A FINAL RESEARCH PROJECT

On

“Study of Consumer buying behaviour Towards Smart Phone “

A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of

PGDM (2010-12)

Under the guidance of Submitted By

PROF. PUNEET RAI VIKRANT AWASTHI

(PROFESSOR) ROLL NO. 1421

PGDM 2010-12
 TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that “Mr. Vikrant Awasthi” student of full time PGDM

course (2010-12) at Dr. Gaur Hari Singhania Institute of Management

& Research with Marketing as major and Information Technology as

minor has completed satisfactorily final research project of “Study of

Consumer buying Behaviour Towards Smart Phone” under the

guidance of the undersigned in partial fulfilment of PGDM-FULL TIME

course.

Prof. Puneet Rai

Associate Professor

GHS-IMR
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this Project Report entitled “Study of

Consumer buying Behaviour Towards Smart Phone” in the

partial fulfilment of the requirement of Post Graduate Diploma of

Business Management (PGDM) of Dr. Gaur Hari Singhania

Institute of Management & Research is based on primary &

secondary data collected by me from various departments, books,

magazines and websites under guidance of my faculty guide Prof.

Puneet Rai.

It is my own work to the best of my knowledge & contains no

material written by any other person.

DATE: 18/01/2012 VIKRANT - AWASTHI

1421
GHS-IMR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the

possibility to complete this thesis. I would like to thank my college
authorities and I am particularly appreciative to Prof. Puneet Rai who
gave his time to assist with my requests for information, as well as for his
guidance and valuable assistance from the offset of this project. His
insights and remarks were of great value.
I want to thank all other trainees for all their help, support and valuable
hints.
Especially, I would like to give my special thanks to my parents, their
love and blessing enabled me to complete this work.

VIKRANT-AWASTHI
 Table of Content

Topic

1. Executive summary

2. Introduction

o Industry overview

3. Research Objectives

4. Research Methodology

5. Analysis & Interpretation

6. Conclusion & Recommendation

7. Bibliography

8. Appendix
 PREFACE

Final Research Project is a part of management studies which is very

important for each and every management student. The purpose of the
Project is to enhance the knowledge and skills of the student and
generate scope for the implementation of his/her acquired skills and
knowledge during his/her PGDM. It also helps to acclimatize the student
with the organization and the industry in which this organization exists.
The objective of the summer training is to see how an organization
works and gain knowledge of the happenings in the business world.
Management trainees are trained to manage the matters of the
organization in a planed and systematic manner.

This training has helped us a lot in sharpening our knowledge and has
also made us aware about the happenings of the business world. This
learning experience has increased our competence which would help us
in the management of corporate sector.

The main objective of this study was the “Study of Consumer buying
Behaviour towards smart phone”.
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This project has been a great learning experience for me. At the same
time it gave me enough scope to implement my analytical ability.
The first part of the project gives the overview of smart phone brands.
Here we talk about the various types of factors affecting smart phones
purchase and also give an overview of consumer buying behaviour. All
the topics have been covered in a very systematic way. The language
has been kept simple so that even a layman could understand.

The Second part consists of research and their analysis, collected

through a survey done on 75 people. The study was carried out in
Kanpur in at various outlets and major markets of the city. The data
collected have been well organized and presented. Hope the research
findings and conclusions will be of use.
The Third part consists of conclusion and recommendation which is
actually drawn apart from the result of survey done on 75 peoples. The
basic thing that i analyzed from data collected is that there is great
variation in the perception of consumers towards smart phones.
Introduction

Apple
EY COMPETITORS

▪ Strong competitor in the prosumer customer segment – 15% of current smart

phone market share

▪ Advantages: Brand awareness and variety of application downloads

▪ Disadvantages: Price point and limited to AT&T GSM network

Blackberry
Low cost OS with open development

▪ Advantages: Scalable and flexible – functions on a variety of smart phones

▪ Disadvantages: Low adoption and low number of available apps (both are
rapidly increasing).

Blackberry and Apple are the two major smart phone manufacturers of the
world, and both has a huge number of fan following and users. Though it is a
matter of personal choice and preference, as to what to choose. In this study we
are going to analyse customer preferences and characteristics in order to better
define customer segments, determine which customers to focus marketing
efforts on, and what features are most important to those customers.

Globally, RIM holds 15% of the smart phone market share.

Although this is a rather substantial portion of the available market, RIM faces
threats from close smart phone competitors and is constantly rivalling to stay on
top. Smart phone competitors consist of: High Tech Computer (HTC), Apple,
Nokia, Google’s Android, Samsung and Palm. Apple’s smart phone net sales
for the fiscal year end September 2009 was $11.8 billion. In 2010, research
shows that Apple smart phones seized 13.3% of the global market share as their
3GB iphone is growing in popularity selling for $199 with a service contract
(Data monitor, 2009; Toronto Star, 2009). Additionally, the iPhone
provides a competitive advantage, as the device is able to run upwards of
85,000 applications providing higher utility for customers.

HTC:
HTC Corp, (TAIEX: 2498) produces powerful handsets that continually push
the boundaries of innovation to provide true mobile freedom.

Founded in 1997 by Cher Wang, Chairwoman, HT Cho, Director of the Board

& Chairman of HTC Foundation, and Peter Chou, President and CEO, HTC
made its name as the company behind many of the most popular operator-
branded devices on the market. It has established unique partnerships with key
mobile brands, including the leading five operators in Europe, the top four in
the US, and many fast-growing Asian operators. It has also brought products to
market with industry leading OEM partners and, since June 2006, under its own
HTC brand.

HTC is one of the fastest-growing companies in the mobile sector and has
achieved remarkable recognition over the past couple of years. Business Week
ranked HTC as the second best performing technology company in Asia in 2007
as well as giving the company the number 3 spot in its Global listing in 2006.

Since launching its own brand 18 months ago the company has introduced
dozens of HTC-branded products around the world.

Products & Innovation

HTC is known for its innovation. It is constantly broadening the range of

devices it offers – introducing devices to support specific applications and new
form factors that meet the increasingly diverse needs of its customers and
partners.

HTC's product portfolio offers easy-to-use solutions that embrace the full range
of mobile multimedia resources, wireless anytime and Internet on the go.

 First Microsoft Windows 5.0 Smartphone (2006)

 First Tri-band UMTS PDA First intuitive touch screen to allow finger tip
navigation (June 2007)

In early 2006, HTC launched a powerful new device with a groundbreaking

form factor:  the HTC Advantage. The HTC Advantage is the world’s most
powerful office, boasting a 5" screen and full detachable QWERTY keyboard.
This was followed in early 2007 with the introduction of the HTC Shift.
Equipped with Windows Vista this device includes a brilliant 7-inch widescreen
touch display and a 40 gigabyte hard drive.

HTC launched the HTC Touch™ in June 2007 as the result of extensive R&D
and the conviction that fingertip control would enable more intuitive navigation.
The groundbreaking HTC Touch™ is equipped with TouchFLO™ so that
consumers just sweep their finger across the screen to get access to the most
commonly used content, contacts and features in a simple finger flick.

HTC aims to continually develop smart new devices that empower users on the
go, providing more freedom in the way they live their lives.

SAMSUNG:
From its inception as a small export business in Taegu, Korea, Samsung has
grown to become one of the world's leading electronics companies, specializing
in digital appliances and media, semiconductors, memory, and system
integration. Today Samsung's innovative and top quality products and processes
are world recognized. This timeline captures the major milestones in Samsung's
history, showing how the company expanded its product lines and reach, grew
its revenue and market share, and has followed its mission of making life better
for consumers around the world.

The digital age has brought revolutionary change – and opportunity – to global
business, and Samsung has responded with advanced techno-logies, competitive
products, and constant innovation.

At Samsung, we see every challenge as an opportunity and believe we are

perfectly positioned as one of the world's recognized leaders in the digital
technology industry.
Our commitment to being the world's best has won us the No.1 global market
share for 13 of our products, including semiconductors, TFT-LCDs, monitors
and CDMA mobile phones. Looking forward, we're making historic advances in
research and development of our overall semiconductor line, including flash
memory and non-memory, custom semiconductors, DRAM and SRAM, as well
as producing best-in-class LCDs, mobile phones, digital appliances, and more.
OBJECTIVE

 To study consumer motivation for buying a smart phone.

 To analyze the consumer preference for brands of smart phone.

 To determine whether there is a significant difference between

preferences for features of smart phones on the basis of gender.
 To identify the most effective medium for advertisement of
smart phone.

Hypothesis
Hypothesis-1:
Ho: There is no difference between preferences for features of smart phones on
the basis of gender.

H1: There is a difference between preferences for features of smart phones on

the basis of gender.

Hypothesis-2:
Ho: There is no association between gender and consumer method of buying a

Smart phone.

H1: There is association between gender and consumer method of buying a

Smart phone.

Hypothesis 3:
Ho: There is no association between consumer method of buying and future
purchase options for buying smart phone.

H1: There is an association between consumer method of buying and future

purchase options for buying smart phone.
 Research Methodology

Research Design:

It is the plan, structure of investigation conceived so as to obtain answer to

research question. It is the specification of methods and procedures for
acquiring the information needed.

It is concerned with:
 Overall operational pattern
 Framework of the project
 Stipulates what information is needed

The first step that undertakes in the report was the selection of research. The
research design, which was adopted for the study was descriptive in nature.

The two types of research are as follows:

 Exploratory research: It is to generate new ideas.

 Descriptive research: They are well structured. It can be complex, a
high degree of scientific skill on the part of the demanding a high degree of
scientific skill on the part of the researcher. It can be taken in certain
circumstances. When the researcher is interested in knowing the characteristics
of certain groups such as, gender, profession, a descriptive study may be
necessary.

In this I did descriptive research also because I want to know the consumer
buying behaviour and preferences towards smart phone.
Primary Data

The descriptive nature of research necessitated collection of primary data from

smart phone users through survey. Personal Interview method will be used and
interview would be conducted through structure questionnaire.

Secondary Data

▪ RIM Marketing Presentation.

▪ websites

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

I prepared a structured questionnaire to collect the data and it consisted of

Multiple-choice questions, direct questions and open-ended question.

SURVEY LIMITATIONS

▪ Time Constraint - Sampling was not a perfect representation, could have

been larger.

▪ Survey Length - Questions, would’ve liked more to capture more

critical data but there were concerns about the impact on participation.
 Research Instruments

I prepared a structured questionnaire to collect the data and it consisted of

Multiple-choice questions. The main function of the questionnaire was to know
the consumer behavior towards smart phone.

Sample Plan:

A part of a population or a subset from a set of units which is provided by some

process or other.

 Sample Size: The sample size considered was 75 for consumers.

 Method of Sampling: Convenience sampling.

DATA
INTERPRETATION
AND
ANALYSIS
1). Motivation Factor For Buying a Smart phone:
Statistics Reasonforpurchase
N Valid 75 Cumulative
Missing 0 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Mean 1.8800 Valid Required for Work 27 36.0 36.0 36.0
Features 36 48.0 48.0 84.0
Status Symbol 6 8.0 8.0 92.0
Multitasking
Reasonforpurchase 6 8.0 8.0 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0

Reasonforpurchase

40

30
Frequency

20

10

0
Required for Work Features Status Symbol Multitasking
Reasonforpurchase

Interpretation:
48% of consumer said that the reason for purchase of a smart phone is its
features followed by its utility for work (36%).
2).Most Preferred Brand:
Statistics

Mostpreferredbrand
N Valid 75
Missing 0
Mean 2.3200

Mostpreferredbrand

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Apple 31 41.3 41.3 41.3
Blackberry 8 10.7 10.7 52.0
HTC 17 22.7 22.7 74.7
Samsung 19 25.3 25.3 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0

Mostprefferedbrand

40

30
F re q u e n c y

20

10

0
Apple Blackberry HTC Samsung
Mostprefferedbrand

Interpretation:
Apple (41.3%) is the most preferred brand by consumers followed by Samsung
(25.3%) and HTC (22.7%).
3). Features Preferred while purchase of a smart phone:
1).Touch Screen
Statistics

Touch Screen
N Valid 75
Missing 0
Mean 3.4533

Touch Screen

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Least Preferred 4 5.3 5.3 5.3
Somewhat Preferred 16 21.3 21.3 26.7
Neutral 12 16.0 16.0 42.7
Preferred 28 37.3 37.3 80.0
Most Preferred 15 20.0 20.0 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0

TouchScreen

30
F re q u e n c y

20

10

0
Least Preferred Somewhat Neutral Preferred Most Preferred
Preferred
TouchScreen

Interpretation:
37.3 % of consumer said that touch screen is preferred as a feature while 21.3%
of consumer prefers it somewhat.
2).Wi Fi
Statistics

Wifi
N Valid 75
Missing 0
Mean 3.5867

Wifi

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Somewhat Preferred 17 22.7 22.7 22.7
Neutral 16 21.3 21.3 44.0
Preferred 23 30.7 30.7 74.7
Most Preferred 19 25.3 25.3 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0

Wifi

25

20
Frequency

15

10

0
Somewhat Preferred Neutral Preferred Most Preferred
Wifi

Interpretation:
30.7% of consumer preferred Wifi and 25.3% of consumer said it is most
preferred for them.
3).Apps:
Statistics

Apps
N Valid 75
Missing 0
Mean 3.5067

Apps

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Least Preferred 19 25.3 25.3 25.3
Somewhat Preferred 1 1.3 1.3 26.7
Neutral 14 18.7 18.7 45.3
Preferred 5 6.7 6.7 52.0
Most Preferred 36 48.0 48.0 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0

Apps

40

30
F re q u e n c y

20

10

0
Least Preferred Somewhat Neutral Preferred Most Preferred
Preferred
Apps

Interpretation:
48% of consumers said that Apps is the most preferred feature for them.
4).G.P.S:
Statistics
GPS
N Valid 75
Missing 0
Mean 1.6133

GPS

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Least Preferred 43 57.3 57.3 57.3
Somewhat Preferred 22 29.3 29.3 86.7
neutral 6 8.0 8.0 94.7
Preferred 4 5.3 5.3 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0

GPS

50

40
F re q u e n c y

30

20

10

0
Least Preferred Somewhat Preferred neutral Preferred
GPS

Interpretation:
57.3% of consumer said that they prefer the GPS technology the least in smart
phone and 29.3% of consumer prefer it somewhat.
4). Information Source:
(a).Where did you look for the information before purchasing a
smart phone?
Statistics

Info Source
N Valid 75
Missing 0
Mean 2.6133

Info Source

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid In store Promo Display 11 14.7 14.7 14.7
Internet retailer/ review/
technology websites 27 36.0 36.0 50.7
Television/ Newspaper 17 22.7 22.7 73.3
Word of mouth 20 26.7 26.7 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0

InfoSource

30
F re q u e n c y

20

10

0
In store Promo Display Internet retailer/ review/ Television/ Newspaper Word of mouth
technology websites
InfoSource

Interpretation: Mostly consumer collects the information from internet

websites (36%) and then they trust word of mouth (27%).
(b). Did you take advice from someone else?
Statistics

Advice
N Valid 75
Missing 0
Mean 2.1467

Advice

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Someone Tech Savvy 22 29.3 29.3 29.3
Someone Recently
Bought the same 28 37.3 37.3 66.7
Someone already used 17 22.7 22.7 89.3
Can't Say 8 10.7 10.7 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0

Advice

30
F re q u e n c y

20

10

0
Someone Tech Savvy Someone Recently Someone already used Can't Say
Bought the same
Advice

Interpretation:
37.3 % of consumer said they had consulted with someone recently bought the
same while 29.3 % of consumer consulted with someone tech savvy.
(5). Future Purchase and Mode of Purchase of Smart phone
(a).Statistics
MethodOfBuying
N Valid 75
Missing 0
Mean 1.6800

MethodOfBuying

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Search options with in
a particular brand 24 32.0 32.0 32.0
Go for different brand 51 68.0 68.0 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0

MethodOfBuying

60

50

40
Frequency

30

20

10

0
Search options with in a particular brand Go for different brand
MethodOfBuying

Interpretation: For future purchase 68% of consumers said they will go for
different brands and 32% search options within a particular brand.
b). Future Purchase
Statistics

Future Purchase
N Valid 75
Missing 0
Mean 2.3600

Future Purchase

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Apple 29 38.7 38.7 38.7
Blackberry 10 13.3 13.3 52.0
HTC 16 21.3 21.3 73.3
Samsung 20 26.7 26.7 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0

FuturePurchase

30
F re q u e n c y

20

10

0
Apple Blackberry HTC Samsung
FuturePurchase

Interpretation:
For purchase of smart phone in future consumer are more interested in brands
like Apple followed by HTC and Samsung.
6).Most Effective Advertising Media
Statistics

Effective advertising
N Valid 75
Missing 0
Mean 3.0800

Effective advertising

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Television 16 21.3 21.3 21.3
Newspaper 7 9.3 9.3 30.7
Magazine 7 9.3 9.3 40.0
Internet Websites 45 60.0 60.0 100.0
Total 75 100.0 100.0

Effectiveadvertising

50

40
F re q u e n c y

30

20

10

0
Television Newspaper Magazine Internet Websites
Effectiveadvertising

Interpretation:
The most effective medium for advertisement as per consumers view is internet
websites (60%) followed by T.V (21%).
Hypothesis1
Ho: There is no association between gender and consumer method of
buying a Smart phone.

H1: There is association between gender and consumer method of buying a

Smart phone.

gender * MethodOfBuying Cross tabulation

Count

MethodOfBuying Total
Search options Go for Search options
with in a different with in a
particular brand brand particular brand
gender Male
19 41 60
Female
5 10 15
Total
24 51 75

Chi-Square Tests

Asymp. Sig. Exact Sig. Exact Sig.

Value Df (2-sided) (2-sided) (1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .015(b) 1 .901
Continuity
.000 1 1.000
Correction(a)
Likelihood Ratio .015 1 .902
Fisher's Exact Test 1.000 .564
Linear-by-Linear
Association .015 1 .902
N of Valid Cases 75
a Computed only for a 2x2 table
b 1 cells (25.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4.80.

Interpretation:
Here sig. P- Value is more than .05 so null hypothesis is accepted, so there is no
dependency between gender and brand loyalty for Smart phone.
Hypothesis 2
Ho: There is no association between consumer method of buying and
future purchase options for buying smart phone.

H1: There is an association between consumer method of buying and

future purchase options for buying smart phone.
MethodOfBuying * Future Purchase Cross tabulation

Count
Future Purchase Total
Apple Blackberry HTC Samsung Apple
MethodOfBuying Search options with in
a particular brand 9 2 3 10 24
Go for different brand 20 8 13 10 51
Total 29 10 16 20 75

Chi-Square Tests

Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 4.943(a) 3 .176
Likelihood Ratio 4.930 3 .177
Linear-by-Linear
1.130 1 .288
Association
N of Valid Cases
75
a 1 cells (12.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.20.

Interpretation:
Here sig. P- Value is more than .05 so null hypothesis is accepted, so there is no
association between consumer method of buying and future purchase options
for buying smart phone.
Hypothesis 3
Ho: There is no difference between preferences for features of smart
phones on the basis of gender.

H1: There is a difference between preferences for features of smart phones

on the basis of gender.
Group Statistics

Std. Error
gender N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
Touch Screen Male 60 3.5333 1.21386 .15671
Female 15 3.1333 1.06010 .27372
Wifi Male 60 3.6167 1.10610 .14280
Female 15 3.4667 1.12546 .29059
Apps Male 60 3.5000 1.62084 .20925
Female 15 3.5333 1.92230 .49634
GPS Male 60 1.5833 .76561 .09884
Female 15 1.7333 1.16292 .30026

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means

95% Confidence
Sig. (2- Mean Std. Error Interval of the
t df tailed) Difference Difference Difference

F Sig.
Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower

TouchScree Equal
n variances .239 .626 1.168 73 .246 .40000 .34234 -.28229 1.08229
assumed

Equal
variances not 1.268 24.068 .217 .40000 .31540 -.25086 1.05086
assumed

Wifi Equal
variances .000 .994 .468 73 .641 .15000 .32038 -.48852 .78852
assumed

Equal
variances not .463 21.283 .648 .15000 .32378 -.52280 .82280
assumed

Apps Equal 2.526 .116 -.069 73 .945 -.03333 .48580 -1.00152 .93486
variances
assumed
 Equal
variances not -.062 19.274 .951 -.03333 .53864 -1.15964 1.09297
assumed

GPS Equal
variances 6.838 .011 -.607 73 .546 -.15000 .24717 -.64261 .34261
assumed

Equal
variances not -.475 17.151 .641 -.15000 .31611 -.81650 .51650
assumed

Interpretation:
We have checked preference for all features and one by one sig. P- Value of all
variable is more than .05 so null hypothesis is accepted so there is no difference
between preferences for features of smart phones on the basis of gender.
CONCLUSION:

 Most preferred brand in smart phone market is Apple followed by

Samsung and HTC.

 The main reason for smart phone purchase is its features.

 Internet retailers / review / technology websites is an important source of

information to consumer.

 Mostly consumer wants to opt for different smart phone brands instead of
looking for same brand. So consumer is not brand loyal in case of smart
phone.

 The most effective medium of advertisement of smart phone is internet

websites.

 There is no difference between preferences for features of smart phones

on the basis of gender.

 There is no association between gender and brand loyalty for Smart

phone.
RECOMMENDATION:

1. Smart phone companies should focus more on advertisements on internet

websites.

2. As consumer wants more and more features so smart phone

manufacturers should increase the number of features.

3. As the consumer prefers word of mouth or consulting someone tech

savvy, so smart phone brands must maintain their good will and increase
services.
 Bibliography

Books Referred

 Marketing Management - by Phillip Kotler

 Marketing Research - by Naresh Malhotra

 Business Statistic - by Ken Black

Website Referred:

1. www.scribd.com
2. www.blackberry.com
3. www.htc.com
4. www.apple.com
5. www.samsung.com
6. www.wikipedia.com
7. www.google.com
 Appendix

Name-______________________

Mobile-_____________________

Q1. Demographics:

 Gender-_______

 Age-____

 Educational Level-_________

 Profession-________________

Q2. What one reason makes you purchase a smart phone?

1).Required for Work
2).Features.
3).Status symbol.
4).Multi Tasking.

Q3.Which brand of smart phone you prefer the most?

1). Apple.

2). Blackberry

3). HTC

4). Samsung

Q4.Please tick as per your preference for feature you were looking while buying
a smart phone?
(1- Least Preferred & 5- Most Preferred)

Feature Least Somewhat Neutral Preferred Most

Preferred Preferred Preferred
Touch
Screen
 Wi-Fi
Apps
GPS

Q5. (a).Where did you look for the information before purchasing a smart
phone?

1).In Store promo Display.

2).Internet retailers/ reviews / technology websites.
3).Television / Newspaper.
4). Word of mouth

(b). Did u take advice from someone else?

1). someone having latest technological update.

2). someone recently bought the same.
3). Someone already used.

Q6. Tick the appropriate option:

(a).Which method of buying will you use for future purchase?

1). Search options with in a particular brand.

2).Go for different brand.

(b). If in case you will buy a smart phone in future you will go for which brand?

1). Apple. 2). Blackberry 3). HTC 4).Samsung 5).Cant say now.

Q7). Which type of advertising do you feel is most effective for smart phones?

1).Television.
2).Newspaper.
3).Magazine.
4).Internet websites.