Et République Algérienne Démocratique Populaire

‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

Ministère De l’Enseignement Supérieure Et de La Recherche Scientifique
Université Mohamed El Bachir El IbrahimiB.B.Arreridj Faculté des sciences et de la technologie
Département d’électronique

Overview of the 5G
Réalisée par :
ABANOU HOCINE
Atitallah Salah Eddine
Alouani Kacem
Model :OPTOELECTRONIQUE

Groupe :1 sous groupe 1 11/10/2020

Introduction:
The first generation of wireless mobile telephony appeared in the 1980s. Since then, the mobile phone
generation cycle has been around 10 years (cf. Figure 1) and 5G is commercially announced for 2020.

Figure 1: cycles of generations of

mobile telephony
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU or ITU) is a United Nations agency whose role is to ensure
the cooperation and understanding of ICT actors (information and communication technologies). The ITU
defines the different generations of mobile telephony by setting requirements and performance levels. Then
standardization bodies, such as ETSI in Europe or TIA in the United States, define standards that meet the
criteria set by the IUT such as the GSM standard for 2G or the UMTS standard for 3G. Over time, these
different national organizations (ETSI, TIA...) have come together within the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership
Project) to converge on a global harmonization of mobile phone standards. For 5G, the standard defined by
the 3GPP is called 5G NR. This report is a general overview of 5G from an exposure perspective. It is part of a
general reflection on the evaluation of the exposure of the public to electromagnetic waves of 5G networks. A
second part concerns the pilot deployments conducted in France to test the full-scale modalities of a 5G
antenna deployment.

WHAT IS 5G?
5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G
networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything
together including machines, objects, and devices.
5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra-low latency, more
reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more
users. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects new
industries.
How does 5G WORK?
Like other cellular networks, 5G networks use a system of cell sites that divide their territory into sectors and
send encoded data through radio waves. Each cell site must be connected to a network backbone, whether
through a wired or wireless backhaul connection.
5G networks use a type of encoding called OFDM, which is similar to the encoding that 4G LTE uses. The air
interface is designed for much lower latency and greater flexibility than LTE, though.
With the same airwaves as 4G, the 5G radio system can get about 30 percent better speeds thanks to more
efficient encoding. The crazy gigabit speeds you hear about are because 5G is designed to use much larger
channels than 4G does. While most 4G channels are 20MHz, bonded together into up to 140MHz at a time, 5G
channels can be up to 100MHz, with Verizon using as much as 800MHz at a time. That's a much broader
highway, but it also requires larger, clear blocks of airwaves than were available for 4G.
That's where the higher, short-distance millimeter-wave frequencies come in. While lower frequencies are
occupied by 4G, by TV stations, by satellite firms, or by the military, there had been a huge amount of
essentially unused higher frequencies available in the US, so carriers could easily construct wide roads for high
speeds.
5G networks need to be much smarter than previous systems, as they're juggling many more, smaller cells
that can change size and shape. But even with existing macro cells, Qualcomm says 5G will be able to boost
capacity by four times over current systems by leveraging wider bandwidths and advanced antenna
technologies.
The goal is to have far higher speeds available, and far higher capacity per sector, at far lower latency than 4G.
The standards bodies involved are aiming at
20Gbps speeds and 1ms latency, at which
point very interesting things begin to happen.
5G services and specifications:
5G is the first generation of mobile telephony to be designed for use cases other than voice and data. The use
cases of 5G are defined in the following three
categories (see Figure 2):
•The eMBB for enhanced Mobile Broad Band, that is,
ultra-high-speed mobile communications. This use is
in the continuity of previous generations of mobile
telephony and makes it possible to respond to the
exponential increase in the use of mobile data.
Applications in this category are typically increasingly
high-quality video streams and also virtual and
augmented reality applications. The aim is therefore
to be able to meet an ever greater demand in terms
of data quantity and transfer speed. Figure 2: the use cases of the 5G

•The mMTC for massive Machine Time Communication, that is, communication between objects. The
Internet of Things falls into this category. This includes being able to manage a very large number of
connections (up to one million per square kilometer). The amount of data to be transmitted by
communication is generally limited and the speed of transfer is not restrictive. A typical application area is the
smart city with sensor networks to manage different services.
•uRLLC for ultra-Reliable Low latency Communication, that is, critical communications, where reliability and
response time are paramount. The flagship application of this category is the autonomous vehicle, but
communications from security and emergency services are also concerned. There must be no communication

failure or failure and the transmission must be as fast as possible .

The solutions considered for 5G
Pour atteindre ces objectifs, tout un éventail de technologies doit être mis en œuvre (see. Figure 4)
To meet the need for capacity, this will include increasing the variety of frequency bands used, by increasing in
frequencies to provide larger band widths. This is discussed in Section 3.1.
The use of higher and higher frequency bands then requires a review of the network architecture, we are
talking about densification and heterogeneous network. To complement the existing “macro” long-range
array, smaller antennas with smaller ranges will be installed to densify the array where demand is greatest.
This is discussed in Section 3.2.
The increase in frequencies makes it possible to consider the use of complex antennas, made up of multiple
elemental antennas of smaller dimensions. These software-driven plates, made up of an increasing number of
elemental antennas, allow the power emitted at any point in the sector to be focused instantly. It is the
mMIMO (massive Multiple Input Multiple Output) which makes it possible to target a narrower area to
interact with a single user for a short period of time thanks to beam forming techniques. This is discussed in
Section 3.3
There are two ways to deploy 5G: Stand-alone NSA (“Non StandAlone”) or Stand-Alone SA (“StandAlone”). In
non-self-governing NSA mode, the radio access network (RAN "Radio access network"), that is to say all the
relay antennas of the network, is connected to the 4G core network (cf. Figure 5). This architecture was the
first to be standardized by the 3GPP and to be

Figure 5: illustration of the general structure of a mobile network

The frequencies used:

The choice of a frequency band always represents a compromise between coverage (defined by the
size of the area where the service is accessible) and capacity (characterized for example by the
resulting throughput). To ensure good coverage, low frequencies are preferred because they provide
good propagation conditions. To increase capacity, high frequencies are preferable because the
available bandwidths are larger, allowing more traffic to flow. However, the propagation conditions
are more difficult at high frequency because the environment then disturbs the propagation, especially
inside the buildings due to high attenuation by the walls, which limits the coverage. Mobile telephony
networks therefore seek a balance between low bands to adequately cover all populations and high
bands to ensure good capacity in areas where traffic demands are greatest.
 In this context, 5G will have an expanded range for its deployment: it will be able to reuse the
spectrum already allocated for mobile telephony, in particular the low bands around 1 GHz, to ensure
good coverage and will also be allocated new frequency bands, particularly in the millimetre bands,
used for the first time for mainstream services, which will increase capacity (see Figure 6).

Figure 6: 5G frequency spectrum

From the point of view of exposure to radio frequency waves, the use of larger band widths will induce larger
global powers. Indeed, at equal power spectral density (i.e., with the same power per frequency unit), if 4G
typically uses 40 watts distributed on 20 MHz, 5G with a typical order of magnitude of 100 MHz of bandwidth
in the new frequency bands, will emit 200 watts. It should be noted, however, that this power increase effect
will be offset by better flow rates and therefore, in the same amount of data transmitted, by a shorter
exposure time. Finally, the higher the frequencies used, the shorter the wavelengths and the more superficial
the exposure becomes. Beyond 10 GHz, propagation in the human body is thus limited to the first layers of the
skin and exposure is no longer quantified by the specific absorption rate (expressed in Watt per kilogram) but
by an area density of power (expressed in Watt per square meter)

The technologies used:

1. Duplexing:
The «duplexing» is the mode of circulation used to transmit the data both in the descending direction
«downlink» therefore of the relay antenna towards the user and in the ascending direction «uplink»therefore
in the direction of the user towards the base station (cf. Figure 7).

Figure 7: bilateral exchanges between network antennas and users: downlink direction of the relay antenna to the user and uplink
direction. From the user to the relay antenna
2. Modulation:
The transmission of data between the network and the user is ensured by modulating the signal, that is to say
by encoding the information before sending it on the propagation channel. Multiplexing allows multiple
information to be passed over the same transmission channel. Since the beginning of mobile telephony,
different types of multiplexed modulation have been used (see Figure 9):
•FDMA «Frequency Division Multiple Access»: each user uses a frequency that is dedicated to him. The FDMA
was used at the beginning of mobile
•TDMA “Time Division Multiple Access”: users all use the same frequency band but at different times. The
distribution is done over time. In France, the 2G uses a modulation TDMA, so mobiles emit only one eighth of
the time in 2G.
•CDMA “Code Division Multiple Access”: users all use the same frequency band simultaneously but with
different codes to distinguish them. In France, 3G uses CDMA modulation. •OFMDA “orthogonal frequency
division multiple access”: the time/frequency matrix is broken down into elementary resources that are
distributed among users. This modulation is used in 4G in France

Figure 9: Standards for the transmission of information between the user and the base station

The 5G will use as the 4G of the OFDMA but with much more flexibility and flexibility in the splitting in time
and frequency to allow to serve users with very constraints
It should be noted that OFDMA consists of simultaneously transmitting signals on several different carriers,
resulting in high variability in instantaneous levels due to constructive and destructive interference. These
constructive additions are measured by the Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), which is the ratio of the peak
value to the average value of a signal.

3. Antennas:
The antennas commonly used for 2G, 3G and 4G networks are vertical stacks of elementary dipoles (cf. Figure
11). The size of a stage is conditioned by the size of the elementary dipoles which is of the order of half of a
wavelength. For example, at 900 MHz (33 cm wavelength), the size of a stage is thus about 15 cm. By typically
piling up a small ten floors, the radiation from these antennas covers an area of approximately 65° horizontal
aperture and about 10° vertical aperture. The focusing capacity of this type of antenna, that is, its gain, is
typically 17 dBi.
 Figure 11: 2G Antenna View – Open 3G and Radiation Principle

This large number of transmitters/receivers makes it possible to use massive MIMO "Multiple Input Multiple Output"
techniques (cf. Figure 12) and a much finer control of the overall radiation of the antenna. The MIMO effect makes it
possible to take advantage of the spatial diversity of the propagation channel by sending several simultaneous flows.

Figure 12 : illustration of the MIMO technique (Multiple Input Multiple Output)

HOW IS 5Gbetter than 4G?

There are several reasons that 5G will be better than 4G:
• 5G is significantly faster than 4G
• 5G has more capacity than 4G
• 5G has significantly lower latency than 4G
• 5G is a unified platform that is more capable than 4G
• 5G uses spectrum better than 4G
5G is a unified platform that is more capable than 4G.
While 4G LTE focused on delivering much faster mobile broadband services than 3G, 5G is designed to be a
unified, more capable platform that not only elevates mobile broadband experiences, but also supports new
services such as mission-critical communications and the massive IoT. 5G can also natively support all
spectrum types (licensed, shared, unlicensed) and bands (low, mid, high), a wide range of deployment models
(from traditional macro-cells to hotspots), and new ways to interconnect (such as device-to-device and multi-
hop mesh).
5G uses spectrum better than 4G.
5G is also designed to get the most out of every bit of spectrum across a wide array of available spectrum
regulatory paradigms and bands—from low bands below 1 GHz, to mid bands from 1 GHz to 6 GHz, to high
bands known as millimeter wave (mmWave).
5G is faster than 4G.
5G can be significantly faster than 4G, delivering up to 20 Gigabits-per-second (Gbps) peak data rates and
100+ Megabits-per-second (Mbps) average data rates.
5G has more capacity than 4G.
5G is designed to support a 100x increase in traffic capacity and network efficiency.1
5G has lower latency than 4G.
5G has significantly lower latency to deliver more instantaneous, real-time access: a 10x decrease in end-to-
end latency down to 1ms.1

What are the real 5G use cases?

Each new generation wireless network came with all new set of new usages.
The next coming 5G will make no exception and will be focused on IoT and critical communications
applications.
In terms of the schedule, we can mention the following uses cases over time:

 Fixed wireless access (from 2018-2019 onwards)

 Enhanced mobile broadband with 4G fall-back (from 2019-2020-2021)
 Massive M2M / IoT (from 2021-2022)
 Ultra low-latency IoT critical communications (from 2024-2025)
Some critical applications like self-driving cars require very aggressive latency (fast response time) while they
do not require fast data rates.
Conversely, enterprise cloud base services with massive data analysis will require speed improvements more
than latency improvements.