Contents

Page 3: Introduction, Intext Citations, Quotations

Page 4: Ideas and Viewpoints, Paraphrasing
Page 5: Journals, Articles and Websites
Page 6: Diagrams, Illustrations, Art and Photographs
Page 7: Unusual Citations
Page 8: The Bibliography/Reference List
Page 9: Academic Honesty

2
Harvard Referencing: How do I cite my Sources?
A significant amount of your work will be made up of not just your own thoughts and opinions but facts,
information, quotations, data and viewpoints of other people taken from the resources you have used. You
must accurately acknowledge these sources in your work. This is done in two ways:

1. You must provide in-text citations to show where in the essay each source has been used.
2. You must provide a Bibliography or Reference List of all the works you have used.

You do not have to reference every piece of information. It is reasonable to expect that at this stage in your
education you will already have substantial knowledge of your own however all new facts, information,
quotations, data and viewpoints should be referenced.

Harvard Referencing
There are several different methods for presenting your bibliography and in-text citations. All SIS students
should use Harvard referencing. This method has been chosen because it is the easiest to use! This is a
complete guide to using Harvard in-text citations and creating a bibliography or reference list.

In-text citations
In-text citations must be included following the use of a quote or paraphrase taken from another piece of
work.

In-text citations are references written within the main body of text and refer to a quote or paraphrase.
They are much shorter than full references. The full reference of in-text citations appears in the reference
list at the end of your essay. In Harvard referencing, in-text citations normally contain the following:

1. Author(s)’s surname
2. Year of publication
3. Page number(s)

Quotations
Quotations: Below is a section from an EE in which a student has used a quote which has been cited
using the Harvard referencing method:

The American view of the Russian threat was greatly exaggerated. “On any
rational assessment, the USSR presented no immediate danger to anyone
outside the reach of the Red Army’s occupation forces. It emerged from the war
in ruins, drained and exhausted, its peacetime economy in shreds.” (Hobshawn,
1994, p232) Clearly, Stalin was not about to launch an attack on the West.
This student has placed a citation to acknowledge, correctly, the source of the information. The full
details of the source will appear in a bibliography/reference list at the end of the essay.

3
Ideas and Viewpoints
You can acknowledge the source of an idea by writing the name of the author in the text without quoting
directly. You simply have to write their name followed by the date.

Using the Authors name: Below is a section from an extended essay in which a student has used a
name instead of a quote:

The American view of the Russian threat was greatly exaggerated. Hobshawn
(1994) claimed that the USSR presented no immediate danger to anyone…
This student has placed the date of the book by the authors name to acknowledge, correctly, the
source of the information. The full details of the source will appear in a bibliography/reference list at
the end of the essay.

Paraphrasing Viewpoints and Ideas

You can also paraphrase ideas and viewpoint by putting it into you own words. This does not make it your
own work! This is a common mistake that students make. You still need to cite the source of the
information.

Paraphrasing viewpoints and ideas: Below is a section from an EE in which a student has used a
viewpoint or idea taken from a source and summarised or paraphrased it:

The American view of the Russian threat was greatly exaggerated. As a result
of World War Two the USSR had been left economically weak and in ruins.
Although the USSR occupied large areas of Europe it was as a result of fighting
the war not a threat to America or the west. (Hobshawn, 1994) Clearly, Stalin
was not about to launch an attack on the West.
This student has placed a reference to acknowledge, correctly, the source of the information.
Summaries and paraphrasing do not require a page number. The full details of the source will appear
in a bibliography/reference list at the end of the essay.

4
Journals and Articles
Journals and articles are referenced in the same way. If there is no page number just omit it in the citation.

Journals and Articles: Below is a section from an EE in which a student has used an extract from a
Journal:

Over 20 million Russians had died during WW2. They said they had the right to
take defensive measures to protect themselves. Stalin was determined that his
country would be secure in the future. (Evans T, 2007)

This student has placed a reference to acknowledge, correctly, the source of the information which will
be supported by further information in the bibliography/reference list.

Websites
Webpages should be referenced using the same Author date method. If you do not have an author
you should use the name of the website. If you cannot find a date you should use the date you
accessed the site.

“The USA thought the USSR was determined to encourage communist

revolutions in other countries, and was worried about communism spreading
across the world. This was seen as a dangerous threat to the governments and
economies in the West.” (The History Site, 2001)
This student has placed a reference to acknowledge, correctly, the source of the information. In this
case the author is not known so the website name is used. The full details of the source will appear in
a bibliography/reference list at the end of the essay.

5
Diagrams, illustrations, art and photographs
Diagrams, illustrations and photographs: Should be referenced as though they were quotations taken
from published works

Figure 1: Eat by Tom Ungerer (Hastings, 1996, Page 10)

This student has placed a reference to acknowledge, correctly, the source of the information. The full
details of the source will appear in a bibliography/reference list at the end of the essay.

Photographs and Images taken from Websites

Photographs and images taken from Webpages should be referenced using the same method.

(Anon/1965)

This student has placed a reference to acknowledge, correctly, the source of the information. Please
note that Anon means unknown.

6
Unusual Citations
Two or Three Authors: When citing a source with two or three authors, state all surnames like so:

Mitchell, Smith and Thomson (2017, p. 189) states… Or

(Mitchell, Coyne and Thomson, 2017, p. 189)

Four or More Authors: In this case, the first author’s surname should be stated followed by ‘et al’:

Mitchell et al (2017, p. 189) states… Or (Mitchell et al, 2017, p, 189)

No Author: If possible, use the organisation responsible for the post in place of the author. If not, use the
title in italics:

(A guide to citation, 2017, pp. 189-201)

Multiple Works from the Same Author in the Same Year: If referencing multiple works from one author
released in the same year, the works are allocated a letter (a, b, c etc) after the year. This allocation is
done in the reference list so is done alphabetically according to the author's surname and source title:

(Mitchell, 2017a, p. 189) or Mitchell (2017b, p. 189)

Citing Multiple Works in One Parentheses: List the in-text citations in the normal way but with
semicolons between different references:

(Mitchell, 2017, p. 189; Smith, 200; Andrews, 1989, pp. 165-176)

Citing Different Editions of the Same Work in One Parentheses: Include the author(s)’s name only once
followed by all the appropriate dates separated by semicolons:

Mitchell (2010; 2017) states… Or (Mitchell, 2010; 2017)

Citing a Reference With No Date: In this case simply state ‘no date’ in place of the year:

(Mitchell, no date, p. 189).

Citing a Secondary Source: In this case, state the reference you used first followed by ‘cited in’ and the
original author:

Smith 2000 (cited in Mitchell, 2017, p. 189) or (Smith, 2000, cited in Mitchell, 2017, p. 189)

In-text citations remain quite constant across source types, unless mentioned explicitly, assume the in-
text citation uses the rules stated above

7
The Bibliography/Reference List
A reference list is a complete list of all the sources used when creating a piece of work.

This list includes information about the sources like the author, date of publication, title of the source and
more.

A bibliography is a list of all works used in the research, including books, articles, internet sites, interviews,
magazines…in fact, anything that has aided the research. This is where you give the detailed information
about your sources. Each source should be listed using the formula as follows…

Books: Author, Initials, Date, Title, Edition, Place of Publication, Publisher, Page Number

Edited Books: Edited books are collations of chapters written by different authors. Their reference format is
very similar to the book reference except instead of the author name, the editor name is used followed by
(eds.) to distinguish them as an editor.

Editor surname(s), initials. (eds.) Date, Title, Edition, Place of publication, Publisher, Page Number

Articles and Journals Author, Initials, Year of publication, Title of Article, Title of journal, Volume number,
Page Number

Newspaper Articles: Author, initials, Year of publication, Article Title, Newspaper Title, day and month, page
number(s).

Websites: Author/date of publication/title of article/place of publication/publisher if applicable/Available

from: UHR/ Date of access

Ebook: Author, Initials, Date, Title, Edition, Publisher, Page Number and Available from: UHR/ Date of access

Photographs and images taken from Webpages: Author or Artists/date of publication/title of article/place of
publication/publisher if applicable/Available from: UHR/ Date of access

Films: Title, Date, Director, Format, Distribution Company

TV: Title of Episode, Date, Titke of TV Show, Series, Channel

All works should be listed alphabetically, by author and double spaced. For example:

Adams, J. 1985, “An Honest Student”, London, Penguin Books

Brown, R. 1992, “Cheats get Caught”, New York, Available from: www. cheatsgetcaught.com,
[Accessed 17th January 2010]

Chambers, Y. August 1999, “Write the Best Essays in the World”, Princeton, Student Review.

Colborne, G, Personal communication, Addis Ababa, 17th August 2010

Hobshawn F. 1994, ‘The Cold War’ Second Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press.