2.CB - BT006 - E03 - 0 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev.A Key Technology and Channel Structure - 54 PDF

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Principle
Training Manual
Publishing Date (MONTH/DATE/YEAR) :

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Contents
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Overview ..................................... 1

1 1xEV-DO Overview .................................................... 2
1.1 Introduction to 1xEV-DO ........................................................ 2
1.2 Evolution of 1xEV-DO Air Interface Standards............................ 3
1.3 1xEV-DO Network Reference Model .......................................... 5
1.4 1xEV-DO Protocols and Encapsulation ...................................... 7
1.4.1 1xEV-DO Air Interface Protocol Model .............................. 7
1.4.2 Encapsulating Signaling and Packet Data .........................10
1.5 1xEV-DO Services ................................................................12
1.5.1 VoIP ...........................................................................12
1.5.2 VT..............................................................................13
1.5.3 BCMCS .......................................................................14
1.6 1xEV-DO Networking and Network Selection of a Hybrid
Terminal.........................................................................................16
1.6.1 Networking Mode .........................................................16
1.6.2 Choosing a Network after Power-on ...............................17
1.6.3 Handoff Between Networks ............................................19
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Channel Structure........................ 1
2 1xEV-DO Channel Structure....................................... 2
2.1 1xEV-DO Forward Channel ...................................................... 2
2.1.1 Forward Channel Structure ............................................. 2
2.1.2 Time Slot Structure of Forward Channel ........................... 4
2.1.3 Forward Channel Index .................................................. 5
2.1.4 Physical Structure of Forward Channels ............................ 5
2.1.5 Modulation Parameters of Forward Traffic/Control
Channel .......................................................................................... 7
2.2 1xEV-DO Reverse Channel ...................................................... 9
2.2.1 Reverse Channel Structure ............................................. 9
2.2.2 Reverse Access Channel ................................................10
2.2.3 Reverse Traffic Channel .................................................13
Key Technology of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO ....................... 1
3 Key Technology of 1xEV-DO Rel.0 ............................. 2
3.1 Forward Time-Division Multiplex .............................................. 2
3.2 Scheduling Algorithm of Forward Links ..................................... 3
3.3 Forward Self-Adaptive Modulation and Encoding ........................ 4
3.4 Forward Link HARQ ................................................................ 4
3.5 Virtual Soft Handoff ............................................................... 5
3.6 Rate Control ......................................................................... 5
3.6.1 Forward Rate Control ..................................................... 5
3.6.2 Reverse Rate Control ..................................................... 6
3.7 Power Control ....................................................................... 7
3.7.1 Power Distribution of Forward Link................................... 7
3.7.2 Reverse Link Power Control ............................................ 8
4 Key Technology of 1xEV-DO Rev.A ............................ 9
4.1 Reverse Link HARQ ................................................................ 9
4.2 Seamless Virtual Soft Handoff ................................................10
4.3 QoS ....................................................................................12
4.4 Reverse Rate Control and Resource Control ..............................12
4.5 Cross-Paging........................................................................13
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
Overview
After you have completed this course, you
will be able to:

>> Understand Network Architecture of
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
>> Understand Protocol Structure of
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
>> Understand Networking Mode of
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 1

Training Manual
Chapter 1 1xEV-DO Overview

After you have completed this chapter, you will know:
>> Introduction to 1xEV-DO
>> Evolution of 1xEV-DO Air Interface Standards
>> 1xEV-DO Network Reference Model
>> 1xEV-DO Protocols and Encapsulation
>> 1xEV-DO Services
>> 1xEV-DO Networking and Network Selection of a Hybrid Terminal
1.1 Introduction to 1xEV-DO

Evolution Initially 1xEV-DO was called high data rate (HDR). Qualcomm
proposed the CDMA development group (CDG) for HDR in August,
1997. In March 2000, 3GPP2 organized the HDR workgroup
and started the standardization of HDR. The name of 1xEV was
created in the standardization process. In October 2000, the
1xEV-DO standard was passed. The number is IS-856 in TIA/EIA
and C.S0024 in 3GPP2. In the related standards issued by 3GPP2,
1xEV-DO is also called high rate packet data (HRPD).
Compatibility with Packet data services have different resource requirements from
1x those from voice services. Typical features of the data packets
are as follows: they are bursty and error-sensitive, can tolerate
delay and delay jitter, have asymmetric forward and reverse re-
quirements and multiple QoS levels, and aim at maximizing sys-
tem throughput. Typical features of voice services are as follows:
they are relatively continuous, test and error sensitive, have sym-
metric forward and reverse requirements and a single QoS level,
can tolerate a certain number of errors, and aim at maximizing
Erlang capacity. According to the technology at that time, if both
voice and data services are placed on the same carrier, they will
affect each other. Therefore, a complicated control mechanism
is required to compromise them. This mechanism is difficult to
realize and might affect the deployment of the core network. If
voice services and data services are placed on different carriers
for transmission and control in different ways, the system struc-
ture and the resource control software can be greatly simplified,
and thus to realize better quality of services.
Although 1xEV-DO transmits packet data services on other carri-
ers and does not support voice, the RF features of 1xEV-DO are
consistent with those of IS-95/CDMA20001x.
� Their chip rates are the same.
� Their link budgets are compatible with each other.
� Their RF designs of network devices and terminals are the
same.
2 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Technical Features 1xEV-DO Rev.A can provide the peak rate of 3.1 Mbps on the 1.23
MHz single carrier. It is applicable to application scenarios where
there are a large number of bursty data. It can support various
types of IP-based mainstream applications so that users can in-
teract with the Internet/Intranet anywhere, any time. 1xEV-DO
Rev.A has the following features:
� System Features
� Provides data services by using an independent carrier;
does not share resources with voice services. Therefore,
it is easy to control.
� Adopts Turbo codes universally to maximize system
throughput since data services are not delay and jitter
sensitive and can tolerate a certain number of errors.
� Provides multiple QoS levels for data services.
� Its structure design is compatible with the mainstream IP
backbone network. There is no need to make any software
or hardware change on the radio side.
� Shares BTSs with IS-95 and CDMA2000 1x, reusing RF
devices of the original system to realize smooth upgrade.
Subscribers can enjoy optimal voice and data services.
� Features of forward links
� Adopts the time division multiplexing mode. All the sub-
scribers in the same optimal service sector share the unique
data service channel. The peak rate can be up to 3.072
Mbps.
� There is no power control. AN can transmit data at full
power and dynamically control the power based on the
feedback of AT.
� Adopts virtual soft handoff. AT only receives the data sent
by one sector in the active set. AT selects the best service
sector according to a certain policy.
� Uses the scheduling algorithm to dynamically schedule
transmission of packet data.
� Features of reverse links
� Uses the code division multiplexing mode. The peak rate
can be up to 1.8432 Mbps.
� Adjusts reverse link load by using fast dynamic power con-
trol and speed control.
� Uses soft handoff, can send data to multiple sectors at the
same time. Performs correlative demodulation using re-
verse pilot.
1.2 Evolution of 1xEV-DO Air

Interface Standards
The figure below shows the complete evolution of the CDMA2000
technology.

Training Manual
FIGURE 1 EVOLUTION OF CDMA2000 TECHNOLOGY
The figure below shows the evolution of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO.
TABLE 1 DESCRIPTION OF EVOLUTION OF 1XEV-DO
Protocol Data Service Rate Features

Name
1xEV-DO Rel.0 The maximum uplink rate Designed for non

is 153.6 kbps and the real-time, asymmetric,
maximum downlink rate and high-speed packet
is 2.4 Mbps. data services. The
optimization focuses on
the forward link.
1xEV-DO The maximum uplink Supports end-to-end

Rev.A rate is 1.8 Mbps and the QoS, improves the
maximum downlink rate reverse service rate,
is 3.1 Mbps. realizes seamless
coverage of services,
realizes seamless
switchover with the
1x network.
1xEV-DO The first stage: the Binds up to 15 Rev.A

Rev.B maximum uplink rate carriers that occupies 20
is 5.4 Mbps and the Mb.
maximum downlink rate
is 9.3 Mbps
The second stage: the
maximum uplink rate
is 5.4 Mbps and the
maximum downlink rate
is 14.7 Mbps.
The most significant feature of the CDMA2000 standard evolution

is smoothness. To upgrade IS-95 (2G) to CDMA2000 1x (3G), you
just need to change a channel board and upgrade the software.
1x is not compatible with 1xEV-DO, but their RFs are consistent.
To upgrade 1xEV-DO Rel.0 to Rev.A, you only need to change a
channel board and upgrade the software.
Compared with 3GPP, the 1xEV-DO stage is equal to WCDMA-1X,
HSDPA-DO 0, and HSUPA-DO A.

1.3 1xEV-DO Network Reference

Model
To distinguish 1xEV-DO from 1x voice services, the 1xEV-DO spec-
ifications use AN and AT as the NEs instead of base station (BS)
and mobile station (MS). AN is short for access network. It cor-
responds to a base station. AT is short for access terminal. It
corresponds to a mobile station.
The figure below describes A interfaces in the 1xEV-DO Rev.A net-
work.
FIGURE 2 AIR INTERFACE OF 1XEV-DO REV.A NETWORK
The table below describes the functions of the NEs in the 1xEV-DO
network.
TABLE 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE NE FUNCTION THE 1XEV-DO NETWORK
NE Function
AT AT provides subscribers with data connection.

It can be connected with a PC or serve as an
independent data device, such as a mobile phone.
AN AN is the network device that provides data

connection between a packet network and an
access terminal. AN can serve as a base transceiver
station and realize call control and mobility
management. AN is similar to a base station in the
CDMA2000 1x system. It consists of a BSC and
a BTS.
AN AAA AN AAA is the logical entity that authenticates

access to the network. It exchanges the
authentication parameters and results with the AN
through the A12 interface.

Training Manual
NE Function
PCF PCF cooperates with AN to implement radio control

functions related to packet data services. PCF can
be combined with AN. In this case, the interface
A8/A9 is the internal interface of AN/PCF. PCF
communicates with PDSN through the interface
A10/A11.
PDSN PDSN is responsible for establishing, maintaining,

and releasing the PPP connection between AT and
itself, agent registration for mobile IP access, and
forwarding service data from AT or the Internet.
Air interfaces supported by BSS include A8, A9, A10, A11, A12,
A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, and Ax.
The table below describes the 1xEV-DO interfaces.
TABLE 3 DESCRIPTION OF 1XEV-DO INTERFACES
Interface Name Description
A8 Interface A8 is used to transmit data between AN

and PCF.
A9 Interface A9 transmits signaling and maintains A8

data connection between AN and PCF.
A10 Interface A10 is used to transmit data between

PCF and PDSN.
A11 Interface A11 transmits signaling and maintains

A10 data connection between PCF and PDSN.
A12 Interface A12 connects AN with AN AAA and

transmits signaling only. AN-level terminals access
AN AAA through this interface. After the operation
succeeds, AN AAA returns MNID to the AN and
the terminals transmit services through the A8/A9
and A10/A11 interfaces. Interface A12 uses the
RADIUS protocol.
A13 Interface A13 exchanges information of an AT

when the source AN and the destination AN roam
at the AT.
A14 and Ax Interfaces A14 and Ax transmit authentication

information between AT to AN AAA.
A15 Interface A15 is used for paging between ANs.
A16 Interface A16 is used for hard handoff between

ANs and signaling transmission. This interface
also transmits information of a session in the
connection status between the source AN and the
destination AN.

Interface Name Description
A17 Interface A17 transmits signaling for soft/softer

handoff between ANs. This interface also
establishes dedicated endpoints for interfaces A18
and A19. Interface A17 also transmits forward
control channel (FCCH) signaling from the source
AN to the destination AN.
A18 Interface A18 transmits data for soft/softer handoff

between ANs. The endpoint of interface A18 is
established through interface A17.
A19 Interface A19 is responsible for soft/softer handoff

between ANs and sending related control signaling.
1.4 1xEV-DO Protocols and

Encapsulation
1.4.1 1xEV-DO Air Interface Protocol
Model
Protocol Stack Air interfaces of 1xEV-DO lie between AT and AN. The protocol
stack of air interfaces is divided into seven layers: application
layer, stream layer, session layer, connection layer, security layer,
medium access control layer, and physical layer from top to bot-
tom.
1xEV-DO air interface protocols include default protocols and en-
hanced protocols. The figure below describes the default air inter-
face protocol model.

Training Manual
FIGURE 3 DEFAULT 1XEV-DO AIR INTERFACE PROTOCOL MODEL
1xEV-DO Rev.A supports all the protocols in the Rel.0 version. In

addition, multiple protocols are added at each layer to implement
new functions. The figure below shows the enhanced 1xEV-DO
Rev.A air interface protocol model.

FIGURE 4 ENHANCED 1XEV-DO AIR INTERFACE PROTOCOL MODEL
Functions of Each The functions of each layer are as follows:

Layer
� Application layer: provides multiple applications, such as
transmitting messages and packet data. This layer is respon-
sible for reliable transmission of signaling and packet data.
� Stream layer: provides a priority mechanism to distribute and
multiplex services and signaling at the application layer.
� Session layer: provides address management, protocol nego-
tiation, configuration and status maintenance services.
� Connection layer: establishes and maintains air interface links.
� Security layer: provides encryption and authentication ser-
vices.
� MAC layer: defines how to receive data from the physical layer
and send data to the physical layer.
� Physical layer: defines forward/reverse channel structure, en-
coding and modulation mode. The 1xEV-DO Rev.A physical
layer has three subtypes: Subtype0, Subtype1, and Subtype2.
The Subtype0 physical layer protocol corresponds to the phys-
ical layer protocol of Rel.0. The Subtype 1 physical layer pro-
tocol enhances the functions of access channels. The signifi-
cant feature of Rev.A is Subtype2. The Subtype2 physical layer
protocol enhances the functions of access channels and control

Training Manual
channels. In addition, it defines a new Rev.A forward/reverse

traffic channel structure. This protocol supports the enhanced
access channel MAC protocol, the enhanced control channel
MAC protocol, the forward traffic channel MAC protocol, and
the reverse traffic channel MAC protocol.
1.4.2 Encapsulating Signaling and

Packet Data
The two figures below show the encapsulation of signaling and

packet data.
FIGURE 5 ENCAPSULATION OF SIGNALING PACKETS

FIGURE 6 ENCAPSULATION OF PACKET DATA
The sender encapsulates signaling and packet data from the ap-
plication layer and then sends them to the physical layer. The re-
ceiver decapsulates the data packets from the physical layer and
sends them to the MAC layer to get signaling and packet data.
1. The application layer of the sender encapsulates signaling us-
ing the signaling network protocol (SNP) and signaling link pro-
tocol (SLP) and encapsulates packet data using the radio link
protocol (RLP), and then transmits the encapsulated data to
the stream layer as its payload. Meanwhile, the application
layer sends a kind of test data to the stream layer directly.
2. The stream layer encapsulates the data packets of the applica-
tion layer into those of the stream layer and then sends them
to the session layer as its payload.
3. The session layer forwards the data packets to the connection
layer directly.
4. The connection layer adds a required header into the data
packets of the session layer to assemble data packets into
those of the connection layer, and then send them to the se-
curity layer as its payload.
5. The security layer encapsulates the data packets to form its
own data packets and then sends them to the MAC layer as its
payload.
6. Four protocols at the MAC layer encapsulate the data pack-
ets from the security layer according to different encapsula-
tion policies to form the data packets of the MAC layer, and
then send them to the physical layer as its payload.

Training Manual
7. The physical layer encapsulates the data packets from the MAC
layer into those of the control channel, access channel, forward
and reverse traffic channel respectively.
The receiver performs operations in a reverse way.
1.5 1xEV-DO Services

1.5.1 VoIP
VoIP is a kind of delay-sensitive voice service borne over the IP

network. There is no VoIP service in 1x.
1xEV-DO Rel.0 does not provide the VoIP service since it cannot
guarantee the quality of the VoIP service. In networking 1x is
responsible for voice services, while 1xEV-DO is only responsible
for data services.
The VoIP service is added into the 1xEV-DO Rev.A system because
it supports QoS. The networking of Rev.A is different from that of
Re1.0.
� When 1xEV-DO Rev.A is mixed with 1x, 1x is responsible for
voice services and low-rate data service, while 1xEV-DO Rev.A
is responsible for high-rate data services and uses VoIP as an
effective supplement to voice services.
� When only 1xEV-DO Rev.A is used for networking, all the ser-
vices including traditional voice services, data services, and
other services are regarded as data services. Voice services are
implemented with VoIP. 1xEV-DO Rev.A can effectively guar-
antee the quality of all the services through packet domains
with the support of QoS.
The figure below describes the VoIP network structure in 1xEV-DO
Rev.A.
FIGURE 7 VOIP NETWORK STRUCTURE IN 1XEV-DO REV.A
The VoIP network consists of the following three parts:

� RAN
RAN supports QoS, IS-835-D, TIA-878 update protocol, and
RoHC.
� SIP-based Core VoIP NEs
Core NEs provide such functions as registration, call setup, and
control. They can implement voice switchover with 1x, serve
as the gateway of PSTN calls, and covert codes.
� Terminals that support VoIP
1.5.2 VT
VT is one of important services of 3G. It can reflect the advantages

of 3G. The figure below shows the application example of VT.
FIGURE 8 APPLICATION EXAMPLES OF VT
VT refers to the videotelephone service based on packet switching

of 1xEV-DO Rev.A. It is a kind of real-time duplex video and audio
mobile telecommunication way. The VT service protocol stack con-
sists of two planes: the control plane uses SIP/UDP/IP as the call
control signaling protocol, while the media plane uses RTP/UDP/IP
as the transmission protocol of voice and video.
Compared with Rel.0, deploying the VT service on Rev.A has the
following advantages:
� Compared with the circuit switch network, it has a higher spec-
trum usage frequency.
� More flexible in seeking for the balance between occupied
bandwidth and video quality.
� Easy to combined with other services based on packet data.
The figure below shows the network architecture of VT.

Training Manual
FIGURE 9 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE OF VT
The VT services need the following supports:

� 1xEV-DO Rev.A radio network that provides QoS support and
control.
� VT service platform including the SIP server.
� 1xEV-DO Rev.A terminals that support VT.
1.5.3 BCMCS
Such traditional radio operation services as voice services, data

downloading, and real-time video belong to p2p transmission
based on subscriber requirements. Subscriber channels are
independent from each other, transmitting their own signaling
and data. BCMCS is different from traditional services. It is a
kind of broadcast service for subscribers who have the same
requirements. The figure below shows the relationship between
traditional services and BCMCS.
FIGURE 10 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADITIONAL SERVICES AND BCMCS
BCMCS is a kind of multicast service. The features of multicast

and unicast are as follows:
� Unicast uses the p2p transmission mechanism. Each sub-
scriber sends and receives data separately. Application
examples include video call, download, Email, browsing web-
pages, short messages, and PTT.

� Multicast uses the point-to-multipoint transmission mech-

anism. All the subscribers receive the same content. The
carrier can set system load as required to provide more
subscribers with services at a low cost. Application examples
include video and audio programs, downloading multimedia,
and broadcasting data.
BCMCS has the following features:
� Supports unicast and broadcast services at the same time.
� The ratio between unicast and broadcast services can be flex-
ibly configured.
� Has two versions Glod and Platimum that can support an infi-
nite number of subscribers.
The figure below shows the network architecture of BCMCS.
FIGURE 11 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE OF BCMCS
� Broadcast serve node (BSN) corresponds to PDSN in unicast.

It process the IP packets of multicast according to related pro-
tocols.
� Multicast BSC forms the error control module by adding reed
soloman (RS) codes and sends the processed data packets to
BTS.
� BCMCS controller maps a multicast IP address into a BCMCS
ID stream address.

Training Manual
1.6 1xEV-DO Networking and

Network Selection of a Hybrid
Terminal
1.6.1 Networking Mode
1.6.1.1 Independent Networking
If an operator without the CDMA2000 1x network hopes to provide

high-speed data packet services over the 1xEV-DO network, the
operator can construct an independent 1xEV-DO network. In this
case, the network equipment investment covers all equipment in-
cluding the core network and base stations. If an operator that has
a CDMA2000 1x hopes to reduce impact on the existing network,
the operator can also construct an independent 1xEV-DO network
to cover the area with high data service requirements. The exist-
ing 1x core network can be shared.
The figure below shows independent networking of 1xEV-DO.
FIGURE 12 INDEPENDENT 1XEV-DO NETWORKING
1.6.1.2 Hybrid Networking
An operator that has a CDMA2000 1x network can use the hybrid

networking mode including both 1xEV-DO and 1x networks. That
is, add 1xEV-DO channel boards onto 1x base stations and upgrade
the 1x system software so that both can share the packet core
network of 1x. The access networking modes includes upgrading
networking and overlapping networking.
� Upgrading networking applies to the situation where 1xEV-DO
and CDMA2000 1x share BSC and BTS. The operator needs to
upgrade the BSC and BTS software and add 1xEV-DO channel
units to support the 1xEV-DO functions. BSC is responsible for
radio resource control of ANs, call control, and mobility man-
agement. BTS is responsible for modulating and demodulating
ANs and base station transmitting/receiving. The transmission
link (Backhaul) between BSC and BTS needs to be expanded.

� Overlapping networking applies to the situation where

1xEV-DO and CDMA2000 1x shares BSC but not BTS or do not
share BSC. The operator needs to upgrade the BSC software,
add BTS equipment, and set up transmission links between
BSC and BTS.
The above networking modes apply to two cases. One is that a site
address is shared and the other is that a site address is not shared.
For the case of the shared site address, you can select whether to
share the antenna and feeder or not. Take shared site address
and shared antenna & feeder as the example. Link loss of the
combiner will case the loss of the forward capacity and coverage.
The operator might need to adjust the planning parameters of the
original network. But for the case of dense networking, this impact
can be ignored.
Note:
According to the networking policies of some 1xEV-DO operators,
the 1xEV-DO network is often used in urban area or hot spots to
provide packet data services of high quality for high-end users;
whereas the CDMA2000 1x network is responsible for packet data
services in suburb and towns.
1.6.2 Choosing a Network after

Power-on
Suppose the CDMA2000 1x network coverage is larger than that of

the 1xEV-DO network. The figure below shows the state transfer
flow.

Training Manual
FIGURE 13 STATE TRANSFER FLOW
The state transfer flow includes the following steps:

1. The hybrid terminal searches and captures the CDMA2000 1x
network, and then enters the CDMA2000 1x idle state.
2. The hybrid terminal selects the algorithm based on the system,
searches and captures the 1xEV-DO network, and then enters
the 1xEV-DO idle state.
3. If the hybrid terminal initiates an 1xEV-DO data packet call
and receives a paging message from the 1xEV-DO system or
other control channel message that needs a response, then
the hybrid terminal starts to access the system and establishes
service connection.
4. In the sleep state and active state of 1xEV-DO, if the hybrid ter-
minal initiates a CDMA2000 1x call and receives a paging mes-
sage from the CDMA2000 1x system or other common channel
message that needs a response, then the hybrid terminal stops
the action in the 1xEV-DO network immediately and then ac-
cesses the CDMA2000 1x network.

5. When the hybrid terminal accesses the 1xEV-DO system, it

does not monitor the paging messages or overhead messages
of the CDMA2000 1x system. When initiating a CDMA2000 1x
call, the hybrid terminal switches to the CDMA2000 1x net-
work.
6. In the active state of a CDMA2000 1x packet data session
or during a CDMA2000 1x call, the hybrid terminal does not
search the 1xEV-DO network.
Note:
In the overlapped area of 1xEV-DO and CDMA2000 1x, the hybrid
terminal gives priority to the 1xEV-DO network to provide packet
data services.
1.6.3 Handoff Between Networks
On the early stage the 1xEV-DO network is used to cover urban

area and hot spots. The coverage area of the CDMA2000 1x net-
work is larger. To provide hybrid terminal users with high-quality
packet data services and voice services, the hybrid terminals must
support handoff between networks. Handoff might take place in
the following two scenarios: in the hybrid coverage area or at the
edge of the hybrid coverage area.
� In the hybrid coverage area
When a hybrid terminal communicates in the 1xEV-DO net-
work, the hybrid terminal switches to the CDMA2000 1x net-
work periodically and monitors the forward common channel
to receive the CDMA2000 1x voice paging messages. In this
case, the hybrid terminal can ignore voice paging and switches
back to the 1xEV-DO network for data communication. It can
also interrupt the data communication in the 1xEV-DO network
and then switches to the CDMA2000 1x network to respond to
the voice paging or establish concurrent services.
� At the edge of the hybrid coverage area
At the edge of the hybrid coverage area, the hybrid terminal
supports sleep handoff between 1xEV-DO and CDMA2000 1x
networks. If a packet data session is active, the hybrid ter-
minal must transfer to the sleep state first, and then initiates
the sleep handoff between networks. At last the hybrid termi-
nal activates the packet data session in the target network to
complete activation handoff between networks.

Training Manual
This page is intentionally blank.

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
Channel Structure
will be able to:

>> Understand Channel Classification of
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
>> Understand Functions of CDMA2000
1xEV-DO Channels
>> Master Modulation Process of
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Channel

Training Manual
Chapter 2 1xEV-DO Channel

Structure

>> 1xEV-DO Forward Channel
>> 1xEV-DO Reverse Channel
2.1 1xEV-DO Forward Channel

2.1.1 Forward Channel Structure
The figure below describes the structure of the 1xEV-DO forward

channel. It consists of the pilot channel, MAC channel, traffic chan-
nel, and the control channel. The MAC channel is classified into the
RA channel, RPC channel, DRClock channel, and ARQ channel.
FIGURE 14 STRUCTURE OF FORWARD CHANNEL
Pilot � Through the pilot channel, a mobile phone can estimate the
radio channel environment.
� All the data are 0. Use Walsh code 0 cover. The data are sent
over channel I.
� Forward pilots are bursty. Ninety-six chips burst at the middle
point of each half time-slot.
MAC � MAC channels include:
� Reverse activity channel (RA)
The RA channel sends a reverse activity bit (RAB). If the
RAB bit is 1, then the reverse link of the sector is busy. If
the RAB is 0, then the reverse link of the sector is idle.
AT monitors the RA channel and then adjusts its reverse
sending rate.

Chapter 2 1xEV-DO Channel Structure
The data rate of the RA channel is 600bps.

� DRC Lock
The DRC Lock channel sends the DRC lock bit to indicate
whether AN locks the DRC channel of AT successfully and
represent the reverse channel quality. When the qualities
of the reverse and forward channels are asymmetric, the
DRC lock channel helps AT select the serving sector during
the forward virtual soft handoff. The data rate of the DRC
Lock channel is 150/DRCLock Length (bps).
� RPC
Every AT that establishes connection is distributed one RPC
channel that is used to control reverse transmitting power
of AT. In the 1xEV-DO Rel.0 system the RPC channel and the
DRC Lock channel multiplex time division, so the RC data
rate is 600 x (1- 1/DRCLockPeriod) bps. The RPC channel
and the DRC Lock channel in the 1xEV-DO Rev.A system
are sent over channel I and channel Q respectively with
the data rate of 150 bps.
� ARQ
ARQ is used to respond the a reverse link, sending the con-
firmation message that indicates whether a reverse packet
is successfully demodulated. The ARQ channel can send
three different ARQ bits: H-ARQ, L-ARQ, and P-ARQ. The
ARQ channel and the DRC Lock/RPC channel are time-divi-
sion multiplexed.
� The MAC channel identifies different subscribers using different
MAC Indexes.
Traffic � Compared with 1xEV-DO Rel.0, 1xEV-DO Rev.A has more traf-
fic channel rates. The minimum rate supported is 4.8kbps and
the maximum rate supported is 3.072 Mbps.
� There are eight types of data packet formats: 128 bit, 256 bit,
512 bit, 1024 bit, 2048 bit, 3072 bit, 4096 bit, and 5120 bit.
� According to the forward channel environment reported by re-
verse, the traffic channel selects the appropriate forward send-
ing format in the self-adaptive way.
Control � The forward control channel is classified into the synchronous
control channel (SCC) and the asynchronous control channel
(ACC).
� SCC is transported once every 256 time slots and ACC can be
transported any time.
� The control channel contains the following messages:
� Synchronization message
� Quick configuration message
� Sector parameter message

Training Manual
2.1.2 Time Slot Structure of Forward

Channel
The frame length of the forward channel is 80/3 ms. Each

frame contains 16 time slots. The length of each time slot is
(80/3)/16=5/3ms. That is, one second contains 3/0.080=37.5
frames and 37.5 x 16=600 time slots.
The figure below illustrates the time slot structure of the forward
channel.
FIGURE 15 STRUCTURE OF FORWARD CHANNEL SLOTS
� Each time slot contains 2048 chips. The chip rate is 16 x

2048/(0.080/3)=1.2288 Mcps. Each half time slot contains
1024 chips including a pilot burst of duration 96 chips, centered
at midpoint of the half slot. The MAC bursts precede and each
burst pilot and are of 64 chips. The upper part of the above
figure shows the active slots that include those of pilot burst,
MAC, data stream, shared data time shared by control/traffic
channel and data packets. The lower part of the above figure
shows the idle slots without transmission of data stream.
� The RPC channel and the DRC Lock channel are transported
over channels I and Q respectively with the data rate of 150
bps. The RPC channel and the DRC Lock channel, and the ARQ
channel are time-division multiplexed.
� The data transmission of the traffic channel is based on pack-
ets. The packet size types cover 128 bit, 256 bit, 512 bit,
1024 bit, 2048 bit, 3072 bit, 4096 bit, and 5120 bit. Each
type of packets are transmitted using one or more slots. The
supported data rates are from 4.8kbps to 3.072Mbps. At the
highest rate one slot transmits 4096 bits. Therefore, the high-
est rate is 5120/(0.080/3/16)=3.072 Mbps. At the lowest rate,
a packet with the size of 128bits is transmitted over 16 slots.
Therefore, the lowest rate is 3072/(5120/128)/16=4.8kbps.

In the data transmission process, if an AN receives the ac-

knowledge message from the reverse ACK channel, the AN will
not transmit the rest packets and start to transmit the next
data packet instead. If the AN sends all the data packets or
receives the ACK messages, it returns the forward traffic com-
pletion indicator.
� The control channel is similar to the traffic channel, but the
control channel also transmits singling except for data packets.
2.1.3 Forward Channel Index
The 1xEV-DO system supports multiple active users at the same

time. To identify different user, the 1xEV-DO system uses a 6-bit
MAC Index, which serves as the user ID to communicate with
1xEV-DO or the ID of the forward channels (the MAC, traffic, and
control channel).
The table below describes the distribution of MAC indexes of the
1xEV-DO control channel.
FIGURE 16 DISTRIBUTION OF MACINDEX
2.1.4 Physical Structure of Forward

Channels
The figure below illustrates the physical structure of the forward

channels.

Training Manual
FIGURE 17 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF 1XEV-DO FORWARD CHANNEL
The creation process of forward channels is as follows:

1. Perform Turbo coding and scrambling on the data packet from
MAC, and then interleave channels.
2. Modulate and perform symbol repetition on the interleaved
data.
3. Divide the output symbol stream into 16 concurrent sub-
streams. The output symbol rate after each substream is
spread by the 16-ary Walsh code is 76.8 kbit/s. The total is
1.2288 Mchip/s.
4. This high-speed stream, the traffic channel prefix, the pilot
channel, and MAC channel stream are time-division multi-
plexed.

2.1.5 Modulation Parameters of

Forward Traffic/Control Channel
The table below describes the modulation parameters of the for-

ward traffic/control channel.
TABLE 4 MODULATION PARAMETERS OF FORWARD TRAFFIC/CONTROL

CHANNEL
Transmission Format Code Rate Modulation Nominal

Physical Layer Packet Type Data Rate
Size bits Nominal kbps
Transmit Duration
slots Preamble Length
chips
128161024 1/5 QPSK 4.8
128 8 512 1/5 QPSK 9.6
128 4 1024 1/5 QPSK 19.2
128 4 256 1/5 QPSK 19.2
128 2 128 1/5 QPSK 38.4
128 1 64 1/5 QPSK 76.8
256161024 1/5 QPSK 9.6
256 8 512 1/5 QPSK 19.2
256 4 1024 1/5 QPSK 38.4
256 4 256 1/5 QPSK 38.4
256 2 128 1/5 QPSK 76.8
256 1 64 1/5 QPSK 153.6
512161024 1/5 QPSK 19.2
512 8 512 1/5 QPSK 38.4
512 4 1024 1/5 QPSK 76.8
512 4 256 1/5 QPSK 76.8
512 4 128 1/5 QPSK 76.8
512 2 128 1/5 QPSK 153.6
512 2 64 1/5 QPSK 153.6
512 1 64 1/5 QPSK 307.2
1024161024 1/5 QPSK 38.4
1024 8 512 1/5 QPSK 76.8

Training Manual
Transmission Format Code Rate Modulation Nominal

Physical Layer Packet Type Data Rate
Size bits Nominal kbps
Transmit Duration
slots Preamble Length
chips
1024 4 256 1/5 QPSK 153.6
1024 4 128 1/5 QPSK 153.6
1024 2 128 1/5 QPSK 307.2
1024 2 64 1/5 QPSK 307.2
1024 1 64 1/3 QPSK 614.4
2048 4 128 1/3 QPSK 307.2
2048 2 64 1/3 QPSK 614.4
2048 1 64 1/3 QPSK 1228.80
3072 2 64 1/3 8-PSK 921.6
3072 1 64 1/3 8-PSK 1843.20
4096 2 64 1/3 16-QAM 1228.80
4096 1 64 1/3 16-QAM 2457.60
5120 2 64 1/3 16-QAM 1536.00
5120 1 64 1/3 16-QAM 3072.00
The control channel only uses the following transmission formats:

(1024, 8, 512), (1024, 16, 1024), (128, 4, 1024), (256, 4, 1024),
(512 4 1024).
Analyze the parameter values taken an time-division multiplex by
taking (4096, 2, 64) as the example. At this rate, the data packet
length at the physical layer is 4096 bit. After the Turbo coding
at the 1/3 code rate, 12288 coding symbols are obtained. With
16-QAM modulation, every four code symbols are mapped into
a modulation symbol and 3072 modulation symbols are output.
At this rate, the traffic channel prefix is 64 chips. To finish the
transmission of the allowed maximum number of time slots (2
slots), the required number of modulation symbols is 3136=(1600
x 2-64), the corresponding repetition factor is 1.02=(3136/3072),
and the number of transmitted modulation symbols is 64=(3136-
3072).
In addition, in the first slot, the pilot channel, MAC channel, and
the traffic channel preamble occupy 512 chips totally. The rest
1536 chips are used to send 1536 modulation symbols. If the ter-
minal demodulates them correctly, then the system stops sending
the subsequent modulation symbols and the actual code rate is
2/3. Otherwise, the rest 1536 modulation symbols will be sent in
the second slot and the symbols will be modulated repeatedly to
fill in the rest data bits in the slot.

2.2 1xEV-DO Reverse Channel

2.2.1 Reverse Channel Structure
The figure below describes the reverse link channel structure in

1xEV-DO Rev.A.
FIGURE 18 REVERSE CHANNEL STRUCTURE OF 1XEV-DO REV.A
The figure below describes the time slot structure of the reverse
link in 1xEV-DO Rev.A.
FIGURE 19 SLOT STRUCTURE OF 1XEV-DO REV.A REVERSE LINK
Access Channel Access channels include pilot channels and data channels. The
functions of the channels are as follows:
� Pilot channel: transmits all 0s code streams. The pilot channel
makes coherent demodulation and synchronous timing possi-
ble so that the system can capture the access terminals.

Training Manual
� Data channel: carries captured information of terminals. The

rates of the data channel are 9.6 kbps, 19.2 kbps, and 38.4
kbps. The information rate can change within an access probe.
Traffic Channel The traffic channel transmits the rate indication information of the
reverse traffic channel and the data packets from the MAC proto-
col of the reverse traffic channel. Meanwhile, the traffic channel
also transmits the rate request of the forward traffic channel and
the indication information indicating whether the terminal receiv-
ing the data packets from the forward traffic channel correctly.
The traffic channels such sub-channels as pilot, auxiliary pilot, me-
dia access, ACK, and data. The MAC channel is classified into RRI,
DRC, and DSC channels. The functions of the channels are as fol-
lows:
� Pilot channel: estimates the reverse channel and controls the
reverse power.
� Auxiliary pilot channel: estimates channels when the load ex-
ceeds the threshold. Auxiliary pilots are transmitted a half slot
before the load exceeds the threshold.
� Media access channel: assists the MAC layer in controlling the
rate of the forward/reverse traffic channel. The media access
channel includes RRI, DRC, and DSC channels.
� The RRI channel indicates the size and number of the cur-
rent reverse channel packet. It occupies a code division
channel independently.
� The DRC channel tests the forward channel quality accord-
ing to the forward pilot channel, determines the wanted
forward data rate in the self-adaptive way, and sends the
forward data rate to the current serving sector. The data
rate value and the ID of the telecommunications BTS are
indicated by DRCValue and DRCCover respectively.
� The DSC channel contains a 3-bit DSC Value used to in-
dicate the selected forward serving sector and inform the
AN to hand off the serving sector, thus realizing seamless
virtual soft handoff.
� ACK channel: gives a response on whether a forward traffic
packet is successfully received. 1 means ACK and 0 means
NAK. The ACK channel implements H-ARQ of the forward link,
so its function is similar to that of the ARQ channel. The ACK
channel and the DSC channel are time-division multiplexed.
� Data channel: sends data packets of users within 4, 8, 12, or
16 time slots.
2.2.2 Reverse Access Channel
2.2.2.1 Physical Structure of Reverse Channel
The figure below illustrates the physical structure of the reverse

channel.

FIGURE 20 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF REVERSE CHANNEL
The creation process of the reverse channels is as follows:

1. The pilot channel performs signal point mapping and Walsh
code modulation (W016). The output modulated symbol stream
serves as channel I input of Quadrature spreading.
2. The data channel transmits the physical-layer data packets of
the access channel at the rate of 9.6 kbps, performs encoding,
channel interleaving, and interleaved packet repetition to form
the symbol stream of 307.2 ksps.
3. The symbol stream on data channel performs signal point map-
ping and Walsh code modulation (W24). The output modu-
lated symbol stream serves as channel Q input of Quadrature
spreading.

Training Manual
4. The pilot symbol streams input by channels Q and I performs

the modulation of long codes and PN codes, go through
Quadrature spreading, baseband filter, and carrier modulator.
2.2.2.2 Transmission Mode of Reverse Access Channels
The access process consists of one or multiple access probes. An

access probe consists of an access channel preamble and multi-
ple access channel data packets. At the preamble part only the
pilot channel is transmitted. At the data part both pilot and data
channels are transmitted. The pilot power used to the preamble
is higher than the power that used to send data. An AT sends a
request or response to the base station using the access channel.
The figure below describes the structure of the access probe when
the data rate is 9.6 kbps.
FIGURE 21 STRUCTURE OF ACCESS PROBE (DATA RATE: 9.6 KBPS)
The figure below describes the structure of the access probe when
the data rate is 19.2kbps or 38.4kbps.
FIGURE 22 STRUCTURE OF ACCESS PROBE (DATA RATE: 19.2 OR 38.4

KBPS)

2.2.3 Reverse Traffic Channel
2.2.3.1 Physical Structure of Reverse Traffic Channels
The figures below illustrate the physical structure of the reverse

traffic channels.
FIGURE 23 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF REVERSE TRAFFIC CHANNEL-1

Training Manual
FIGURE 24 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF REVERSE TRAFFIC CHANNEL-2
The creation process of the reverse traffic channels is as follows:

1. The pilot sequence (All 0's) is time-division multiplexed with
the RRI sequence according to the ratio of 7:1. The 1.2288
Mchip/s code stream is obtained after the signaling point map-
ping and W016 spreading. This code stream combines with the
ACK channel code stream with the adjusted power and then
serves as channel I input of Quadrature spreading.

2. The 1.2288 Mchip/s code stream of the auxiliary pilot channel

(all 0's) is obtained after the signaling point mapping and W2832
spreading. This code stream combines with the ACK channel
code stream with the adjusted power, and then serves as chan-
nel I input of Quadrature spreading.
3. The 1.2288 Mchip/s code stream of the RRI channel is obtained
after bi-orthorganal encoding, signaling point mapping, code-
word repetition, and W416 spreading. The RRI code stream and
the pilot code stream are time-division multiplexed.
4. The 1.2288 Mchip/s code stream of the ACK channel is obtained
after signaling point mapping and codeword repetition, and
W1232 spreading. This code stream with the adjusted power
combines with the spread pilot/RRI channel code stream , and
then serves as channel I input of Quadrature spreading.
5. After bi-orthorganal encoding, signaling point mapping, code-
word repetition, the DRC channel modulates the DRC Cover
of the requested base station to the output symbol stream to
obtain the 1.2288 Mchip/s code stream after W816 spreading.
This code stream combines with the data channel code stream
with the adjusted power, and then serves as channel Q input
of Quadrature spreading.
6. The 1.2288 Mchip/s code stream of the DSC channel is ob-
tained after encoding, signaling point mapping, and W1232
spreading.
7. After Turbo encoding, scrambling, channel interleaving, and
codeword repetition, the 1.2288 Mchip/s I and Q code streams
of the data channel is obtained. This code stream combines
with the DRC channel code stream with the adjusted power,
and then serves as channel Q input of Quadrature spreading.
8. Channel I of pilot, auxiliary pilot, RRI, ACK, DSC, and the data
channel is added together to serve as the channel I input of
Quadrature spreading.
9. Channel Q of DRC and the data channel is added together to
serve as the channel Q input of Quadrature spreading.
10. After orthogonal spreading and modulation, channels I and Q
form the modulated wave of the traffic channel.
2.2.3.2 Reverse Traffic Modulation Parameters
The figure below describes the reverse traffic modulation param-

eters.

Training Manual
FIGURE 25 MODULATION PARAMETERS OF REVERSE TRAFFIC

Key Technology of
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
will be able to:

>> Master Key Technology of CDMA2000
1xEV-DO rel.0
>> Master Key Technology of CDMA2000
1xEV-DO Rev.A

Training Manual
Chapter 3 Key Technology of

1xEV-DO Rel.0

>> Forward Time-Division Multiplex
>> Scheduling Algorithm of Forward Links
>> Forward Self-Adaptive Modulation and Encoding
>> Forward Link HARQ
>> Virtual Soft Handoff
>> Rate Control
>> Power Control
3.1 Forward Time-Division

Multiplex
In 1xEV-DO, the forward channel serves as a broad channel that is
time-division multiplexed by all the users. The minimum distribu-
tion unit is slot. Slots are classified into active slots and idle slots.
Active slots are used to transmit user data or control messages.
Idle slots do not send any data, as shown in the figure below.

Chapter 3 Key Technology of 1xEV-DO Rel.0
FIGURE 26 FORWARD TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
Since the packet services are bursty, the forward link uses the
time-division multiplex mode, thus avoiding interference between
multiple users due to code-division multiplex and the problem that
the resource usage rate is low because low-rate users share the
system power. If there is any data, the channel transmits data at
full sector power.
3.2 Scheduling Algorithm of

Forward Links
In the 1xEV-DO system, the forward links serve all the ATs in the
TDM mode. The links are divided into 1.66 ms slots. Each slot
can serve only one user at the same moment. The scheduling
program on the network side determine which mobile phone the
next slot will serve according to the collected information such as
DRC fed back by the mobile phone. The scheduling policy has a
great impact on the system performance.
There are two types of simple scheduling policies:
� Round Robin: all the ATs to be served receive services one by
one according to the sequence. It is a fair mode.
� Provides service to the mobile phone with the largest DRC value
at the next slot: This can get the maximum throughput in the
entire sector, but the mobile phone in the worst channel will
never get services.
In practice, an algorithm must take efficiency and fairness into
consideration.

Training Manual
3.3 Forward Self-Adaptive

Modulation and Encoding
A terminal measures the SINR of the forward pilot of the current
slot to predict the maximum transmission rate supported by the
forward link in the next slot and reports it to the base station over
the DRC channel. The base station selects the user to be served
according to the scheduling algorithm and select the modulation
and encoding mode according to the requested data rate.
The data rates are from 38.4 kbps to 2.4576 Mbps, which corre-
spond to different modulation modes (QPSK, 8-PSK, and 16QAM)
and Turbo encoding rates (2/3, 1/3, and 1/5). A higher rate level
is used in the good channel environment, while a lower rate level
is used in the bad channel environment.
3.4 Forward Link HARQ

Such traditional ARQ technologies as stop and wait, N steps back-
ward, and select retransmission ARQ have a common disadvan-
tage: only retransmit error frames. These technologies do not
have the error correction function. To save system resources,
the system uses the HARQ technology which combines the chan-
nel-code error check and correction function and the retransmis-
sion function of traditional ARQ technologies.
Generally, a packet sent on the forward channel occupies multiple
timeslots. For example, a 153.6kbps packet occupies four times-
lots. The packet has been processed with complicated procedures
before being sent, such as Turbo coding, interleaving and repeat-
ing. As a result, the final symbols being sent contain much re-
dundant information. The terminal may correctly demodulate the
received signal and get the complete data packet before receiving
all symbols. In this case, it is unnecessary to send the remaining
time slots any longer, which saves the time slot resources on the
forward channel.
The figure below describes the HARQ flow.

FIGURE 27 HARQ FLOW
3.5 Virtual Soft Handoff

The 1xEV-DO systems like the CDMA system supports soft handoff
and softer handoff. However, the 1xEV-DO soft handoff only exists
in a reverse link. The forward link uses a kind of special handoff,
namely, quick sector selection and handoff, which is also called
forward virtual soft handoff.
Only one sector is sending data to an AT at any moment. The AT
determines which sector is the current serving sector according to
the quality of forward channels. The AT feeds back the information
to the AN over the DRC channel. The DRC channel contains DRC
Cover and DRC Value. DRC cover indicates the selected serving
sector, while DRC value indicates the selected forward rate.
3.6 Rate Control

Rate control refers to controlling the transmission rate of an AN or
AT using a certain mechanism. Depending on the controlled ob-
jects, rate control is classified into forward rate control and reverse
rate control.
3.6.1 Forward Rate Control
The figure below illustrates how to implement the forward rate

control algorithm of 1xEV-DO.

Training Manual
FIGURE 28 IMPLEMENTATION OF FORWARD LINK RATE CONTROL ALGORITHM OF 1XEV-DO
1. In each slot, the base station delivers 192 bit forward pilot
signals. The terminal calculates the forward pilot SNR through
correlative accumulation.
2. The terminal predicts the forward pilot SNR in the next slot by
estimating the forward pilot SNR in a past period of time.
3. According to the preset or self-adaptive SNR threshold, the ter-
minal obtains the maximum transmission rate that the forward
link can support in the next slot by searching the table.
4. The terminal estimates the transmission rate that the forward
link can support in the next slot, and then transmits the trans-
mission rate to the base station over the DRC channel. After
the base station schedules this user, it sends data packets at
the request rate of this user. According to packet decoding, the
terminal calculates the packet error rate, based on which the
terminal adjusts the SNR threshold in the self-adaptive way.
3.6.2 Reverse Rate Control
The figure below illustrates how to implement the reverse rate con-
trol of 1xEV-DO.

FIGURE 29 IMPLEMENTATION OF REVERSE RATE CONTROL OF 1XEV-DO
1. The base station measures the ROT of the reverse link per
frame and compares it with the preset threshold to calculate
the current load of the system. When ROT exceeds the preset
threshold, RAB is 1; otherwise RAB is 0.
2. The base station delivers RAB to the terminals in the local sec-
tor over the forward MAC sub-channel RA.
3. The terminal combines the RABs delivered by all the base sta-
tions in the active set and selects the transmission rate of the
reverse traffic channel according to the control algorithm of the
reverse link rate.
3.7 Power Control

The forward link of 1xEV-DO does not have power control since
it takes TDM as the primary method and CDM as the auxiliary
method. When a sector does not have active users, the forward
MAC channel only consists of the RA channel, which transmits data
at full power. When the sector has active users, the forward MAC
channel consists of the RA channel and the RPC/DRCLock chan-
nel that corresponds to the active users. The system power is
distributed between the RA and RPC/DRCLock channel in the rea-
sonable way.
The reverse link of 1xEV-DO uses power control to suppress mul-
tiple-user interference since it takes CDM as the primary method
and TDM as the auxiliary method.
3.7.1 Power Distribution of Forward

Link
For the forward link of 1xEV-DO, the system distributes the fixed
percentage of base station power to the RA channel first, and then
distributes the remaining power among multiple RPC channels ac-
cording to a certain ratio. Then the system calculates the SNR of

Training Manual
the forward channels according to the DRC request rate of each

active user. According to the SNR, the system calculates the per-
centage that the transmission power of each RPC channel occupies
the remaining power.
3.7.2 Reverse Link Power Control
1xEV-DO reverse link power control is classified into open loop

power control, inner loop power control, and outer loop power con-
trol.
Reverse Open A terminal measures the strength of the forward pilot. Poor pilot
Loop Power strength indicates a big loss of the forward link. According to the
Control symmetry policy, the terminal judges that the reverse link loss is
also big and increases the transmission rate; otherwise the termi-
nal decreases the transmission rate.
Reverse Inner The system measures the SNR of the reverse traffic channel and
Loop Power compares it with the preset SNR threshold of inner loop power
Control control to calculate the power control bit, and then sends it to
the terminal over the RPC channel. After receiving the RPC bit,
the terminals adjusts the transmission power of the reverse traffic
channel. The reverse loop control rate of 1xEV-DO is determined
by DRCLockPeriod.
Reverse Outer A base station decodes the RRI channel to obtain the transmission
Loop Power rate of the reverse traffic channel. The base station decodes the
Control received data packet to calculate the packet error rate of the re-
verse traffic channel. The base station adjusts the SNR threshold
of the reverse loop power control periodically according to the cal-
culated packet error rate and the target error rate.

Chapter 4 Key Technology of
1xEV-DO Rev.A

>> Reverse Link HARQ
>> Seamless Virtual Soft Handoff
>> QoS
>> Reverse Rate Control and Resource Control
>> Cross-Paging
4.1 Reverse Link HARQ

1xEV-DO Rev.A introduces HARQ into the reverse link to increase
the reverse link throughput. In the 1xEV-DO Rel.0 system, a re-
verse packet are transmitted in consecutive 16 slots. That is, at
least 16 slots are required to transmit a packet. In Rev.A, the
reverse traffic channel adopts the subframe transmission mode,
dividing the channel packet in 16 slots into four subframes in four
slots and sends the channel packet after every three subframes.
After successfully demodulating the reverse channel subframes,
the network side terminates transmission of the data packet in
advance over the forward ARQ channel. That is, the time spent on
sending a packet might be less than 16 slots. For example, if the
access network can properly demodulate the first subframe of the
packet, then the transmission of this packet just needs four slots.
The figure below describes an example of normal transmission.

Training Manual
FIGURE 30 NORMAL COMPLETION OF REVERSE DATA PACKET TRANSMISSION
The figure below describes an example of transmission abortion.
FIGURE 31 ABORTION OF REVERSE DATA PACKET TRANSMISSION
4.2 Seamless Virtual Soft Handoff

Based on the virtual soft handoff of the DRC channel, the 1xEV-DO
Rev.A system also introduces the virtual soft handoff of the DSC
channel to promote the seamless handoff of forward link units and
shorten the transmission delay in the change of forward serving
cells.

Chapter 4 Key Technology of 1xEV-DO Rev.A
In 1xEV-DO Rev.A, an AT informs the AN in advance by changing

DSC Cover. While cell A is sending data, cell B is ready to send
data, thus avoiding interruption of data transmission for a long
time. The figure below shows the implementation mechanism of
seamless virtual soft handoff.
FIGURE 32 IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM OF SEAMLESS VIRTUAL SOFT

HANDOFF
The figure below compares virtual soft handoff of 1xEV-DO Rev.A

with that of Rel.0.

Training Manual
FIGURE 33 VIRTUAL SOFT HANDOFF TECHNOLOGY COMPARISON BETWEEN

1XEV-DO REV.A AND REL.0
� When DRC Cover changes in Rel.0, BS1 stops sending data.

� When DRC Cover changes in Rev.A, BS1 continues sending
data.
4.3 QoS
QoS is classified into inter-user QoS and intra-user QoS to satisfy
QoS requirements of different users and services.
� Intra-user QoS sets priorities based on user services. It can
guarantee QoS of real-time services.
� Inter-user QoS sets user levels based on service requirements
and user priorities. It provides different levels of users with
different services.
4.4 Reverse Rate Control and

Resource Control
The 1xEV-DO Rev.A system introduces the T2P (indication of the
resource utilization rate) technology into the reverse rate control.

Chapter 4 Key Technology of 1xEV-DO Rev.A
T2P is the ratio of data channel power to primary pilot channel

power in the data channel.
The contribution to the sector load of each AT is closely related to
the average T2P. For a terminal, T2P is the basic resource measure-
ment information. T2P of a terminal directly determines the radio
resource available for a terminal. According to the current avail-
able T2P, the terminal can determine the available bandwidth of
the reverse link. Based on the system load and its own resources,
the terminal determines the most proper T2P value in real time to
control the reverse rate and resources, and thus to improve the
utilization efficiency of reverse radio resources. If the system is
idle, the terminal can add its own T2P resources. If the system is
with load, the terminal can reduce its own T2P resources. T2P can
control the transmission rate more accurately, thus making better
use of radio resources of the system.
4.5 Cross-Paging
In the architecture of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel.0, the 1xEV-DO
system has no relationship with the circuit domain network. There-
fore, it is hard for the users in the 1xEV-DO network to obtain the
information about circuit-type services. To enable the system to
send the 1x notification message to the dual-mode terminal over
the 1xEV-DO network, the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev.A system in-
troduces the IWS entity to establish signaling connection between
the 1xEV-DO access network and the 1x core network. The figure
below illustrates the reference model of the 1xEV-DO Rev.A net-
work architecture that supports both 1xEV-DO and 1x cross-pag-
ing.
FIGURE 34 REFERENCE MODEL OF 1XEV-DO REV.A NETWORK STRUCTURE
After an AN receives circuit messages, it encapsulates them into

a specific data packet and transmits it to the dual-mode terminal
over the air interface tunnel protocol. Therefore, when the the ter-
minal monitors the 1xEV-DO system, it can receive the CDMA2000
1x paging message or short message delivered by the system. The

Training Manual
terminal does not need handoff between two networks frequently,

thus lowering the overhead required by handoff between networks,
prolonging the standby time of the mobile phone, and responding
to a CDMA2000 1x voice call quickly.

2.CB - BT006 - E03 - 0 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev.A Key Technology and Channel Structure - 54 PDF

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2.CB - BT006 - E03 - 0 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev.A Key Technology and Channel Structure - 54 PDF

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CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Principle

Publishing Date (MONTH/DATE/YEAR) :

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Overview ..................................... 1

will be able to:

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Chapter 1 1xEV-DO Overview

1.1 Introduction to 1xEV-DO

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1.2 Evolution of 1xEV-DO Air

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FIGURE 1 EVOLUTION OF CDMA2000 TECHNOLOGY

The figure below shows the evolution of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO.

TABLE 1 DESCRIPTION OF EVOLUTION OF 1XEV-DO

Protocol Data Service Rate Features

1xEV-DO Rel.0 The maximum uplink rate Designed for non

1xEV-DO The maximum uplink Supports end-to-end

1xEV-DO The first stage: the Binds up to 15 Rev.A

The most significant feature of the CDMA2000 standard evolution

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1.3 1xEV-DO Network Reference

FIGURE 2 AIR INTERFACE OF 1XEV-DO REV.A NETWORK

TABLE 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE NE FUNCTION THE 1XEV-DO NETWORK

AT AT provides subscribers with data connection.

AN AN is the network device that provides data

AN AAA AN AAA is the logical entity that authenticates

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PCF PCF cooperates with AN to implement radio control

PDSN PDSN is responsible for establishing, maintaining,

TABLE 3 DESCRIPTION OF 1XEV-DO INTERFACES

Interface Name Description

A8 Interface A8 is used to transmit data between AN

A9 Interface A9 transmits signaling and maintains A8

A10 Interface A10 is used to transmit data between

A11 Interface A11 transmits signaling and maintains

A12 Interface A12 connects AN with AN AAA and

A13 Interface A13 exchanges information of an AT

A14 and Ax Interfaces A14 and Ax transmit authentication

A15 Interface A15 is used for paging between ANs.

A16 Interface A16 is used for hard handoff between

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Interface Name Description

A17 Interface A17 transmits signaling for soft/softer

A18 Interface A18 transmits data for soft/softer handoff

A19 Interface A19 is responsible for soft/softer handoff

1.4 1xEV-DO Protocols and

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FIGURE 3 DEFAULT 1XEV-DO AIR INTERFACE PROTOCOL MODEL

1xEV-DO Rev.A supports all the protocols in the Rel.0 version. In

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FIGURE 4 ENHANCED 1XEV-DO AIR INTERFACE PROTOCOL MODEL

Functions of Each The functions of each layer are as follows:

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channels. In addition, it defines a new Rev.A forward/reverse

1.4.2 Encapsulating Signaling and

The two figures below show the encapsulation of signaling and

FIGURE 5 ENCAPSULATION OF SIGNALING PACKETS

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FIGURE 6 ENCAPSULATION OF PACKET DATA

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1.5 1xEV-DO Services

VoIP is a kind of delay-sensitive voice service borne over the IP

FIGURE 7 VOIP NETWORK STRUCTURE IN 1XEV-DO REV.A

The VoIP network consists of the following three parts: