1.CB - BT001 - E03 - 0 CDMA Technology Overview - 45 PDF

CDMA Technology Overview
CBB_T01_E3
Trainning Material
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Revision History
Revision No. Revision Date Revision Reason

R1.0 11/06/2007 First Draft
Serial Number: PXJCCB200711A001E

Contents
Mobile Communication System and

Standards ...................................................1
Mobile Communication System Evolution ........................... 1
Mobile Communication Standards ..................................... 7
WCDMA .................................................................... 7
TD-SCDMA ................................................................ 9
cdma2000 ................................................................11
cdma2000 Technology Evolution ......................................19
cdma2000 Advantages ...................................................21
cdma2000 Frequency Spectrum Usage ............ 31
800 MHz Frequency Channel Assignment ..........................31
450 MHz Frequency Channel Assignment ..........................32
1900 MHz Frequency Channel Assignment ........................34
GoTa Frequency Channel Assignment ...............................34
ZTE and cdma2000 .......................................... 37
ZTE’s Activities in cdma2000 ...........................................37
ZTE cdma2000 Products List ...........................................38
Figures ............................................................ 39
Tables ............................................................. 41
Chapter 1
Mobile Communication
System and Standards
Table of Contents:
Mobile Communication System Evolution ............................... 1
Mobile Communication Standards ......................................... 7
cdma2000 Technology Evolution ..........................................19
cdma2000 Advantages .......................................................21
System Evolution
Introduction From the early analog mobile generation (1G) to the last deployed
Third Generation (3G), the paradigm has changed. The new
mobile generation not only tries to improve the quality of voice
communications, but also tries to give the user access to a new
global communication reality. The aim is to reach communication
ubiquity (anytime, anywhere) and to provide users with a new
set of services.
The growth in the number of mobile subscribers over the last
years led to a huge utilization of voiceoriented wireless telephony.
From a number of 214 million subscribers in 1997 to 1.162 million
in 2002 [1], it is predicted that by 2010 there will be more than
1.700 million subscribers worldwide [2]. At same time, mobile
multimedia is also growing at a fast rate, as new terminals, with
color screens and digital cameras, gain popularity. It is now time
to explore new demands and to find new ways to extend the
mobile concept. The first steps have already been taken by the
2.5G, which gave users access to a data network, e.g., Internet
access, and Multimedia Message Service (MMS ). However, users
and applications are constantly demanding more communication
power. As a response to this demand a new generation with
new standards has been developed - 3G, based on new mobile
technologies like the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS ). In spite of the big initial euphoria that evolved this
technology, commercial use of 3G networks is still very limited
to date. The first deployment was called Freedom of Mobile
Multimedia Access (FOMA ) and was released by NTT DoCoMo
in Japan in 2001, using international standard IMT-2000, with
great success. Nowadays some other providers are starting to
make 3G services available, namely Hutchinson in Austria and
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CDMA Technology Overview Trainning Material
Italy, Vodafone in Portugal, Germany, Spain and Italy, and TMN

in Portugal.
In the last years, benefiting from 3G constant deployment delays,
many new mobile technologies gained popularity. Now, all this
new technologies (e.g. UMTS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) claim for a
convergence that can only be achieved by a new mobile generation
- beyond 3rd generation (B3G ). This new mobile generation must
allow the coexistence of different mobile technologies and provide
a differentiate set of services to the end user, which should be
kept agnostic of all the network diversity. However, the provision
of differentiated services over heterogeneous mobile networks
encompasses several challenges. One of these challenges is the
deployment of multimedia group communications in a mobile
environment with different access technologies.
The First Mobile The first operational cellular communication system was deployed
Generations– in the Norway in 1981 and was followed by similar systems in
from 1G to 2.5G the US and UK. These first generation systems provided voice
transmissions by using frequencies around 900 MHz and analog
modulation.
The second generation (2G) of the wireless mobile network was
based on low-band digital data signaling. The most popular
2G wireless technology is known as Global Systems for Mobile
Communications (GSM ). The first GSM systems used a 25MHz
frequency spectrum in the 900MHz band. The Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA ), which is a standard that lets multiple
users access a group of radio frequency bands and eliminates
interference of message traffic, is used to split the available
25MHz of bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies of 200 kHz each.
Each frequency is then divided using a Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA ) scheme into eight timeslots and allows eight
simultaneous calls on the same frequency. This protocol allows
large numbers of users to access one radio frequency by allocating
time slots to multiple voice or data calls. TDMA breaks down
data transmission, such as a phone conversation, into fragments
and transmits each fragment in a short burst, assigning each
fragment a time slot. With a cell phone, the caller does not detect
this fragmentation. Today, GSM systems operate in the 900MHz
and 1.8 GHz bands throughout the world with the exception of
the America Continent where they operate in the 1.9 GHz band.
Within Europe, the GSM technology made possible the seamless
roaming across all countries.
While GSM technology was developed in Europe, Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA) technology was developed in North
America. CDMA uses spread spectrum technology to break
up speech into small, digitized segments and encodes them
to identify each call. CDMA distinguishes between multiple
transmissions carried simultaneously on a single wireless signal.
It carries the transmissions on that signal, freeing network room
for the wireless carrier and providing interference-free calls
for the user. Several versions of the standard are still under
development. CDMA promises to open up network capacity for
wireless carriers and improve the quality of wireless messages
and users access to the wireless airwaves. Whereas CDMA breaks
down calls on a signal by codes, TDMA breaks them down by time.
The result in both cases is an increased network capacity for the
wireless carrier and a lack of interference for the caller. While
GSM and other TDMA-based systems have become the dominant
2G wirelesses technologies, CDMA technology is recognized as
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Chapter 1 Mobile Communication System and Standards
providing clearer voice quality with less background noise, fewer

dropped calls, enhanced security, greater reliability and greater
network capacity.
The 2G wireless networks mentioned above are also mostly based
on circuit-switched technology, are digital and expand the range
of applications to more advanced voice services. 2G wireless
technologies can handle some data capabilities such as fax and
short message service at the data rate of up to 9.6 kb/s, but it is
not suitable for web browsing and multimedia applications.
So-called ‘2.5G’ systems enhance the data capacity of GSM and
mitigate some of its limitations. These systems add packet data
capability to GSM networks, and the most important technologies
are General Packet Radio Service (GPRS ) and Wireless Application
Protocol (WAP ). WAP defines how Web pages and similar data can
be passed over limited bandwidth wireless channels to the small
screens being built into new mobile telephones. At the next lower
layer, GPRS defines how to add IP support to the existing GSM
infrastructure. GPRS provides both the means to aggregate radio
channels for higher data bandwidth and the additional servers
required to off-load packet traffic from existing GSM circuits. It
supplements today’s circuit switched data and short message
service. Theoretical maximum speeds of up to 171.2 kb/s are
achievable with GPRS using all eight timeslots at the same time,
about ten times as fast as current circuit switched data services
on GSM networks. However, it should be noted that it is unlikely
that a network operator will allow all timeslots to be used by a
single GPRS user. Additionally, the initial GPRS terminals (phones
or modems) are supporting only one to four timeslots. The
bandwidth available to a GPRS user will therefore be limited.
Meanwhile, developers are focusing on the much-hyped third
generation (3G) of wireless systems, where beyond increased
data rates a complete new set of services will be available. All
these wireless technologies are summarized in Table 1
TABLE 1 TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES
Tech Tran Descript Typical Use / Pros/cons

nol sport ion Data Transmiss
ogy Techn ion Speed
ology
Time Divi Voice and data up to +Low battery
sion Multi 9.6 kb/s. consumption
TDMA
ple Access -One-way transmission;
slow speed
Global Voice and data. + Popularity; roaming

System This European in about 180 countries
2G for Mobile system uses the − GSM’s short
Communic 900 MHz and 1.8 messaging service only
GSM ations GHz frequencies. In transmits one-way,
the United States it with maximum 160 2G
operates in the 1.9 characters long
GHz PCS band up to
9.6 kb/s.

Tech Tran Descript Typical Use / Pros/cons

nol sport ion Data Transmiss
ogy Techn ion Speed
ology
Code TIA/EIA IS-95 + More capacity than
Division (Telecommunic TDMA
Multiple ations Industry − Fewer subscribers
Access Association / Elec than TDMA
is a 2G tronic Industries
CDMA technology Association Interim
developed Standard - 95)
by Quickl defines the first
ime that is CDMA. Supports
transition voice and data up
ing to 3G to 14.4 Kb/s.
General Data Up to 115 + Messages not limited

Packet kb/s; the AT&T to 160 characters
Radio Wireless GPRS
2.5G GPRS Service - network will
supports transmit data at
data pack 40 kb/s to 60 kb/s.
ets
Enhanced Data Up to 384 + Temporary solution

Data Rates kb/s. for operators unable to
for Global get W-CDMA licenses;
Evolution offers higher-speed
mobile-data access,
EDGE
serve more mobile-data
customers, and free up
GSM network capacity
to accommodate
additional voice traffic
Wideband Voice and data. + Likely to be dominant

CDMA UMTS is being outside the United
(also designed to offer States, and therefore
known as speeds from 144 good for roaming
Universal kb/s (for users globally
W-CDMA
Mobile in fast-moving − Commitments from
(UMTS)
Telecomm vehicles) to 2 U.S. operators are
unications Mb/s, initially. currently lacking
System Up to 10 Mb/s by
-UMTS). 2005, according to
designers.
3G 1xRTT is Voice and data Up + Proponents say
the first to 144 kb/s. migration from TDMA
phase of to CDMA2000 is simpler
CDMA CDMA2 than to W-CDMA, and
2000 000 that spectrum use is
1xRTT more efficient
− W-CDMA will likely
be more common in
Europe
CDMA Delivers Data up to 2.4 (see CDMA2000 1xRTT
2000 data on a Mb/s. above)
1xEV separate
-DO channel
Integrates Voice and data up (see CDMA2000 1xRTT
voice and to 2.4 Mb/s. above)
data on
CDMA
the same
2000
channel
1xEV
-DV
The Third Mobile All 2G wireless systems are voice-centric. GSM includes Short
Generation - 3G Message Service (SMS ), enabling text messages of up to 160

characters to be sent, received and viewed on the handset. Most

2G systems also support some data over their voice paths, but
at painfully slow speeds usually 9.6 kb/s or 14.4 kb/s (CDMA).
So in the world of 2G, voice remains king while data is already
dominant in wired communications. However, both wired and
wireless communications, are affected by the rapid growth of the
Internet.
Planning for 3G started in the 1980s. Initial plans focused on
multimedia applications such as video-conferencing for mobile
phones. When it became clear that the real killer application was
the Internet, 3G thinking had to evolve. As personal wireless
handsets become more common than fixed telephones, it is clear
that personal wireless Internet access will follow and users will
want broadband Internet access wherever they go.
Today’s 3G specifications call for 144 kb/s while the user is
moving quickly, 384 kb/s for pedestrians, and up to 2 Mb/s
for stationary users. This is a big step up from 2G bandwidth
using 8 to 13 kb/s per channel to transport speech signals. The
second key issue for 3G wireless is that users will want to roam
worldwide and stay connected. Today, GSM leads with almost
global roaming. Because of the pervasiveness of GSM, users can
get comprehensive coverage in Europe, parts of Asia and some
U.S. coverage. A key goal of 3G is to make this roaming capacity
universal. A third issue for 3G systems is capacity. As wireless
usage continues to expand, existing systems are reaching limits.
Cells can be made smaller, permitting frequency reuse, but only
to a point. The next step requires new technology and new
bandwidth.
The International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) is
the official International Telecommunication Union (ITU ) name
for 3G and it is an initiative intended to provide wireless access
to global telecommunication infrastructure through both satellite
and terrestrial systems, serving fixed and mobile phone users via
both public and private telephone networks. GSM proponents put
forward UMTS, an evolution of GSM, as the road to IMT-2000.
Alternate schemes have come from the US, Japan and Korea. Each
scheme typically involves multiple radio transmission techniques
in order to handle evolution from 2G. Agreeing on frequency bands
for IMT-2000 has been more difficult and the consensus included
five different radio standards and three widely different frequency
bands. They are now all part of IMT-2000. To roam anywhere in
this “unified” 3G system, users will likely need a quintuple-mode
phone able to operate in an 800/900 MHz band, a 1.7 to 1.9 GHz
band and a 2.5 to 2.69 GHz band.
Third-generation wireless also requires new infrastructure. There
are two mobility infrastructures in wide use. While GSM has
the mobile access protocol, GSM-MAP, the North American
infrastructure uses the IS-41 mobility protocol. These protocol
sets define the messages passed between home location registers
and visitor location registers when locating a subscriber, and the
messages needed to deal with hand-offs as a subscriber moves
from cell to cell. 3G proponents have agreed on an evolution
path so that existing operators, running on either a GSM-MAP or
an IS-41 infrastructure, can interoperate. But, the rest of the
landline infrastructure to support IMT-2000 is ready, and may
be used in the near future. The IMT-2000 family is illustrated in
Figure 1

FIGURE 1 IMT 2000 FAMILY
UMTS uses the radio technology called Wideband Code Division

Multiple Access (W-CDMA ). WCDMA is characterized by the use
of a wider band than CDMA. W-CDMA has additional advantages
of high transfer rate, and increased system capacity and
communication quality by statistical multiplexing. WCDMA utilizes
efficiently the radio spectrum to provide a maximum data rate of
2 Mb/s.
With the advent of mobile Internet access, suddenly the
circuit-based backhaul network from the base station and back
has to significantly change. 3G systems are IP-centric and will
justify an all-IP infrastructure. There will be no flip to 3G, but
rather an evolution and, because of the practical need to re-use
the existing infrastructure and to take advantage of new frequency
bands as they become available, that evolution will look a bit
different depending on where you are.
The very definition of 3G is now an umbrella, not a single standard.
However, the industry is moving in the right direction towards
a worldwide, converged, network. Meanwhile, ever-improving
Digital Signal Processing (DSP ) will allow multi-mode, multi-band
telephones that solve the problem of diverse radio interfaces and
numerous frequency bands. When one handset provides voice
and data anywhere in the world that will be 3G no matter what is
running behind the scenes, although it is expectable that another
air interface, more powerful than 3G, will arise.

Standards
WCDMA
Definition Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (WCDMA ), an ITU
standard derived from Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA ),
is officially known as IMT-2000 direct spread. W-CDMA is a
third-generation (3G ) mobile wireless technology that promises
much higher data speeds to mobile and portable wireless devices
than commonly offered in today’s market.
WCDMA is the leading 3G wireless standard in the world today.
It was adopted as a standard by the ITU under the name
"IMT-2000 direct spread." WCDMA is the technology used in
the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS ),
and with data rates up to 2Mbits it has the capacity to easily
handle bandwidth-intensive applications such as video, data,
and image transmission necessary for mobile internet services.
Operators such as Vodafone, Singtel, AT&T and TIM have chosen
WCDMA/UMTS as their 3G solution.
Overview Wideband Code-Division Multiple-Access (W-CDMA) is one of the
main technologies for the implementation of third-generation
(3G) cellular systems. It is based on radio access technique
proposed by European Telecommunication Standard Institute
(ETSI) Alpha group and the specifications was finalized 1999. The
implementation of W-CDMA will be a technical challenge because
of it’s complexity and versatility. The complexity of W-CDMA
systems can be viewed from different angles: the complexity of
each single algorithm, the complexity of the overall system and
the computational complexity of a receiver. W-CDMA link-level
simulations are over 10 times more compute-intensive than
current second-generation simulations. In W-CDMA interface
different users can simultaneously transmit at different data rates
and data rates can even vary in time. UMTS networks need to
support all current second generation services and numerous new
applications and services.
In WCDMA, there are two different modes of operation possible:
� TDD: In this duplex method, uplink and downlink
transmissions are carried over the same frequency band
by using synchronized time intervals. Thus time slots in a
physical channel are divided into transmission and reception
part.
� FDD: The uplink and downlink transmissions employ two
separated frequency bands for this duplex method. A pair of
frequency bands with specified separation is assigned for a
connection. Since different regions have different frequency
allocation schemes, the capability to operate in either FDD
or TDD mode allows for efficient utilization of the available
spectrum
Key Features of The key operational features of the WCDMA radio interface are
WCDMA listed below:

� Support of high data rate transmission: 384 Kbps with wide

area coverage, 2 Mbps with local coverage.
� High service flexibility: support of multiple parallel variable
rate services on each connection.
� Both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD ) and Time Division
Duplex (TDD).
� Built in support for future capacity and coverage enhancing
technologies like adaptive antennas, advanced receiver
structures and transmitter diversity.
� Support of inter frequency hand over and hand over to other
systems, including hand over to GSM.
� Efficient packet access.
WCDMA Table 2 illustrates the WCDMA technical specifications.
Technical
Specifications
TABLE 2 WCDMA TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Item Description
1920 MHz -1980 MHz and 2110 MHz - 2170
Frequency band MHz (Frequency Division Duplex) UL and DL
Minimum frequency
band required ~ 2x5MHz
Frequency re-use 1
Carrier Spacing 4.4MHz - 5.2 MHz
Maximum number of ~196 (spreading factor 256 UL, AMR
(voice) channels on 7.95kbps) / ~98 (spreading factor 128 UL,
2x5MHz AMR 12.2kbps)
AMR codecs (4.75 kHz - 12.2 kHz, GSM
Voice coding EFR=12.2 kHz) and SID (1.8 kHz)
Convolutional coding, Turbo code for
high rate data Duplexer needed (190MHz
separation), Asymmetric connection
Channel coding: supported
Tx/Rx isolation MS: 55dB, BS: 80dB
Receiver Rake
Node B: -121dBm, Mobile -117dBm at BER
Receiver sensitivity of 10-3
Data type Packet and circuit switch
Modulation QPSK
Pulse shaping Root raised cosine, roll-off = 0.22
Chip rate 3.84 Mcps
Channel raster 200 kHz
~ 2.3Mbps (spreading factor 4, parallel
Maximum user data rate codes (3 DL / 6 UL), 1/2 rate coding), but
(Physical channel) interference limited.
384 kbps (year 2002), higher rates ( ~ 2
Mbps) in the near future. HSPDA will offer
Maximum user data rate data speeds up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps
(Offered) for MIMO systems)

Item Description
Channel bit rate 5.76Mbps
Frame length 10ms (38400 chips)
Number of slots / frame 15
Number of chips / slot 2560 chips
Handovers Soft, Softer, (inter frequency: Hard)
Power control period Time slot = 1500 Hz rate
Power control step size 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 dB (Variable)
Power control range UL 80dB, DL 30dB
Power class 1: +33 dBm (+1dB/-3dB) =
2W; class 2 +27 dBm, class 3 +24 dBm,
Mobile peak power class 4 +21 dBm
Number of unique base
station identification
codes 512 / frequency
Physical layer spreading
factors 4 ... 256 UL, 4 ... 512 DL
TD-SCDMA
Introduction Time Division Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA ) was proposed
by China Wireless Telecommunication Standards group (CWTS )
and approved by the ITU in 1999 and this technology is being
developed by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications
Technology and Siemens. TD-SCDMA uses the Time Division
Duplex (TDD ) mode, which transmits uplink traffic (traffic from
the mobile terminal to the base station) and downlink traffic
(traffic from the base station to the terminal) in the same
frame in different time slots. That means that the uplink and
downlink spectrum is assigned flexibly, dependent on the type
of information being transmitted. When asymmetrical data like
e-mail and internet are transmitted from the base station, more
time slots are used for downlink than for uplink. A symmetrical
split in the uplink and downlink takes place with symmetrical
services like telephony.
Technical Following are the technical Specifications of TD-SCDMA:
Specifications
� Frequency band: 2010 MHz - 2025 MHz in China (WLL 1900
MHz - 1920 MHz)
� Minimum frequency band required: 1.6MHz
� Frequency re-use: 1 (or 3)
� Chip rate: 1.28 Mcps
� Frame length: 10ms
� Number of slots: 7
� Modulation: QPSK or 8-PSK
� Voice data rate: 8kbit/s

� Circuit switched services: 12.2 kbits/s, 64 kbits/s, 144

kbits/s, 384 kbits/s, 2048 kbits/s
� Packet data: 9.6kbits/s, 64kbits/s, 144kbits/s, 384kbits/s,
2048kbits/s
� Receiver: Joint Detection, (mobile: Rake)
� Power control period: 200 Hz
� Number of slots / frame: 7
� Frame length:5ms
� Multi carrier option
� Handovers:
� Smart antennas
� Baton handover
� Uplink synchronisation
� Hard Physical layer spreading factors: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
TD-SCDMA ITU-R RA-2000 approved the recommendations on 3G mobile
Technology communication technology specifications including those of
Evolution TD-SCDMA in May 2000. In March 2001, 3GPP fulfilled
TD-SCADMA Low Chip Rate (LCR ) standardization in Release
4. The improved R4 and R5 specifications have newly added
function points including HSDPA, air interface base station
synchronization, terminal location (AOA-aided location), etc.
CCSA is to promote the integration of R4 and R5, including HSDPA
extension on multi-carrier. In March 2005, R6 containing uplink
enhanced technology (still in study) and MBMS (multimedia
broadcasting/multicast) was frozen. However, proposals can still
be made due to the instability of R6. In the future, TD LTE should
study more the MC-TD-SCDMA and OFDM-based TDD technology.
Figure 2 shows the TD-SCDMA technology evolution.
FIGURE 2 TD-SCDMA TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION
CCSA has developed industry standards of technical requirements

for TD-SCDMA equipments and test methods, completed
research reports on IP-based RAN, multi-antenna, and HSDPA
, and conducted pre-research on standards for test methods
of TD-SCDMA Enhanced, TD-SCDMA P2P, TD-SCDMA HSDPA

Multi-carriers, and TD-SCDMA Iur. In terms of TD-SCDMA

networks, 8 standards of technical requirements and test methods
have been studied, of which 5 are for equipment, i.e., 2GHz
TD-SCDMA wireless access equipments and terminals (Volumes I
and II), and 3 for interfaces including Iub and Uu interfaces.
cdma2000
Introduction Third Generation (3G ) is the term used to describe the latest
generation of mobile services which provide advanced voice
communications and high-speed data connectivity, including
access to the Internet, mobile data applications and multimedia
content. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU ),
working with industry standards bodies from around the world,
has defined the technical requirements and standards as well
as the use of spectrum for 3G systems under the International
Mobile Telecommunications -2000 (IMT-2000 ) program.
The ITU requires that IMT-2000 (3G) networks, among other
capabilities, deliver improved system capacity and spectrum
efficiency over 2G systems and that they support data services at
minimum transmission rates of 144 kbps in mobile (outdoor) and
2 Mbps in fixed (indoor) environments.
Based on these requirements, in 1999 the ITU approved five radio
interface modes for IMT-2000 standards (Recommendation 1457).
Three of the five approved standards (CDMA2000® , TD-SCDMA,
WCDMA) are based on CDMA. CDMA2000 is also known by its ITU
name, IMT-2000 CDMA Multi-Carrier (MC ).
Figure 3 shows the IMT_2000 terrestrial radio interfaces.
FIGURE 3 IMT-2000 TERRESTRIAL RADIO INTERFACES
The world’s first 3G commercial system was launched by SK

Telecom (South Korea) in October 2000 using CDMA2000 1X. By
the end of 2006 there will be more than 430 million 3G users
across all six continents, In Korea, Japan and North America there
are already more 3G users than 2G subscribers, and globally the
number of 3G subscribers is expected to surpass 2G in 2011, ten
years since 3G’s inception and 5 years less than it took 2G to
surpass 1G.
CDMA2000 CDMA2000 represents a family of standards and includes:
Technologies
� CDMA2000 1X
� CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Technologies
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized) introduces
new high-speed packet-switched transmission techniques that

are specifically designed and optimized for a data-centric

broadband network that can deliver peak data rates beyond
2 Mbps in a mobile environment. CDMA2000 1xEV-DO was
approved as an IMT-2000 standard (cdma2000 High Rate
packet Data Air Interface, IS-856) at the ITU Stockholm
Conference in 2001.
� CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel 0
� CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev A
� CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev B
� Ultra Mobile Broadband - UMB
CDMA2000 1X
CDMA2000 1X (IS-2000) was recognized by the Internatio
nal Telecommunications Union (ITU) as an IMT-2000 stand
ard in November 1999. It was the first IMT-2000 technology
deployed worldwide, in October 2000.
1X is the most spectrally efficient wide area network techn
ology for circuit-switched voice communications and it supp
orts packet data speeds of up to 307 kbps in a single 1.25
MHz channel.
Key features of CDMA2000 1X include:
� Voice Capacity: Supports 33-35 up to 40 simultaneous
voice calls per single 1.25 MHz FDD channel. A new
codec, 4GV, for CDMA2000 1X will increase voice capa
city by 40%.
� High-Speed Data: Release 0 supports bi-directional
peak data rates of up to 153 kbps and an average of
60-100 kbps in commercial networks in a 1.25 MHz
channel. Release 1 can deliver peak data rates of up to
307 kbps.
� Applications: Supports circuit-switched voice, Short
Messaging Service (SMS ), Multimedia Messaging Service
(MMS ), games, GPS-based location services, music and
video downloads
CDMA2000 1X handsets are backwards compatible with
cdmaOne systems. Figure 4 shows the cdmaOne network
diagram.

FIGURE 4 CDMAONE NETWORK DIAGRAM
The following fundamental CDMA air interface techniques are

incorporated into CDMA2000 1X and backward compatible
with cdmaOne:
� Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Multiple Access–
to improve spectral efficiency (system capacity)
� Orthogonal Code Channelization– for user separation
on the downlink (mitigates interference)
� Random Access– to efficiently share radio access reso
urces among all users
� Fast Uplink Power Control– to resolve the near-far
field effect (reduce interference)
� Rake Receivers – to resolve and benefit from multipath
interference and support soft handoffs
� Soft Handoff – to handoff users between base stations
� Softer Handoff – to handoff users between base station
sectors
� Soft Handoff (SHO) Active Set – to provide seamless
service with increased spectral efficiency
� Single Frequency Re-use – to increase overall network
capacity
� Downlink Slotted Paging – to extend the battery life
of mobile devices
� Blind Rate Detection – to enable variable rate decoding
without additional overhead
� Downlink Reference Channel – to share a common
pilot to increase capacity
� Downlink Channel Structure – to simplify system impl
ementation and efficiency by separating channels with
Walsh codes
� Scrambling – to provide communications privacy

� Speech Regulated Vocoders – to reduce interference

and increase system capacity
In addition to the above techniques shared with cdmaOne,
CDMA2000 1X incorporates the following new evolutionary
air interface techniques that are crucial to enhancing the perf
ormance of the standard:
� Variable Length Orthogonal Codes – to support vari
able data rates
� Uplink Complex Spreading – to increase data rates
and network capacity
� Fast Downlink Power Control – to reduce transmit
power usage and increase capacity
� Data Rate Configurable Channels –to support applic
ations that use a variety of data rates
� Dual-Event Downlink Paging – to further extend the
battery life of mobile devices
� Uplink Channel Structure – to multiplex control and
data channels
� Reserve Mode Random Access – to access the netw
ork more efficiently
� Parallel Turbo Codes – to improve capacity through
more efficient forward error correction
� Coherent Uplink Detection – to improve data rates
and coverage
� Continuous Uplink Operation – to increase transmis
sion range and capacity, while reducing interference to
hearing aids and other devices
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel 0
CDMA200 1xEV-DO Release 0 (Rel 0) offers high-speed data
access of up to 2.4 Mbps and it was the first mobile broadb
and technology deployed worldwide, in 2002 in South Korea.
Key features of Rel 0 include:
� Broadband data: Provides a peak data rate of 2.4 Mbps
in the forward link and 153 kbps in the reverse link in a
single 1.25 MHz FDD carrier. In commercial networks,
Rel 0 delivers average throughput of 300-700 kbps in
the forward link and 70-90 kbps in the reverse link
� Offers an "always on" user experience
� Leverages the existing suite of Internet Protocols (IP ),
and hence supports IP-based network connectivity
and software applications
� Applications: Supports broadband data applications,
such as broadband Internet or VPN access, MP3 music
downloads, 3D gaming, TV broadcasts, video and audio
downloads. In many countries, it has been deployed as
a DSL substitute.
In most all cases, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO devices include a
CDMA2000 1X modem to be compatible with CDMA2000 1X
and cdmaOne systems. Figure 5 shows the CDMA2000 1xEV
-DO Rel 0 network diagram.

FIGURE 5 CDMA2000 1XEV-DO REL 0 NETWORK DIAGRAM
In addition to the air interface techniques described in the

previous section on CDMA2000 1X, the following new high-
speed packet data transmission enhancements are incorpor
ated into CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel 0:
� High-Speed Packet-Switched Downlink Channeliz
ation Structure – bundling downlink resources into a
packet data channel to enable high-speed data rate tran
smissions by combining all of the available Walsh codes
and power
� Fast and Adaptive Modulation and Coding Schemes
– to optimize the delivery of packets based on changes
in the radio environment
� Fast and Adaptive Packet Data Scheduling – to rapi
dly adapt to changes in the radio link
� Fast Hybrid ARQ – to acknowledge correct receipt of
data and retransmit erroneous data
� Incremental Redundancy Feedback in the Downl
ink – to increase the effective data rate in the uplink
by terminating the transmission of a packet early if it is
decoded earlier than expected
� Fast Downlink Rate Control – to rapidly adjust to chan
ges in the radio environment
� Uplink Rate Control – to efficiently control the transm
ission of mobile devices
� Downlink Multiple User Separation – to efficiently
assign the downlink channel to users
� Downlink Transmission Signaling – to indicate the
downlink modulation and coding
� Closed Loop Downlink Power Control – to reduce
power used by the base station
� Uplink Rate Detection – to enable correct decoding of
uplink data traffic
� Short Transmission Time Intervals (TTI) – to accel
erate the transmission of packets
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Revision A (Rev A)
Rev A is an evolution of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel 0 that incr
eases peak rates on reverse and forward links to support a

wide-variety of symmetric, delay-sensitive, real-time, and

concurrent voice and broadband data applications. It also
incorporates OFDM technology to enable multicasting (one-
to-many) multimedia content delivery.
Rev. A’s more symmetric uplink speeds enable users to send
large files, email with attachments, high resolution photogra
phs and personal videos from their mobile devices. With its
low network latency, service tiering with Quality of Service
(QoS ) and IP-based broadband architecture, Rev A is able
to support time-sensitive applications, such as Voice over IP
(VoIP ), Push-to-Talk (PTT ) and video telephony. Rev A was
launched in October 2006, and it is the only All-IP, advanced
broadband technology commercially deployed today.
Key features of Rev A include:
� Improved broadband speeds : Provides a peak data
rate of 3.1 Mbps in the forward link and 1.8 Mbps in the
reverse link in a 1.25 MHz FDD carrier. In commercial
networks, Rev A achieves average throughput of 450-
800 kbps in the forward link and 300-400 kbps in the
reverse link
� Higher spectral efficiency : Supports1.2 times Rel 0
forward link sector capacity and3.4 times reverse link
sector capacity. Increased rate quantization on both forw
ard and reverse link enables more efficient use air link
resources, better network utilization and lower cost of
delivery
� Increased Capacity – On both the forward and reverse
link, Rev A allows operators to support more users and
it improves the cost of delivering voice, data and multim
edia services.
� Symmetry – By increasing uplink speeds, Rev A is the
first commercially available wireless technology to deli
ver a true synchronic broadband experience. Symmetry
is important for applications where users send packets
of data as often as they receive them, such as receiving
and sending email with attachments.
� Low latency : The average latency of Rev A is below 50
milliseconds, making it ideal for delay-sensitive applicat
ions.
� Advanced Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms
that support the prioritization and delivery of individual
packets based on the type of application or user profile.
These mechanisms ensure a consistent, high-quality
user experience.
� All-IP: Internet Protocol (IP) is the foundation for CDMA
2000 radio access networks. Like 1xEV-DO Rel 0, All-IP
Rev A networks provide operators service flexibility and
higher bandwidth efficiencies, which translate into grea
ter control and significant cost savings.
� Advanced services : Enables the enhanced performa
nce of real-time broadband, symmetric data link, and
delay sensitive services such as VoIP, push-to-talk (PTT),
push-to-media (PTM ), video conferencing, multicasting,
and rich 3D gaming with multiple players.

� Backward compatibility: Rev A networks support exis

ting Rel 0 applications and devices. This backward comp
atibility preserves an operator’s previous network inves
tments. Rev A it is backwards compatible with 1X and
cdmaOne systems through multi-mode devices .
In addition to the air interface techniques used in CDMA2000
1X and 1xEV-DO Rel 0, the following new high-speed packet-
switched uplink techniques are incorporated into CDMA2000
1xEV-DO Rev A:
� Fast Uplink Rate Control – to efficiently control the
transmission of mobile devices
� Fast Hybrid ARQ in Uplink – to acknowledge correct
receipt of data and retransmit erroneous data
� Incremental Redundancy Feedback in Uplink – to
increase the effective data rate in the downlink by termi
nating the transmission of a packet early if it is decoded
earlier than expected
� Uplink Channelization – to enable better control of the
uplink data flows
� Short Transmission Time Interval (TTI) – to acceler
ate the transmission of packets
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Revision B
The Revision B (Rev B) is an evolutionary step of Rev A that
consists of aggregating multiple EV-DO Rev A channels to
provide higher performance for multimedia delivery, bi-dire
ctional data transmissions and VoIP-based concurrent servi
ces. The Rev B standard was published by the Third Genera
tion Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) under document number
3GPP2 C.S0024-B and by the Telecommunications Industry
Association (TIA ) and Electronics Industry Association as
TIA/EIA/IS-856-B. Rev B will be commercially available in
2008.
Rev B builds on the efficiencies of Rev A by introducing the
concept of dynamically scalable bandwidth. Through aggre
gation of multiple 1.25 MHz Rev A channels, Rev B enables
data traffic to flow over more than one carrier and hence
improve user data rates, latencies on both forward and reve
rse link. Peak data rates are proportional to the number of
carriers aggregated. When 15 channels are combined within
a 20 MHz bandwidth, Rev B delivers peak rates of 46.5 Mbps
in forward link and 27 Mbps in the reverse link. With the
64-QAM scheme, the peak data rate in the forward link incre
ase in a single 1.25 MHz carrier to 4.9 Mbps, an aggregated
5 MHz will deliver up to 14.7 Mbps and within 20 MHz of
bandwidth up to 73.5 Mbps. By increasing the bandwidth,
an operator can support more users per sector or lower their
cost per megabyte to encourage longer usage. To achieve
this performance, the 1.25 MHz carriers do not have to be
adjacent to one another, thus giving operators the flexibility
to combine blocks of spectrum from different bands. This is
unique benefit of Rev B that is not available to WCDMA/HSD
PA.
In addition to supporting mobile broadband data and
OFDM-based multicasting, the lower latency characteristics
of Rev B improve the performance of delay-sensitive

applications such as VoIP, push-to-talk, video telephony,

concurrent voice and multimedia and multiplayer online
gaming. Rev. B also allows operators to consider the
deployment of “hot zones” where the demand for data is
high.
CDMA2000 builds on the inherent advantages of CDMA
technologies and introduces other enhancements, such
as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM and
OFDMA), advanced control and signaling mechanisms, improved
interference management techniques, end-to-end Quality of
Service (QoS), and new antenna techniques such as Multiple
Inputs Multiple Outputs (MIMO) and Space Division Multiple
Access (SDMA) to increase data throughput rates and quality
of service, while significantly improving network capacity and
reducing delivery cost.
Key features of Key features of CDMA2000 are:
CDMA2000
� Leading performance: CDMA2000 performance in terms
of data-speeds, voice capacity and latencies continue to
outperform in commercial deployments other comparable
technologies
� Efficient use of spectrum: CDMA2000 technologies offer the
highest voice capacity and data throughput using the least
amount of spectrum, lowering the cost of delivery for operators
and delivering superior customer experience for the end users
� Support for advanced mobile services: CDMA2000
1xEV-DO enables the delivery of a broad range of advanced
services, such as high-performance VoIP, push-to-talk,
video telephony, multimedia messaging, multicasting and
multi-playing online gaming with richly rendered 3D graphics
� All-IP – CDMA2000 technologies are compatible with IP and
ready to support network convergence. Today, CDMA2000
operators that have deployed IP-based services enjoy more
flexibility and higher bandwidth efficiencies, which translate
into greater control and significant cost savings
� Devices selection: CDMA2000 offers the broadest selection
of devices and has a significant cost advantage compared
to other 3G technologies to meet the diverse market needs
around the world
� Seamless evolution path : CDMA2000 has a solid and
long-term evolution path which is built on the principle of
backward and forward compatibility, in-band migration, and
support of hybrid network configurations
� Flexibility: CDMA2000 systems have been designed for urban
as well as remote rural areas for fixed wireless, wireless local
loop (WLL), limited mobility and full mobilility applications in
multiple spectrum bands, including 450 MHz, 800 MHz, 1700
MHz, 1900MHz and 2100 MHz

cdma2000 Technology
Evolution
Overview cdmaOne describes a complete wireless system based on the
TIA/EIA IS-95 CDMA standard, including IS-95A and IS-95B
revisions. It represents the end-to-end wireless system and
all the necessary specifications that govern its operation.
cdmaOne provides a family of related services including cellular,
PCS and fixed wireless (wireless local loop). TIA/EIA IS-95
(Telecommunications Industry Association / Electronic Industries
Association Interim Standard - 95) was first published in July
1993. The IS-95A revision was published in May 1995 and is
the basis for many of the commercial 2G CDMA systems around
the world. IS-95A describes the structure of the wideband 1.25
MHz CDMA channels, power control, call processing, hand-offs,
and registration techniques for system operation. In addition to
voice services, many IS-95A operators provide circuit-switched
data connections at 14.4 kbps. IS-95A was first deployed in
September 1995 by Hutchison (HK). The term cdmaOne intended
to represent the end-to-end wireless system and all of the
necessary specifications that govern its operation. cdmaOne
technology provides a family of related services including cellular,
PCS, and fixed wireless (wireless local loop).
The IS-95B revision, also termed TIA/EIA-95, combines IS-95A,
ANSI-J-STD-008 and TSB-74 into a single document. The
ANSI-J-STD-008 specification, published in 1995, defines a
compatibility standard for 1.8 to 2.0 GHz CDMA PCS systems.
TSB-74 describes interaction between IS-95A and CDMA PCS
systems that conform to ANSI-J-STD-008. Many operators
that have commercialized IS-95B systems offer 64 kbps
packet-switched data, in addition to voice services. Due to the
data speeds IS-95B is capable of reaching, it is categorized
as a 2.5G technology. cdmaOne IS-95B was first deployed
in September 1999 in Korea and has since been adopted by
operators in Japan and Peru.
CDMA2000 is an improvement on TIA/EIA-95. It provides a
significant improvement in voice capacity and expanded data
capability, and is backward-compatible with IS-95 handsets.
CDMA2000 has a robust, long-term evolution path that provides
operators with significant technology performance, total cost
of ownership and time-to-market leadership in the delivery of
advanced mobile voice and data services.
� 1 year lead in the introduction of 3G, with CDMA2000 1X.
� 4 year lead in broadband wireless services, with CDMA2000
1xEV-DO Rel. 0.
� 2-3 year lead in the commercialization of all-IP 3G mobile
networks supporting VoIP, multimedia and advanced
broadband services, with CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A.
� 1-2 year lead in delivering next-generation advanced
mobile broadband services and the convergence of
telecommunications, information technology, consumer
electronics, and high-performance multimedia services, with
Ultra Mobile Broadband.

Figure 6 shows the CDMA2000 evolution path.
FIGURE 6 CDMA2000 EVOLUTION PATH
Note:
Time line depicts initial commercial availability of each technology.
Those introduced beyond 2008 are under standardization and are
subject to variability.
CDMA2000 CDMA2000 represents a family of standards and includes:

Technologies
� CDMA2000 1X
� CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Technologies
� CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel 0
� CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev A
� CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev B
� Ultra Mobile Broadband - UMB (CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev C)
CDMA2000 builds on the inherent advantages of CDMA
technologies and introduces other enhancements, such
as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM and
OFDMA), advanced control and signaling mechanisms, improved
interference management techniques, end-to-end Quality of
Service (QoS), and new antenna techniques such as Multiple
Inputs Multiple Outputs (MIMO) and Space Division Multiple
Access (SDMA) to increase data throughput rates and quality
of service, while significantly improving network capacity and
reducing delivery cost.
CDMA2000 Key Following are the key features of CDMA2000:
Features
� Leading performance: CDMA2000 performance in terms
of data-speeds, voice capacity and latencies continue to
outperform in commercial deployments other comparable
technologies
� Efficient use of spectrum: CDMA2000 technologies offer the
highest voice capacity and data throughput using the least
amount of spectrum, lowering the cost of delivery for operators
and delivering superior customer experience for the end users
� Support for advanced mobile services: CDMA2000
1xEV-DO enables the delivery of a broad range of advanced
services, such as high-performance VoIP, push-to-talk,

video telephony, multimedia messaging, multicasting and

multi-playing online gaming with richly rendered 3D graphics
� All-IP – CDMA2000 technologies are compatible with IP and
ready to support network convergence. Today, CDMA2000
operators that have deployed IP-based services enjoy more
flexibility and higher bandwidth efficiencies, which translate
into greater control and significant cost savings
� Devices selection: CDMA2000 offers the broadest selection
of devices and has a significant cost advantage compared
to other 3G technologies to meet the diverse market needs
around the world
� Seamless evolution path: CDMA2000 has a solid and
long-term evolution path which is built on the principle of
backward and forward compatibility, in-band migration, and
support of hybrid network configurations
� Flexibility: CDMA2000 systems have been designed for urban
as well as remote rural areas for fixed wireless, wireless local
loop (WLL), limited mobility and full mobilility applications in
multiple spectrum bands, including 450 MHz, 800 MHz, 1700
MHz, 1900Mhz and 2100 MHz
cdma2000 Advantages
Overview CDMA2000 benefited from the extensive experience acquired
through several years of operation of cdmaOne systems. As a
result, CDMA2000 is a very efficient and robust technology. It
delivers the highest voice capacity and data throughput using
the least amount of spectrum, and it can be used to provide
services in urban as well as remote areas cost effectively. The
unique features, benefits, and performance of CDMA2000 make
it an excellent technology for high-voice capacity and high-speed
packet data. Since CDMA2000 1X supports both voice and data
services on the same carrier, it allows operators to provide both
services cost efficiently. CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is optimized for
data and is capable to support large volumes of data traffic at
broadband speeds. 1xEV-DO is well suited to provide high-speed
data services to its mobile subscribers and/or broadband access
to the Internet.
Due to its optimized radio technology, CDMA2000 enables
operators to invest in fewer cell sites and deploy them faster,
ultimately allowing the service providers to increase their revenues
with faster Return On Investment (ROI ).
The CDMA2000 evolutionary path was designed to minimize
investment and the impact to an operator’s network without
service interruption for the end-user. This has been achieved
through backward and forward compatibility, hardware reuse,
in-band migration and hybrid network configuration. This unique
feature of CDMA2000 technologies has provided operators a
significant time-to-market advantage over other 3G technologies.
Advantages Compared with FDMA and TDMA, the CDMA system has many
unique advantages. Some of them are inherent in the spread
spectrum communication system, and the others are results

of such techniques as soft handoff and power control. The

CDMA mobile communication network integrates several kinds
of techniques, including spread spectrum, multi-address access,
cellular networking and frequency reuse, with the coordination
of 3-D (frequency domain, time domain and code domain) signal
processing. Therefore, it provides excellent resistance against
interference and multipath fading, high privacy, frequency reuse
in many cells, requiring small Carrier-to-Interference ratio (C/I),
and convenient tradeoff between capacity and quality. These
features enable CDMA to have much more advantages than other
systems. They are specifically shown in the aspects described
below.
Frequency Reuse
In the CDMA systems, as the frequencies for all cells are the
same, the reuse factor is 1. But in the GSM and AMPS/D-A
MPS/N-AMPS systems, due to the frequency interference in
the cells, the frequencies for the adjacent cells are different,
and the frequency reuse factor is 1/4 and 1/7 respectively.
Figure 7 shows the frequency reuse comparison among
CDMA, GSM and AMPS/D-AMPS/N-AMPS systems.
FIGURE 7 FREQUENCY REUSE COMPARISON AMONG CDMA, GSM AND

AMPS/D-AMPS/N-AMPS SYSTEMS
Table 3 illustrates the detailed comparison of the frequency

reuse between GSM and CDMA.

TABLE 3 FREQUENCY REUSE COMPARISON BETWEEN GSM AND CDMA
Parameter CDMA GSM

Carrier bandwidth 1.25MHz 0.20MHz
Carrier number 3 25*
Frequency reuse 1-Jan 9-Mar
Effective carrier 3/1=3 25/3=8.3
Voice call/carrier 25 to 40+ 7.25**
Voice call/cell 75 to 120+ 7.25×8.3=60.2
Sector/cell 3 3
Voice call/sector 75 to 120+ 60.2/3=20.0
Erlang/sector*** 64 to 107E 13.2
* In the best case, the GSM and AMPS have no protected

band.
** The remaining 0.75 of 8 voice call/carrier is used for over
head (e.g. control/frequency pilot).
*** Based on 2% blocking
It can be analyzed from the table that the capacity of CDMA
is 5.5 times that of GSM for the same frequency spectrum.
Wide Coverage
The coverage radius of the CDMA systems is twice as much
as that of a standard GSM system. As the code division tech
nique is adopted in the CDMA systems, the fading resistance
capability is stronger than that of the GSM systems, hence
increasing the coverage radius. For example, if the coverage
area is 1,000 km², 200 base stations are needed by a GSM
system, but only 50 by a CDMA system. For the same cover
age area, the number of base stations in a CDMA system is
greatly decreased, and the investment cost is obviously cut
down.
Increased Voice Capacity
The spectral efficiency of CDMA2000 1X permits high traffic
deployments in a small amount (1.25 MHz channel) of spectr
um. CDMA2000 1X can provide voice capacity of nearly three
times that of cdmaOne systems with Selectable Mode Voco
ders (SMV ) and antenna diversity techniques. CDMA2000
delivers 4-8 times higher voice capacity than TDMA-based
technologies. CDMA2000 1X supports 35 traffic channels per
sector per RF (26 Erlangs/sector/RF) using the EVRC vocod
er. Voice capacity improvement in the forward link is attri
buted to faster power control, lower code rates (1/4 rate),
and transmit diversity (for single path Rayleigh fading). In
the reverse link, capacity improvement is primarily due to
coherent reverse link.
In terms of voice capacity, the key findings are:
� CDMA technologies deliver a higher Erlang capacity than
GSM for any given time interval
� CDMA2000 delivers 3-times as much voice capacity
as GSM

� WCDMA offers 2-times as much voice capacity as

GSM
� CDMA2000 1X voice capacity will nearly double by 2006
� 4G Vocoder will boost 1X & DOrA VoIP network voice
capacity by up to 40 and 14 percent respectively
� Receive Diversity and/or Intelligent Antenna techniq
ues will further improve CDMA2000 1X and CDMA20
001xEV-DO (VoIP) voice capacity
High Data Throughput
Today’s commercial CDMA2000 1X networks support a peak
data rate of 153 kbps (Rel. 0) or 307 kbps (Rel. 1). CDMA
2000 1xEV-DO enables peak rates of up to 2.4 Mbps (Rev.
0) or 3.1 Mbps on the downlink, and 1.8 Mbps on the uplink
(Rev A). 1xEV-DO networks deliver the highest data speeds
commercially available today. Average data throughput for:
� CDMA2000 1X is 60-100 kbps.
� CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is 400-800 kbps.
Multicast Services
With the introduction of EV-DO Release 0 and followed by
EV-DO Revisions A and B, operators have the ability to offer
multicast services, “one to many” delivery, which allows tran
smitting the same information to an unlimited number of
users without the need to rebroadcast the information mult
iple times. Multicast functionality offers significant advanta
ges to operators and users. For operators, it allows a vast
range of high-revenue generating services with minimum
network resources at low cost. For the end-user, multicast
services provide access to multimedia content, such as TV
broadcasts, MP3 audio files, movies, etc., and a higher qual
ity of services. For 1xEV-DO Rel 0, the multicast functionality
is referred to as Gold Multicast and for 1xEV-DO Rev A it is
called Platinum Multicast.
Frequency Band Flexibility
CDMA2000 can be deployed in most cellular and PCS spec
trum. CDMA2000 networks have already been deployed in
the 450, 800, 1700, 1900 and 2100 MHz bands.
Migration Path
CDMA 2000 provides a direct migration path to 3G for first
generation (1G) and second generation (2G) systems. CDMA
2000 systems have been deployed by Greenfield, cdmaOne,
TDMA and analog operators.
CDMA2000 3G offers a viable solution for any existing cellu
lar and PCS as well as new 3G licensed operator. CDMA2000
was designed so that any wireless carrier, regardless of exis
ting air interface, frequency or core network standards can
benefit from its spectrum efficiencies and data capabilities.
Figure 8 shows the CDMA2000 migration path to 3G for first
generation (1G) and second generation (2G) systems.

FIGURE 8 CDMA2000 MIGRATION PATH
� cdmaOne to CDMA2000 Migration

CDMA2000 is the natural 3G evolution for cdmaOne oper
ators, requiring only minor upgrades to the network and
small capital investment. CDMA2000 handsets are back
ward compatible with the legacy cdmaOne infrastructure.
Because of this, the transition from cdmaOne to CDMA2
000 1X is relatively easy for operators and transparent
for consumers.
This inherent advantage of cdmaOne gives operators sign
ificant market advantage. cdmaOne operators lead depl
oyment of 3G across markets in Asia, the Americas and
Europe.
The transition from cdmaOne to CDMA2000 requires
channel card and software upgrades to cdmaOne base
stations (older base stations may require some hardware
upgrades) and introduction of new handsets.
� TDMA to CDMA2000 Migration
Lacking a technological migration path to enable higher
voice capacity and bandwidth-intense mobile data servic
es, TDMA has reached its limit. Thus, TDMA operators
are faced with a difficult decision to choose a technol
ogy that will assure their future in the wireless market.
CDMA2000 is an extremely attractive solution for TDMA
operators. It offers them a direct path to 3G, preserves
their investment in the existing core network, and allows
them flexibility to migrate to 3G over time, as the market
for advanced service evolves.
Serves Multiple Markets
CDMA2000 technologies support both fixed (Wireless Local
Loop – WLL ) and mobile services and can be used by operat
ors to provide affordable voice services and broadband data
access in urban, as well as remote areas, cost-effectively.
While CDMA2000 technologies are mostly deployed by oper
ators to offer mobile services, in many developing regions,
i.e., Africa and South East Asia, CDMA2000 WLL technology
is used to provide voice and data services to communities.

Supports Multiple Service Platforms

CDMA2000 can be used with various operating systems
(Palm and PocketPC), application platforms (JAVA and
BREW), WAP, and emerging wireless technologies (WiFi and
Push-to-Talk).
Full Backward Compatibility
CDMA2000 is backward compatible with cdmaOne, and 1xEV
-DO is backward compatible with both CDMA2000 1X and
cdmaOne through multi-mode devices. Backward compatibil
ity assures service transparency for the end user and smooth
integration of 2G and 3G networks for the operator.
Increased Battery Life
CDMA2000 significantly enhances battery performance.
Benefits include:
� Quick paging channel operation
� Improved reverse link performance
� New common channel structure and operation
� Reverse link gated transmission
� New MAC states for efficient and ubiquitous idle time oper
ation
Synchronization
CDMA2000 is synchronized with the Universal Coordinated
Time (UCT ). The forward link transmission timing of
all CDMA2000 base stations worldwide is synchronized
within a few microseconds. Base station synchronization
can be achieved through several techniques including
self-synchronization, radio beep, or through satellite-based
systems such as GPS, Galileo, or GLONASS. Reverse link
timing is based on the received timing derived from the first
multipath component used by the terminal.
There are several benefits to having all base stations in a
network synchronized:
� The common time reference improves acquisition of chan
nels and hand-off procedures since there is no time ambi
guity when looking for and adding a new cell in the active
set.
� It also enables the system to operate some of the
common channels in soft hand-off, which improves the
efficiency of the common channel operation.
� Common network time reference allows implementation
of very efficient "position location" techniques.
Power Control
The basic frame length is 20 ms divided into 16 equal power
control groups. In addition, CDMA2000 defines a 5 ms frame
structure, essentially to support signaling bursts, as well as
40 and 80 ms frames, which offer additional interleaving
depth and diversity gains for data services. Unlike IS-95
where Fast Closed Loop Power Control was applied only to
the reverse link, CDMA2000 channels can be power contro
lled at up to 800 Hz in both the reverse and forward links.

The reverse link power control command bits are punctured

into the F-FCH or the F-DCCH (explained in later sections)
depending on the service configuration. The forward link
power control command bits are punctured in the last quarter
of the R-PICH power control slot.
In the reverse link, during gated transmission, the power
control rate is reduced to 400 or 200 Hz on both links. The
reverse link power control sub-channel may also be divided
into two independent power control streams, either both at
400 bps, or one at 200 bps and the other at 600 bps. This
allows for independent power control of forward link channe
ls.
In addition to the closed loop power control, the power on the
reverse link of CDMA2000 is also controlled through an Open
Loop Power Control mechanism. This mechanism inverses
the slow fading effect due to path loss and shadowing. It
also acts as a safety fuse when the fast power control fails.
When the forward link is lost, the closed loop reverse link
power control is "freewheeling" and the terminal disruptively
interferes with neighboring. In such a case, the open loop
reduces the terminal output power and limits the impact to
the system. Finally the Outer Loop Power drives the closed
loop power control to the desired set point based on error
statistics that it collects from the forward link or reverse link.
Due to the expanded data rate range and various QoS requi
rements, different users will have different outer loop thresh
olds; thus, different users will receive different power levels
at the base station. In the reverse link, CDMA2000 defines
some nominal gain offsets based on various channel frame
format and coding schemes. The remaining differences will
be corrected by the outer loop itself.
Soft Hand-off
Even with dedicated channel operation, the terminal keeps
searching for new cells as it moves across the network. In
addition to the active set, neighbor set, and remaining set,
the terminal also maintains a candidate set.
When a terminal is traveling in a network, the pilot from
a new BTS (P2) strength exceeds the minimum threshold
TADD for addition in the active set. However, initially its
relative contribution to the total received signal strength is
not sufficient and the terminal moves P2 to the candidate
set. The decision threshold for adding a new pilot to the
active set is defined by a linear function of signal strength
of the total active set. The network defines the slope and
cross point of the function. When strength of P2 is detected
to be above the dynamic threshold, the terminal signals this
event to the network. The terminal then receives a hand-off
direction message from the network requesting the addition
of P2 in the active set. The terminal now operates in soft
hand-off.
The strength of serving BTS (P1) drops below the active
set threshold, meaning P1 contribution to the total received
signal strength does not justify the cost of transmitting P1.
The terminal starts a hand-off drop timer. The timer expires
and the terminal notifies the network that P1 dropped below
the threshold. The terminal receives a hand-off message
from the network moving P1 from the active set to the cand

idate set. Then P1 strength drops below TDROP and the

terminal starts a hand-off drop timer, which expires after a
set time. P1 is then moved from candidate set to neighbor
set. This step-by-step procedure with multiple thresholds
and timers ensures that the resource is only used when bene
ficial to the link and pilots are not constantly added and remo
ved from the various lists, therefore limiting the associated
signaling.
In addition to intrasystem, intrafrequency monitoring, the
network may direct the terminal to look for base stations on
a different frequency or a different system. CDMA2000 prov
ides a framework to the terminal in support of the inter- freq
uency handover measurements consisting of identity and
system parameters to be measured. The terminal performs
required measurements as allowed by its hardware capabili
ty.
In case of a terminal with dual receiver structure, the measu
rement can be done in parallel. When a terminal has a single
receiver, the channel reception will be interrupted when perf
orming the measurement. In this instance, during the meas
urement, a certain portion of a frame will be lost. To improve
the chance of successful decoding, the terminal is allowed to
bias the FL power control loop and boost the RL transmit
power before performing the measurement. This method
increases the energy per information bit and reduces the risk
of losing the link in the interval. Based on measurement
reports provided by the terminal, the network then decides
whether or not to hand-off a given terminal to a different
frequency system. It does not release the resource until
it receives confirmation that hand-off was successful or the
timer expires. This enables the terminal to come back in case
it could not acquire the new frequency or the new system.
Transmit Diversity
Transmit diversity consists of de-multiplexing and modulat
ing data into two orthogonal signals, each of them transm
itted from a different antenna at the same frequency. The
two orthogonal signals are generated using either Orthogo
nal Transmit Diversity (OTD) or Space-Time Spreading (STS
). The receiver reconstructs the original signal using the dive
rsity signals, thus taking advantage of the additional space
and/or frequency diversity.
Another transmission option is directive transmission. The
base station directs a beam towards a single user or a group
of users in a specific location, thus providing space separat
ion in addition to code separation. Depending on the radio
environment, transmit diversity techniques may improve the
link performance by up to 5 dB.
Voice and Data Channels
The CDMA2000 forward traffic channel structure may include
several physical channels:
� The Fundamental Channel (F-FCH) is equivalent to funct
ionality Traffic Channel (TCH ) for IS-95. It can support
data, voice, or signaling multiplexed with one another at
any rate from 750 bps to 14.4 kbps.

� The Supplemental Channel (F-SCH) supports high rate

data services. The network may schedule transmission
on the F-SCH on a frame-by- frame basis, if desired.
� The Dedicated Control Channel (F-DCCH) is used for sign
aling or bursty data sessions. This channel allows for
sending the signaling information without any impact on
the parallel data stream.
The reverse traffic channel structure is similar to the forward
traffic channel. It may include R-PICH, a Fundamental Chan
nel (R-FCH), and/or a Dedicated Control Channel (R-DCCH),
and one or several Supplemental Channels (R-SCH). Their
functionality and encoding structure is the same as for the
forward link with data rates ranging from 1 kbps to 1 Mbps
(It is important to note that while the standard supports a
maximum data rate of 1 Mbps, existing products are suppor
ting a peak data rate of 307 kbps).
Traffic Channel
The traffic channel structure and frame format is very flexib
le. In order to limit the signaling load that would be associ
ated with a full frame format parameter negotiation, CDMA
2000 specifies a set of channel configurations. It defines
a spreading rate and an associated set of frames for each
configuration.
The forward traffic channel always includes either a funda
mental channel or a dedicated control channel. The main
benefit of this multichannel forward traffic structure is the
flexibility to independently set up and tear down new servi
ces without any complicated multiplexing reconfiguration or
code channel juggling. The structure also allows different
hand-off configurations for different channels. For example,
the F-DCCH, which carries critical signaling information, may
be in soft hand-off, while the associated F-SCH operation
could be based on a best cell strategy.
Supplemental Channels
One key CDMA2000 1X feature is the ability to support both
voice and data services on the same carrier. CDMA2000
operates at up to 16 or 32 times the FCH rate-also refer
red to as 16x or 32x in Release 0 and A, respectively. In
contrast to voice calls, the traffic generated by packet data
calls is bursty, with small durations of high traffic separa
ted by larger durations of no traffic. It is very inefficient to
dedicate a permanent traffic channel to a packet data call.
This burstiness impacts the amount of available power to the
voice calls, possibly degrading their quality if the system is
not engineered correctly. Hence, a key CDMA2000 design
issue is assuring that a CDMA channel carrying voice and
data calls simultaneously do so with negligible impact to the
QoS of both.
Supplemental Channels (SCHs) can be assigned and deassig
ned at any time by the base station. The SCH has the additio
nal benefit of improved modulation, coding, and power cont
rol schemes. This allows a single SCH to provide a data rate
of up to 16 FCH in CDMA2000 Release 0 (or 153.6 kbps for
Rate Set 1 rates), and up to 32 FCH in CDMA2000 Release A
(or 307.2 kbps for Rate Set 1 rates). Note that each sector of
a base station may transmit multiple SCHs simultaneously if

it has sufficient transmit power and Walsh codes. The CDMA

2000 standard limits the number of SCHs a mobile station
can support simultaneously to two. This is in addition to the
FCH or DCCH, which are set up for the entire duration of the
call since they are used to carry signaling and control frames
as well as data. Two approaches are possible: individually
assigned SCHs, with either finite or infinite assignments, or
shared SCHs with infinite assignments.
For bursty and delay-tolerant traffic, assigning a few sched
uled fat pipes is preferable to dedicating many thin or slow
pipes. The fat-pipe approach exploits variations in the chan
nel conditions of different users to maximize sector through
put. The more sensitive the traffic becomes to delay, such
as voice, the more appropriate the dedicated traffic channel
approach becomes.
Turbo Coding
CDMA2000 provides the option of using either turbo coding
or convolutional coding on the forward and reverse SCHs.
Both coding schemes are optional for the base station and
the mobile station, and the capability of each is communic
ated through signaling messages prior to the set up of the
call. In addition to peak rate increase and improved rate
granularity, the major improvement to the traffic channel
coding in CDMA2000 is the support of turbo coding at rate
1/2, 1/3, or 1/4. The turbo code is based on 1/8 state paral
lel structure and can only be used for supplemental channels
and frames with more than 360 bits. Turbo coding provides
a very efficient scheme for data transmission and leads to
better link performance and system capacity improvemen
ts. In general, turbo coding provides a performance gain in
terms of power savings over convolutional coding. This gain
is a function of the data rate, with higher data rates generally
providing more turbo coding gain.

Chapter 2
cdma2000 Frequency
Spectrum Usage
Table of Contents:
800 MHz Frequency Channel Assignment ..............................31
450 MHz Frequency Channel Assignment ..............................32
1900 MHz Frequency Channel Assignment ............................34
GoTa Frequency Channel Assignment ...................................34
800 MHz Frequency

Channel Assignment
The 800M Hz system designators for the mobile station and base
station shall be as specified below.
Table 4 illustrates the band class 0 system frequency
correspondence.
TABLE 4 BAND CLASS 0 SYSTEM FREQUENCY CORRESPONDENCE
System Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)

Designator
Mobile Station Base Station
A 824.025-838.005 869.025-880.005
844.995-846.495 889.995-891.495
B 835.005-844.995 880.005-889.995
846.495-848.985 891.495-893.985
Table 5 illustrates the CDMA channel numbers and corresponding

frequencies for band class 0 and spreading rate 1.

TABLE 5 CDMA CHANNEL NUMBERS AND CORRESPONDING FREQUENCIES

FOR BAND CLASS 0 AND SPREADING RATE 1
System CDMA CDMA Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)

Desig Channel Channel
nator Validity Number
A” Not Valid 991-1012 824.040-824.670 869.040-869.670
Valid 1013-1 824.700-825.000 869.700-870.000

023
A Valid 1-311 825.030-834.330 870.030-879.330
Not Valid 312-333 834.360-834.990 879.360-879.990
B Not Valid 334-355 835.020-835.650 880.020-880.650
Valid 356-644 835.680-844.320 880.680-889.320
Not Valid 645-666 844.350-846.480 889.350-889.980
A’ Not Valid 667-688 845.010-845.640 890.010-890.640
Valid 689-694 845.670-845.820 890.670-890.820
Not Valid 695-716 845.850-846.480 890.850-891.480
B’ Not Valid 717-738 846.510-847.140 891.510-892.140
Valid 739-777 847.170-848.310 892.170-893.310
Not Valid 778-799 848.350-848.970 893.340-893.970
450 MHz Frequency

Channel Assignment
The 450MHz system designators for the mobile station and base
Table 6 illustrates the band class 5 frequency correspondence and
band subclasses.

Chapter 2 cdma2000 Frequency Spectrum Usage
TABLE 6 BAND CLASS 5 FREQUENCY CORRESPONDENCE AND BAND

SUBCLASSES
Block Desi Band Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)

gnator Subclass
A 0 452.500-457.475 452.500-457.
475
B 1 452.000-456.475 462.000-466.
475
C 2 452.500-457.475 460.000-464.
800
D 3 411.675-415.850 421.675-425.
850
E 4 415.500-415.850 425.500-429.
975
F 5 479.000-483.480 489.000-493.
480
G 6 455.230-459.990 465.230-469.
990
H 7 451.310-455.730 461.310-465.
730
Table 7 illustrates the CDMA channel number to CDMA frequency

assignment correspondence for band class 5.
TABLE 7 CDMA CHANNEL NUMBER TO CDMA FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT

CORRESPONDENCE FOR BAND CLASS 5
Transmit CDMA Channel Center Frequency for CDMA

ter Number Channel (MHz)
Mobile Stat 1.N.300 0.025 (N-1) + 450.000
ion
539.N.871 0.025 (N-512) + 411.000
1039.N.1473 0.020 (N-1024) + 451.010
1792.N.2016 0.020 (N-1792) + 479.000
Base Station 1.N.300 0.025 (N-1) + 460.000
539.N.871 0.025 (N-512) + 421.000
1039.N.1473 0.020 (N-1024) + 461.010
1792.N.2016 0.020 (N-1792) + 489.000

1900 MHz Frequency

Channel Assignment
The 1900MHz system designators for the mobile station and base
Table 8 illustrates the band class 1 frequency correspondence.
TABLE 8 BAND CLASS 1 FREQUENCY CORRESPONDENCE
Block Designator Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)
A 1850-1865 1930-1945
D 1865-1870 1945-1950
B 1870-1885 1950-1965
E 1885-1890 1965-1970
F 1890-1895 1970-1970
C 1895-1910 1975-1990
Table 9 illustrates the CDMA channel number to CDMA frequency

assignment correspondence for band class 1.
TABLE 9 CDMA CHANNEL NUMBER TO CDMA FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT

CORRESPONDENCE FOR BAND CLASS 1
Transmit CDMA Channel Center Frequency for CDMA

ter Number Channel (MHz)
Mobile Stat 0≤N≤1199 1850.000+0.050N

ion
Base Stat 0≤N≤1199 1930.000+0.050N

ion
GoTa Frequency Channel

Assignment
GoTa Working GoTa system working frequency bands are:
Frequency
� uplink: 806~821MHz

Chapter 2 cdma2000 Frequency Spectrum Usage
� downlink: 851~866MHz
The total bandwidth is 2*15MHz. In actual application, this band
is divided to three 5MHz bands and they are used by different
operators.
In the international standard protocol, this frequency band class
is defined as 10; so in GoTa system, 10 is used to stand for this
frequency band.
GoTa Frequency One GoTa channel occupies 1.25MHz bandwidth. For the total of
Band 10MHz trunking frequency band, GoTa will use according to the
following method shown in Figure 9.
FIGURE 9 GOTA FREQUENCY CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT
In order to increase the frequency usage efficiency, if one operator

has two adjacent 5MHz bands, they are permitted to be used
continuously in GoTa system. The broken line means that, if two
5MHz bands can be used together, then the bandwidth of the
broken line between two bands can be used as one GoTa channel.
Table 10 illustrates the band class 10 system frequency
correspondence.
TABLE 10 BAND CLASS 10 SYSTEM FREQUENCY CORRESPONDENCE
System Sub-b Transmission frequency (MHZ)

mark and
MS BTS
A 0 806~810.975 851~855.975
B 1 811~815.975 856~860.975
C 2 816~820.975 861~865.975
Table 11 illustrates the relationship between channel number and

frequency in GoTa system.
TABLE 11 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANNEL NUMBER AND FREQUENCY

IN GOTA SYSTEM
System System Chan Transmission frequency

mark effectivity nel (MHZ)
number
MS BTS
A Ineffective 0~49 806.000~80 851.000~85
(5MHZ) 7.225 2.225
Effective 50~150 807.250~80 852.250~85
9.750 4.750
Effective 151~199 809.775~81 854.775~85
with cond 0.975 5.975
ition

System System Chan Transmission frequency

mark effectivity nel (MHZ)
number
MS BTS
B Effective 200~249 811.000~81 856.000~85
(5MHZ) with cond 2.225 7.225
ition
Effective 250~350 812.250~81 857.250~85
4.750 9.750
Effective 351~399 814.775~81 859.775~86
with cond 5.975 0.975
ition
C Effective 400~449 816.000~81 861.000~86
(5MHZ) with cond 7.225 2.225
ition
Effective 450~550 817.250~81 862.250~86
9.750 4.750
Ineffective 551~599 819.775~82 864.775~86
0.975 5.975
BTS Rx frequency: 0.0250*N+806

BTS Tx frequency: 0.0250*N+851, 1 N 599
Table 12 illustrates the GoTa priority channel number
TABLE 12 GOTA PRIORITY CHANNEL NUMBERS
System mark Channel number

A 50, 100, 150
B 250, 300, 350
C 450, 500, 550

Chapter 3
ZTE and cdma2000
Table of Contents:
ZTE’s Activities in cdma2000 ...............................................37
ZTE cdma2000 Products List ...............................................38
ZTE’s Activities in cdma2000

Overview As information is highly demanded, data service has been
developing towards diversity, large capacity, and asymmetric.
In order to satisfy data service market and keep pace with the
world telecommunication, ZTE commissioned the first cdma2000
1x mobile communication system and successfully developed the
first cdma2000 1x EV-DO mobile communication system in China.
The evolution path of ZTE products is IS-95A®cdma2000
1x®cdma2000 1x EV-DO.
History of ZTE ZTE’s contribution in cdma2000 research and development is
In cdma2000 described below.
Research &
� In 1995, launched CDMA mobile communication project.
Development
� In March 1998, this project was approved by the State Planning
Committee.
� At the end of 1998, launched large-scale research and
development in CDMA base station system.
� In November 1999, ZTE took the lead in signing “CDMA
Research and Development Agreement” with Qualcomm
Company.
� In March 2000, used the BSS to dial through a call to IS-95.
� In April 2001, put BSS into large-scale commercial operation
at China Unioncom, making an epoch of national mobile
communications.
� In April 2000, launched large-scale research and development
in cdma2000 1x system.
� In October 2001, put cdma2000 1x into commercial operation.
� In November 2001, launched large-scale research and
development in cdma2000 1xEV-DO products.
� In February 2002, launched research and development in
cdma2000 base station system based on all-IP technology.

� In June 2002, ZTE, for the first time, exhibited complete

cdma2000 1x EV-Do equipment on Hong Kong 3G annual fair.
� In October 2003, commissioned a field trial cdma2000 1x
EV-DO.
� In June 2004, acquired the capability to supply cdma2000 1x
EV-DO products in batch.
� In July 2004, commissioned a field trial cdma2000 1x Release
A.
� In November 2004, put cdma2000 1x Release A and cdma2000
1x EV-DO products into commercial operation.
� In 2004, launched research and development in cdma2000 1x
EV-DV products.
� In April 2005, introduced cdma2000 1x EV-DO enhanced
version and LMSD network elements for ALL-IP core networks.
ZTE cdma2000 Products

List
Currently, ZTE is capable to provide the completed cdma2000 1x
and cdma2000 1x EV-DO solutions.
Table 13 shows the ZTE cdma2000 product series list.
TABLE 13 ZTE CDMA2000 PRODUCT LIST
Specifi
cation Product Introduction Band
This system is based on the IS-95A/B and cdma2000
1x. Inside the system, there’s a high speed packet
ZXC10- based network platform to perform the baseband 450M, 800M
BSS 1x modulation/demodulation, radio resources assignment, and 1.9 G
call processing, power control, soft handoff as well as
the system operation and maintenance.
1x Global Open Trunking Architecture (GoTa ) is the
global first cdma2000 1x based trunked communication
ZXC10- system. It integrates the interconnected clustering
450M and
BSS 1x system and the trunked radio system. With GoTa,
800M
GoTa operators can provide the customers with both
interconnected clustering communication services and
trunked radio services.
This system is Real IP based. It provides high speed
1x ZXC10-B packet switch and be compatible with HIRS system. 450M, 800M
EV-DO SSB It can be upgraded seamlessly. The system has and 1.9 G
significant capacity, integration ability and extensibility.

Figures
Figure 1 IMT 2000 Family .................................................... 6

Figure 2 TD-SCDMA Technology Evolution .............................10
Figure 3 IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio Interfaces.......................11
Figure 4 cdmaOne Network Diagram ....................................13
Figure 5 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel 0 Network Diagram.............15
Figure 6 CDMA2000 Evolution Path ......................................20
Figure 7 Frequency Reuse Comparison Among CDMA, GSM
and AMPS/D-AMPS/N-AMPS Systems....................22
Figure 8 CDMA2000 Migration Path ......................................25
Figure 9 GoTa Frequency Channel Assignment .......................35

This page is intentionally blank.

Tables
Table 1 Transport Technologies ............................................. 3

Table 2 WCDMA Technical Specifications ................................ 8
Table 3 Frequency Reuse Comparison between GSM and
CDMA ..............................................................23
Table 4 Band Class 0 System Frequency Correspondence ........31
Table 5 CDMA Channel Numbers and Corresponding
Frequencies for Band Class 0 and Spreading Rate
1 .....................................................................32
Table 6 Band Class 5 Frequency Correspondence and Band
Subclasses........................................................33
Table 7 CDMA Channel Number to CDMA Frequency
Assignment Correspondence for Band Class 5........33
Table 8 Band Class 1 frequency Correspondence ....................34
Table 9 CDMA Channel Number to CDMA Frequency
Assignment Correspondence for Band Class 1........34
Table 10 Band Class 10 System Frequency Correspondence.....35
Table 11 Relationship between Channel Number and
Frequency in GoTa System ..................................35
Table 12 GoTa Priority Channel Numbers...............................36
Table 13 ZTE cdma2000 Product List ....................................38

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CDMA Technology Overview

Copyright © 2006 ZTE CORPORATION.

The ultimate right to interpret this product resides in ZTE CORPORATION.

Revision No. Revision Date Revision Reason

Serial Number: PXJCCB200711A001E

Mobile Communication System and

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 1

Italy, Vodafone in Portugal, Germany, Spain and Italy, and TMN

2 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

providing clearer voice quality with less background noise, fewer

TABLE 1 TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES

Tech Tran Descript Typical Use / Pros/cons

Global Voice and data. + Popularity; roaming

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 3

Tech Tran Descript Typical Use / Pros/cons

General Data Up to 115 + Messages not limited

Enhanced Data Up to 384 + Temporary solution

Wideband Voice and data. + Likely to be dominant

4 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

characters to be sent, received and viewed on the handset. Most

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 5

FIGURE 1 IMT 2000 FAMILY

UMTS uses the radio technology called Wideband Code Division

6 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 7

� Support of high data rate transmission: 384 Kbps with wide

8 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 9

� Circuit switched services: 12.2 kbits/s, 64 kbits/s, 144

FIGURE 2 TD-SCDMA TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION

CCSA has developed industry standards of technical requirements

10 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Multi-carriers, and TD-SCDMA Iur. In terms of TD-SCDMA

FIGURE 3 IMT-2000 TERRESTRIAL RADIO INTERFACES

The world’s first 3G commercial system was launched by SK

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 11

are specifically designed and optimized for a data-centric

12 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

FIGURE 4 CDMAONE NETWORK DIAGRAM

The following fundamental CDMA air interface techniques are

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 13

� Speech Regulated Vocoders – to reduce interference

14 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

FIGURE 5 CDMA2000 1XEV-DO REL 0 NETWORK DIAGRAM

In addition to the air interface techniques described in the

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 15

wide-variety of symmetric, delay-sensitive, real-time, and

16 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

� Backward compatibility: Rev A networks support exis

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 17

applications such as VoIP, push-to-talk, video telephony,

18 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 19

Figure 6 shows the CDMA2000 evolution path.

FIGURE 6 CDMA2000 EVOLUTION PATH

CDMA2000 CDMA2000 represents a family of standards and includes:

20 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

video telephony, multimedia messaging, multicasting and

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 21

of such techniques as soft handoff and power control. The

FIGURE 7 FREQUENCY REUSE COMPARISON AMONG CDMA, GSM AND

Table 3 illustrates the detailed comparison of the frequency

22 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION