Questions

Q1.
 
The diagram shows the basic details of a steam engine used in a steam train.

(a)  Coal is burned in the firebox to heat up water in the boiler.

Coal is a non-renewable fuel.
Give an example of another non-renewable fuel.

Fossil fuels
(1)
(b)  This is how the steam engine works.

· hot air from the firebox passes through a pipe to the chimney
· water is heated as the pipe passes through the boiler
· the water boils to form steam
· the steam is trapped by the closed inlet valve and continues to be heated 
Explain why the pressure of the steam increases as its temperature increases.

The molecules start moving faster due to a higher temperature, which causes the particles to
bump into the walls way faster and harder, which causes pressure increases with a higher
temp.
(3)

(c)  When the inlet valve is opened, the steam moves into the cylinder.
The steam exerts a force on the piston in the cylinder.
(i)  State the equation linking pressure, force and area.
(1)
P = F/A

(ii)  The steam has a pressure of 1.45 MPa.

The piston has an area of 0.0243 m2.
Calculate the force exerted on the piston.
 F= P x A force = 1.45 x 0.0243= 0.035235
(3)

force = 0.035235 N

(d)  The force pushes the piston so that the wheels turn and the train moves.
This process transfers chemical energy from the coal into useful kinetic energy.
(i)  State a type of energy that is wasted in this process.
(1)
Thermal Energy
(ii)  The Sankey diagram shows the energy transfers in the process.

Using the diagram, calculate the efficiency of the steam train.

efficiency = useful energy output/total energy output

0.9/6.2= 0.145 = 15%

(4)
efficiency = 15 %
(Total for question = 13 marks)
 

Q2.
 
A hot air balloon is filled with air through an opening.

The air is heated using a burner.

 (a) Describe the effect of an increase in temperature on the average speed of the air molecules.

The average speed will increase.

(1)
(b)  The hot air causes a pressure on the inside of the balloon.
Use ideas about molecules to explain how the hot air causes this pressure.
Molecules move around randomly, hitting the sides of the air balloon,
which then produces a force
(3)

(c)  Give a reason why the hottest air rises to the top of the balloon.

It is less dense than cooler air, it goes in a convection current.

(1)

(d)  The average density of the hot air in the balloon is 0.95 kg/m3.
The volume of this air is 2800 m3.
(i)  State the equation linking density, mass and volume.
(1)
Density = mass/ volume

(ii)  Calculate the mass of hot air in the balloon.

Mass = density x volume

Mass = 0.95 x 2800= 2660 kg
(3)
 mass of hot air = 2660 kg

(e)  As the balloon climbs higher, the air pressure outside it decreases.
(i) Suggest a reason for this change in the outside air pressure.

When the balloon climbs higher the temperature decreases, molecules move slower in
colder temperatures.
(1)

(ii)  Suggest how the decrease in air pressure outside the balloon affects the hot air inside.
(1)
No more hot air, so colder air expands in the balloon
 
(Total for question = 11 marks)
 
Q3.

The LR5 is a specialist submarine for underwater rescues.

The average density of sea water is 1028 kg/m3.

(a) (i) State the equation linking pressure difference, depth, density and g.

Pressure density= depth x density x g

(1)

(ii) Calculate the increase in pressure as the LR5 descends from the surface to a
depth of 700 m.

=density x g x depth
= 1028 x 10 x 700 = 7,196,000
(2)

increase in pressure = 7,196,000 Pa

(iii) Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.

Calculate the total pressure on the LR5 when it is at a depth of 700 m.
(1)

total pressure = .............................. Pa

 (b) On another descent, the LR5 experiences a total pressure of 41 × 105 Pa.
The entrance to the LR5 is through an access door which has an area of 3.1 m2.
(i) State the equation linking pressure, force and area.

Pressure = force/area

(1)

(ii) Calculate the force on the outside of the door.

Force = pressure x area

Force=
(3)

force = .............................. N
(c) The LR5 is tested in fresh water.
The density of fresh water is 1000 kg/m3.
Explain why the pressure on the submarine in the fresh water is less than the
pressure in sea at the same depth.

Fresh water is less dense than sea water

(1)

(d) A student is given a sample of liquid labelled sea water.

Describe an experiment that the student could carry out to find the density of the
sample.

1. Take a measuring cylinder and measure its mass, in grams

2. add the water carefully, either by careful pouring or with a pipette until the level is at the 10
ml mark. Put the measuring cylinder back on the balance. Measure and record the new
mass in grams.
3. Repeat the procedure, adding 10 ml at a time as accurately as possible and recording the
volume and total mass, until the sea water is all in the measuring cylinder.
(5)

 
(Total for question = 14 marks)