OFDM Principle

Objects

 After the course, you will:

 Know the Concept of OFDM
 Understand the OFDM Principle
 Know the Benefits and Drawbacks of OFDM
 Understand the Key Technologies of OFDM
 Know the OFDM Application
Content

 Basic Points
 Benefits and Drawbacks
 Key Technologies
 Application in DL
 Application in UL
Radio Channel Characteristics

 Multi-Path Effect  Time-Variant Channel

Transmitter
Power
Frequency

Receiver
Frequency
Time

Frequency selective fading Time selective fading

Radio Channel’s Problems to Solve

Time selective
fading Frequency selective
fading

OFDM
Technology
What is OFDM ?

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, is a kind of

multi-carrier transmission.
Why using OFDM ?

 Bandwidth utilization rate is higher than FDM

 Frequency selective fading is small
 Time selective fading is small
OFDM Modulation and Demodulation

Modulation

Demodulation
OFDM Principle Diagram
Content

 Basic Points
 Benefits and Drawbacks
 Key Technologies
 Application in DL
 Application in UL
OFDM Benefits
OFDM Drawbacks
Content

 Basic Points
 Benefits and Drawbacks
 Key Technologies
 Cycle Prefix Technology
 Channel Estimation
 Synchronous technology
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding
 Application in DL
 Application in UL
 Multi-Path Effect

Path 1

Path 2
The second symbol in Path 1 interferes
with the first symbol in Path 2
GI: guarding interval

ISI (InterSymbol Interference) will occur because of multi-path effect

If GI is Inserted

Path 1

Path 2

GI
GI: Guarding Interval
ICI Brought by GI

Part of subcarrier 2 causing

ICI on subcarrier 1 subcarrier 1

Delayed subcarrier 2

GI FFT IntegrationTime = 1/subcarrier spacing

If CP is Inserted

Amplitude
CP

GI FFT Integral Time Length Time

OFDM Symbol Length

CP(Cycle Prefix)
Content

 Basic Points
 Benefits and Drawbacks
 Key Technologies
 Cycle Prefix Technology
 Channel Estimation
 Synchronous technology
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding
 Application in DL
 Application in UL
 Channel Estimation and Reference Symbols
 To estimate the frequency-domain channel tap
directly by inserting reference symbols(RS).

One RB R0 R0
One antenna port

R0 R0

R0 R0

R0 R0
l0 l6 l0 l6
TS36.211 DL RS, normal CP,1TX

19
Reference symbols Location

Normal CP Single
Antenna

Normal CP Two bearing the radio resource unit of bearing the radio resource unit
the antenna 0 of the antenna 1
Antenna
bearing the data resource unit Idle resource unit
Content

 Basic Points
 Benefits and Drawbacks
 Key Technologies
 Cycle Prefix Technology
 Channel Estimation
 Synchronous technology
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding
 Application in DL
 Application in UL
Synchronization Requirements
Carrier Synchronization
Carrier and Symbol Synchronization
Content

 Basic Points
 Benefits and Drawbacks
 Key Technologies
 Cycle Prefix Technology
 Channel Estimation
 Synchronous technology
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding
 Application in DL
 Application in UL
AMC(Adaptive Modulation and Coding)

 dynamic adaption of the

modulation scheme
 dynamic adaption of the Performance

coding scheme enhancements

 dynamic adaption of the bits

Content

 Basic Points
 Benefits and Drawbacks
 Key Technologies
 Application in DL
 Application in UL
OFDM Time-Frequency Structure
One downlink slot
Tslot

DL
OFDM
N symb symbols
DL RB
k  N RB N sc 1

Resource block
DL RBresource elements
N symb  N sc
subcarriers

Resource Element
subcarriers

Resource
element ( k , l )  Resource Block

k 0
DL
l0 l N symb 1
Bandwidth Analysis

Nominal
Bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(MHz)

Number of RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Frequency Domain
Real Bandwidth 1.08 2.7 4.5 9 13.5 18
(MHz)
 OFDMA: Downlink multiple access
System Bandwidth

Sub-carriers

Sub-frame

Frequency

Time frequency
resource for User 1
Time frequency
resource for User 2
Time
Time frequency
resource for User 3
 Up to 64 QAM can be used
 Resistance to multi-path interference by Cyclic Prefix.
 Friendly to MIMO.
OFDM vs OFDMA
Content

 Basic Points
 Benefits and Drawbacks
 Key Technologies
 Application in DL
 Application in UL
Why select SC-FDMA?

OFDM Not suitable for terminal

SC-FDMA
(Single Carrier Suitable for terminal
FDMA)
 DFT-S-OFDM (DFT-
Spread-OFDM) in the
frequency domain
 SC-FDMA: Uplink multiple access
System Bandwidth

Single Carrier
Sub-frame

Frequency

Time frequency
resource for User 1
Time frequency
resource for User 2
Time
Time frequency
resource for User 3

0  Up to 16 QAM can be used

 Single carrier modulation achieves
lower Peak to Average Ratio
(PAPR)
 FDMA is efficiently achieved
through FFT operation
OFDMA and SC-FDMA Comparison
DFT-S-OFDM Process
OFDM vs DFT-S-OFDM

• OFDM PAPR is far higher than DFT-S-OFDM

• The higher modulation mode DFT-S-OFDM adopts, the higher PAPR it gets.
Distributed DFT-S-OFDM Benefit/Drawback

• Localized DFT-S-OFDM is adopted in LTE UL.

Summary
 What is OFDM/OFDMA?
 OFDM Benefits/Drawbacks?
 Related Key Technologies?
 Why SC-FDMA?
 Difference between DFT-S-OFDM & OFDM?
 DFT-S-OFDM Types?