GENDER STUDIES – CHAPTER 8

Gender Based Violence

By
ZAHOOR ELAHI (CSP)
COMMERCE AND TRADE

WhatsApp # +923004578032
Zahoor.elahi.gov@gmail.com
 QUESTIONS– CHAPTER 8

¨  CSS 2016: What are sites and forms of violence against women in
Pakistan and how in your view this menace can be eliminated from our
society?
¨  CSS 2017: What are the different gender based violence and in your
opinion what could be the workable strategies to eliminate gender
based violence from Pakistani society?
¨  CSS 2018: Write short note on Government initiatives for combating
the menace of violence against women.
¨  CSS 2019: Explain the structural and direct forms of violence against
women in the Pakistani society by highlighting the case study of
Mukhtaran Mai.
 Statistics relating to Violence
¤  In the United States a rape occurs every six
minutes and violence occurs once in 2/3 of all
marriages.
¤  In Canada, one in every four women can expect to
be sexually assaulted at some point in her life.
¤  In France 95 per cent of its victims of violence are
women, 51 per cent of the above at the hands of a
husband
¤  According to the World Health Organization more
than 80 million women have undergone sexual
surgery (female circumcision) in Africa alone.
¤  Every minute and a half a woman is raped in South
Africa, total approximately 380,000 women raped
each year (Schuler 322)
…Continued

¨  The most gender-based violence is inflicted by men on

women and girls. It is estimated that 20 to 25% of
women in Europe have suffered physical violence. The
number of women who have suffered from other forms of
gender-based violence is much higher.
¨  According to the National Violence Against Women
Survey (1998), 15% of women will be the victim of a
completed rape in their lifetimes and 2.1% of men.
According to the Department of Justice, 99% of all people
arrested for rape are men.
¨  WB report published in October 2018 states that
Gender-based violence (GBV) or violence against women
and girls (VAWG), is a global pandemic that affects 1 in 3
women in their lifetime
WB Statistics in October 2018

¨  WB report published in October 2018 states that

Gender-based violence (GBV) or violence against women
and girls (VAWG), is a global pandemic that affects 1 in 3
women in their lifetime
¤  35% of women worldwide have experienced either
physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or
non-partner sexual violence.
¤  Globally, 7% of women have been sexually
assaulted by someone other than a partner.
¤  200 million women have experienced female
genital mutilation/cutting.
CEDAW Provisions:

¨  Violence against women was seen to

violate articles 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, 12,
and 16 of CEDAW.
¨  These articles deal specifically with
prohibition of discrimination by
public and private actors
The UN General Assembly Declaration on the
Elimination of Violence Against Women

¨  ‘Any act of gender-based

violence that results in or is
likely to result in physical, sexual
or psychological harm or
suffering to women, including
threats of such acts, coereion or
arbitrary deprivation of liberty
whether occurring in public or
private life’. (Article 2)
The Council of Europe defines violence against
women:

‘all acts of gender-based violence

that result in, or are likely to result
in, physical, sexual, psychological or
economic harm or suffering to
women, including threats of such
acts, coercion or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty, whether
occurring in public or in private life.’
The term "gender violence"

reflects the idea that violence

¨ 
often serves to maintain structural
gender inequalities, and includes
all types of violence against men,
women, children, adolescents, gay,
transgender people and gender
non conforming.
TYPES OF VIOLENCE

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FORMS OF VIOLENCE

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Physical Violence:

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Forms of Physical Violence:

¨  Physical harassment
¨  Beating
¨  Kicking
¨  Chaining
¨  Head-shaving
¨  Kidnapping
¨  Killing – forms
¨  Braid cutting
¨  Knife-cut
¨  Face blackening
¨  Ink/shoe throwing
¨  Amputation
Psychological Violence:

????
Forms of Psychological Violence

¨  Emotional violence
¨  Threats

¨  Abusive language

¨  Blackmailing

¨  Taunts

¨  Bullying

¨  Divorce

¨  Isolation

¨  Overburden

¨  Quran Marriage
SEXUAL VIOLENCE:

????
Forms of Sexual Violence:

¨  Sexual slavery
¨  Sexual harassment (including demands for sex in
exchange for job promotion or advancement or
higher school marks or grades)
¨  Trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation
¨  Forced exposure to pornography
¨  Forced pregnancy
¨  Forced sterilization
¨  Eve teasing
¨  Forced marriage
¨  Female genital mutilation
¨  Virginity tests
…Continued

¨  Forced abortion
¨  Uranism

¨  Voyeurism

¨  Sadism

¨  Masochism

¨  Bestiality

¨  Incest

¨  Marital rape

¨  Groping

¨  Virginity tests
ECONOMIC VIOLENCE

????
Forms of Economic Violence

¨  Lack of fulfillment of economic needs

¨  Lack of inheritance share

¨  Lack of providing pocket money

¨  Lack of power/decision making power to

spend money
¨  Lack of acceptance of economic roles

¨  Glass ceiling

¨  Security/Harassment issues

¨  Dowry
APPROACHES STATING VIOLENCE:

u  radical feminist
u  Socialist feminism

u  Eco-feminism etc
THEORIES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

①  Social learning theory

②  Personality Characteristics and
Psychopathology
③  Exchange Theory
④  Resource Theory
⑤  Feminist Theory
⑥  Social Etiological Model
u  Microsystem
u  Mesosystem
u  Exosystem
u  Macrosystem
Structural and Direct Forms of Violence

¨  Direct violence includes war, murder, rape, assault,

verbal attacks and is the kind we physically perceive,
but it manifests out of conditions created by the first
two invisible forms and can’t be eliminated without
eliminating them.
¨  Direct violence has its roots in structural violence; then
it feeds back and strengthens them.
¨  Both are independent on each other. Structural
violence cause direct violence. Direct violence
reinforces structural violence.
…Continued

¨  Structural violence is injustice and exploitation built

into a social system that generates wealth for the few
and poverty for the many, stunting everyone’s ability
to develop their full humanity.
¨  By privileging some classes, ethnicities, genders, and

nationalities over others, it institutionalizes unequal

opportunities for education, resources, and respect.
¨  Structural violence forms the very basis of capitalism,
patriarchy, and any dominator system.
STRATEGIES TO ELIMINATE VIOLENCE AGAINST
WOMEN

????
STRATEGIES TO ELIMINATE VIOLENCE AGAINST
WOMEN
Public awareness for rights: The 16 Days of
Activism Against Gender-Based Violence, a global
campaign from 25 November through 10 Dec.
Breaking the silence: Millions have rallied behind
the hashtag #MeToo and other campaigns.
Education for prevention:
Addressing root and structural causes:
Making Laws:
Economic Empowerment:
Exercising free will in marriage:
Political Empowerment:
Role of Media:
…Continued

¨  Making judicial Reforms:

¨  Increasing women in law enforcement
agencies:
¨  Improving investigation system
¨  Implementing
¨  Certainty in punishment