Outlet Valve

Related terms:

Compressors, Pistons, Turbines, Coefficient of Performance, Condenser, Nozzle,

Refrigerants, Relief Valves, Entropy Production Rate, Inlet Valve

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Valve train tribology

Krzysztof Jan Siczek, in Tribological Processes in the Valve Train Systems with Light-
weight Valves, 2016

Types of Damage to Valves

Typical outlet valve damage that occurs during operation includes the following:
abrasive wear of the seat face and the stem, stem corrosion, damage of the seat
face caused by products of combustion, damage of the seat face caused by blowby
exhaust gases and burning, bursting of the seat face, and breakage of the valve
head or the stem [3, 448][3][448]. These types of damage arise, inter alia, due to
physicochemical interactions of the working medium at high temperature. They
are also the result of mechanical stresses caused by the occurrence of excessive
temperature gradients.

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Liquid-Gas Separator Common Hid-

den Dangers and Remedies
Sun Xiaozhen, in Common Well Control Hazards, 2013

Hidden danger: The safety valve discharge points to the well-

head or tank area
Hazard
The safety valve outlet points to the wellhead valve or tank area; when the liquid-gas
separator is overpressured and the valve is off, combustible gas sprays to the well-
head and tank area. Because there are many combustible gas-driven electrical and
other types of equipment, and the wellhead and tank, it is very dangerous (Figs.
8-1-15, 8-1-16).

Fig. 8-1-15. Outlet points to the tank area.

Fig. 8-1-16. Outlet points to the wellhead.

Remedy
Safety valves cannot discharge toward the equipment, platforms, ladders, cables, and
such. The best discharge point is to the right side. If the device cannot be pointed
to the right, then pointing to the front of the well site is an acceptable option (Figs.
8-1-17, 8-1-18).
Fig. 8-1-17. Outlet pointing to the right of the well site.

Fig. 8-1-18. Outlet pointing to the front of the well site.

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Gases and Gas Equipment

Richard P. Brookman, Bruce Tibbott, in Semiconductor Safety Handbook, 1998

3.6 Cylinder Connections, Types and Uses

The cylinder valve outlet connection may be one of many types. In the United States
and Canada the Compressed Gas Association (CGA) has established standard outlet
valve connections for most gases, hereafter referred to as CGA connection.

These different outlet connections were assigned to minimize the possibility of

connecting a gas to a system not suitable for use with that gas. These connections
are designed to provide a gas-tight seal when connected and tightened properly and
used at pressures not exceeding those specified for their use. Specifications and gas
assignments for CGA connections can be found in CGA Pamphlet V-1 “Compressed
Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connections.”

The CGA valve connection varies as to the diameter and type of thread, right-hand or
left-hand, male or female. Also some have seating surfaces that require a gasket for
leak-tight sealing (generally assigned to corrosive gases) while others are designed to
seal metal to metal with the mating connection. Often gaskets are supplied with the
equipment to be connected, but care should always be taken to make sure that the
gasket material is compatible with the gas being used. Figure 1 shows details of some
of the standard connections for typical gases used by the semiconductor industry.
On most CGA connections designed before 1988, the left-handed threads were
generally assigned to the more hazardous gases like the corrosives, flammables,
and poisons. Usually the left-handed threads can be identified by a grooves on the
points of the hexagon nut of the valve's mating connection. Some of the newer
connections used for semiconductor gases, (the 630 series and the 710 series)
may use right-handed connections for gases that had previously used left-handed
connections.
Figure 1. Standard connections for typical gases used by the semiconductor industry.

Some users think that all threads should be right-handed to avoid confusion in
the emergency situation where it becomes necessary to quickly tighten a leaking
connection, and operator may loosen a left-handed connection by mistake. These
newer CGA connections are designed to provide a higher purity connection to the
cylinder, and they employ a stationary metal face seal gasket that forms a seal with
a very low rate of leakage. These connections are also designed to be connected
without creating particles from tightening by using a built-in anti-rotational feature
that prevents the sealing faces from grinding against each other. Figure 2 shows
some of the newer type CGA connections assigned for semiconductor gases.
Figure 2. Standard 630 and 710 series Diameter-Index Dimensions for electronic
gases.

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Some applications and solutions

In Handbook of Valves and Actuators, 2007

Automatic steam trap operation (Figure 18.49A)

In normal mode the inlet and outlet valves are in the closed position and this allows
the trap to operate normally. The trap will shut off steam and drain condensate
automatically when required. The inlet and outlet valves are both in the top closed
position offering double protection against bypass leakage. As long as the trap has
been sized correctly to handle the condensate flow, the unit can be left in this position
during start up and normal plant operation.
Figure 18.49. Method of operation of packaged unitCourtesy of Velan Valves Ltd

With the bypass valves normally closed, the Stellite and lapped discs and seats assure
100% tightness, thus reducing packing maintenance costs. On start up the trap can
also be isolated as the bypass can handle three times the condensate capacity of the
trap and then be switched to trap operation during normal operation. It can also be
actuated to ease operation.

Complete shut off – No flow, trap closed for service (Figure 18.49B)

The inlet valve is in the bottom position. The trap is now sealed off by the inlet valve
and the bypass is closed by the outlet valve. The valve is protected by the check valve
portion of the outlet valve.
Bypass open – Full flow, Trap isolated for service (Figure 18. 49C)

This is the preferred service position. With the inlet and outlet valves in bottom
position, the trap is protected against back pressure by the check valve disc in the
outlet valve and the check valve in the steam trap. The trap is therefore safely isolated
for service without interruption to flow or plant operation.

Throttled bypassing – Trap isolated for service (Figure 18.49D)

The inlet valve is in the bottom position and the outlet valve is in the intermediate
position. The trap is sealed off by the inlet valve and flow through the bypass is
restricted by the position of the outlet valve. The floating check valve of the outlet
valve protects the trap from back pressure.

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Mechanical component design and

analysis
Krzysztof Jan Siczek, in Tribological Processes in the Valve Train Systems with Light-
weight Valves, 2016

Directions of Weight Reduction for Valves

Configuration with one inlet and one outlet valve per cylinder, thus having the
smallest moving masses, is encountered only in small engines. Currently, the ma-
jority of four-stroke engines use the configuration of four valves per cylinder—two
inlet and two outlet valves. There are other common configurations, namely three
valves (one inlet and two outlet valves) and five valves (two inlet and three outlet
valves). In all these configurations, the key issue is to reduce the moving mass,
including valves. This reduces the resistance to motion, the power required to drive
the camshaft, and fuel consumption. The motor can operate faster, replace more of
the charge, and have more effective power. Valves with a reduced stem diameter are
frequently used, which results in a reduction of valve weight by 8–10% in comparison
to standard valves. Using lighter valves, smaller stresses in the springs, cups, rocker
arms, tappets, and cams in timing can be obtained. Weight reduction of the inlet
valves is more effective than that of the outlet valves for obtaining higher engine
speeds. Because of the larger diameters of their heads, inlet valves are heavier than
outlet valves. Further reduction in weight of the valves can be achieved by drilling
the valves and/or using lightweight materials. Use of lightweight valves allows for
weaker springs of smaller mass to be used. The product of the deceleration and the
sum of the valve mass and the mass of the part of the spring allows for estimating
the spring force. The reduction of valve weight by 40% enables the stiffness of the
springs to be reduced by approximately 30%.

Lightweight valves may be present as hollow steel, made of TiAl alloy, or ceramic.
In choosing a method to reduce valve weight, further comparison of some of the
properties of lightweight materials against conventional steel valves can be helpful.

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Isolating valves
In Handbook of Valves and Actuators, 2007

Fire hydrant valve

The fire hydrant valve is the standard water system outlet valve, as specified in BS750,
which is set below cast iron covers in roads and pavements. The valve body is made
of cast iron and has a bottom flanged inlet for the supply, PN16 to BS EN 4504. The
valve is a flat disc globe valve with a nitrile rubber seal. The stem terminates in a
square drive to suit a standard tee key. The body has a bolted bonnet which includes
a bolted stem guide and replaceable stem nut. The outlet connection is a male taper
screwed spigot in gunmetal. The valve body is hydro-tested to 24 barg and the seat
to 16 barg. Standard finish is bitumen black paint. Hydrants with wedge gate valves
are also defined in the Standard.

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Non-return valves
In Handbook of Valves and Actuators, 2007

Special Note: Pump valves

Reciprocating pumps, like reciprocating compressors, require inlet and outlet valves
to ensure the liquid always travels from inlet to outlet. The valves are non-return
valves, for a very dynamic application. Small pumps for clean liquids can operate at
speeds up to 1500rpm which require valves to operate successfully at frequencies
up to 25Hz. Reciprocating pumps are used for a wide variety of applications not
just high pressure. A diversity of valve types is available to cope with extreme
requirements. If a mass-produced nrv is not suitable for a particular application, a
pump valve, used in a similar manner to the compressor plate valve shown in Figure
4.10, may be a viable solution. Figure 4.15 shows some pump valves in common
use.

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Safety Relive Valves Design

Alireza Bahadori Ph.D., in Natural Gas Processing, 2014

7.38 Safety valve draining

Drain provision shall be made for draining the low point of the safety valve outlet
piping according to the following requirements for all condensable vapor services:

1. All safety valves discharging to the atmosphere shall be provided with a 6 mm
drain hole in the bottom of the discharge line
2. In addition to the drain hole, as required in “1” above, one DN 15 (one inch)
drain connection with bleeder shall be provided for all safety valves discharging
to the atmosphere
3. Such drain holes and drain connections shall be piped where necessary to
direct the drainage away from the operating platforms or operating areas and
avoid draining on the vessel insulation.

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Compression-ignition engine valve

trains
Krzysztof Jan Siczek, in Tribological Processes in the Valve Train Systems with Light-
weight Valves, 2016

Course of Valve Lifts during Timing Phase Changes in CI En-

gines
For electromagnetic systems of direct action, at low engine speeds valve lift curves
are characterized by very early outlet valve closing and late opening of the inlet
valve so that the valve does not hit a piston. This negative valve overlap introduces
an internal exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), which is undesirable at high loads.
Electromagnetic actuators are difficult to install due to limited space. Small CI
engines have relatively narrow cylinders and almost vertical valves, often four per
cylinder. In this case, each inlet and outlet valve moves with respect to its guide at
least 16 mm during one cycle.

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Overpressure Protection
Marc Hellemans, in The Safety Relief Valve Handbook, 2010

Overpressure Scenario
1. Control valve (A) on the nitric acid feed line can be stuck open while the manual
outlet valve (D) at the bottom is closed, and the vessel can overfill (Figure
2.11).Figure 2.11. A reactor with organic substrate catalyst nitric acid
2. The steam regulator (C) to the steam jacket can fail and cause overpressure in
the vessel.
3. Coolant system could fail, which can cause a runaway reaction as a result.

Then we can start sizing the system for the necessary relief (B)

d. Determining the necessary relief rates (see Chapter 2)

e. Determining the relief vent area (see Chapter 7)

In any case, always use the worst case as the necessary relief flow scenario.

4. Design the complete relief system. A relief system entails more than just
installing an SRV or a rupture disc on a pressure vessel; it also includes the
following:a.Look for the necessity of a back-up relief device(s) – evaluate the
necessity for eventual redundancy (possibly for maintenance reasons). This
can be two SRVs, two rupture discs or a rupture disc in parallel with an
SRV. It is recommended to stagger the settings slightly, having the SRV open
first.b.Design the correct piping leading to the relief device(s) – avoid excessive
inlet pressure drops (see Chapter 6).c.The environmental conditioning of
the relief devices – can they discharge to atmosphere or not?d.Design the
discharge piping/headers – avoid the unnecessary creation of backpressure on
the safety valve, or determine the correct backpressure so it can be taken into
account when sizing and selecting the relief device (see Chapter 6).e.Design a
blowdown drum.f.Design the condensers, flare stacks or scrubbers (if any).

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