Ingeniería Petrolera en Petrel

Modelos de fluidos
Introducción a Malla de Escalamiento de Mallado Fluidos, Definición de
Petrel simulación propiedades avanzado funciones de casos
saturación y
compactación

Ajuste histórico Resultados Editor de texto Análisis de Diseño de pozos Controles de

ajuste histórico predicción
Make Fluid Model
PVT: Pressure Volume Temperature

Why is PVT needed?

– Mass balance is a key equation in simulation
• Produced volumes must be translated to reservoir conditions
• Reservoir volumes must converted to mass
Where does PVT come from?
– Laboratory experiments
Equation of State Model
– Correlations: Available in Petrel
– Processed in PVTi
Fluid information required
– Fluid PVT as a function of Pressure
– Density or Gravity at surface conditions
Black oil vs. compositional Black Oil

(2 components, volatile oil)

ECLIPSE 100 (& all Black Oil Gas

Simulators)
– Oil and Gas phases are Oil + Solution Gas (Rs)
represented by one
‘component’ for the oil and one
Compositional
for the gas. (nc Components)
V
ECLIPSE 300 (& all Components i= 2
1

Compositional Simulators) 3
yi .
– Oil and Gas phases are nc

represented by multicomponent Components i= 1

2
mixtures 3
.
L xi nc
Appropriate Black Oil Models
G: Near Critical
Fluid
F: Wet Gas,
Retrograde
Pressure
Fits the Black Oil model A: Dead Oil

C: Live Oil,
Saturated
Unsuited for black oil simulation (use D: Dry Gas

Compositional simulation)

Approximated by varying gas/oil and

oil/gas ratios to mimic small E: Wet Gas
compositional changes B: Live Oil,
Initially
Undersaturated
Condensate dropout or gas
liberation should be a small part of
the hydrocarbon in place Temperature
Remaining hydrocarbon composition
should not change significantly
when gas is liberated or condensate
drops out
Make Fluid Model

This process allows the engineer

to create Black Oil Fluid Models
using correlations

Default values are available for dead,

heavy, and light oils and dry gas
Make Fluid Model
General settings

Select Phases or choose from the

defaults available

Define gas/oil/water properties

Define the Reservoir Conditions

Add separator conditions if required

Make Fluid Model
Composition

If you have a detailed compositional

analysis of the reservoir fluid, this can
be used to improve the correlations

This data only effects the gas

correlations
Make Fluid Model
Correlations

Correlations are defaulted according to

the details set in the first two tabs

Tick the report correlations in log window

for a list of the correlations used

Change the default correlation by

choosing from drop down menu
Make Fluid Model
Initial Conditions

Define the initial contact depths and pressures

for the reservoir

Either drop in a contact set or define the

contacts in the table

Default pressure is calculated to be in

hydrostatic equilibrium.

Each column represents a region of the

reservoir with different contact depths
Make Contacts

Make Contacts is the process where the

contacts to be used in the Volume
Calculation and Simulation processes are
defined/created

The contacts can be used for visualization

• View only contact lines
• As draped colors on surfaces
• As contact planes

The contacts can be used for making a

contact property
Make Contacts
Define fluid contacts

Make Contacts is the last process under 1

Structural Modeling
2

1. Append the number of contacts

2. Define the contact type and name it

3a

3b
3. Define the contact level

a) Fixed for all zones and segments

b) Different for zones and segments
Equilibration in the Simulator
Pressure

TZ
GOC 1. Given: Contacts, Datum and
Datum
Pressure

2. Using Black oil PVT

calculate phase
pressures throughout
TZ the model, for example:
h2
OWC = FWL Po( h 2 ) = Po( h1) + ∫ ρogdh
(Pcow = 0) h1

Depth
Equilibration
Pressure
G-O Rel Perm

Sg = 0.77 GAS ZONE:

Sg = SGU
Sw = SWL
Sw = 0.23 So = 1 – SWL - SGU Krog Krg

GOC TZ
SGL SGU
Datum
So = 0.77 OIL ZONE:
Sg = SGL, usually zero
Sw = SWL
Sw = 0.23 So = 1 – SWL – SGL O-W Rel Perm

Kro SWU
TZ
Krw

OWC = FWL SWL

(Pcow = 0)
WATER ZONE:
Sw = 1.00 Sg = SGL, usually zero
Sw = SWU
So = 1 – SWU – SGL
Depth
Equilibration
Pressure

Sg = 0.77 Calculate Pcog and Pcow in the

transition zones of the model
Sw = 0.23 Pcow = Po − Pw
TZ
Pcog = Pg − Po
GOC
Datum
So = 0.77 Reverse-lookup Sw from Pc
tables section & assign to cell
Sw = 0.23
centers

TZ
Pcow

OWC = FWL
(Pcow = 0) Swi = 0.25
Sw = 1.00 So = 0.75
Sw
Depth
Make Fluid Model
Spatial Variations (Depth)

Right Mouse select an Initial Condition and

select “Spreadsheet” to enter a depth table

The user can specify the bubble point or the

Rs value at each depth. If you specify Pb, then
Rs will be automatically calculated and vice-
versa.
Make Fluid Model
Spreadsheet

You can view/edit a fluid model in spreadsheet format

Make Fluid Model
Plots

Fluid Model data can be

plotted in a Function
Window.

You may wish to use

such displays for quality
control
Fluid Model
From Keywords

Fluid models built in PVTi can

be imported into the fluid folder
in the Input tab
Use Import (on Selection)
Select File containing keywords
Allows models fitted to
laboratory data to be imported
Fluid Model
Spreadsheet

Right-click on Fluids folder and

select Insert New Black Oil
Model
Right-click the new Black Oil
Model and insert phases and
initial condition
Open the Spreadsheet to enter
values or copy from existing
tables
Fluid Model
Initial Condition

Right-click the Initial Condition

item for the Black Oil Model
Open the Settings to enter
datum depth and pressure
The initial Gas Oil Contact and
Oil Water Contact depths and
capillary pressure are also
accessible here
EXERCISE
4. Make Fluid Model