wear a hat if and only if it is sunny.
If and only if I wear a hat is it sunny.

b. If Pakistan will recognize Israel, Pakistan can get from better trading terms with the
US, EU and Canada.
If Pakistan can get from better trading terms with the US, EU and Canada, Pakistan
will recognize Israel.
 8. Use the ladder method to prove that:
a. n2 + n is divisible by 2 for all positive integers n

Step 1: (6 Marks)

Step 2: (4 Marks)

Step 3: (10 Marks)

9. A ball is dropped into this machine at point A. During its fall, at every point where it hits the
top of one of the small hexagons, it is equally likely to go left as it is to go right.

a. How many different ways are there for the ball to travel from point A to:
i. Point B (the top of the hexagon labelled B)

ii. Point C (the top of the hexagon labelled C)

iii. Point D (the top of the hexagon labelled D)

iv. Point E (the top of the hexagon labelled E)

v. Point F (the top of the hexagon labelled F)

Marks: 5

b. How many different ways are there for the ball to travel from point A to:
i. Point G

ii. Point H
 iii. Point I

iv. Point J

v. Point K

Marks: 5

c. Explain how you know that the number of routes from point A to point J is the same
as the number of routes from point A to point L Marks: 5

d.
The machine shown here has nine rows of
hexagons. The one shown above has seven
rows of hexagons. Determine how many
routes a ball can take as it travels
1) from A to B,
2) from A to C,
3) from A to D,
4) from A to E,
5) from A to F

Marks: 5