Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 249 x V= y= 2U sin @ Applying Bemouli's equation atthe above two points, ve 24 [-2Usin ef! or [Ve ug=~2U sin 0] Lip 2 or Sut asin?) 5% ) or foe 3 Pu’ But £—Pe js a dimensionless term and is known as dimensionless pressure co-efficient and is Tou? 3° denoted by C,. fF 1 -4sin?@ Toy? 30" Value of pressure co-efficient for different values of 6 Value of 8 Value of ° 1-4sin?@ =1-0=1 30° 14 sin® 30° 90° 14 sin? 90° = 130° 1-4 sin® 150° 180° 1-4 sin? 180° = 1-0=1 At ©= 0 and 180°, there are stagnation points) and 5; respectively ‘At @= 30° and 150°, the pressure co-efficient is zero. At @= 90°, the pressure co-efficient is ~ 3 (ke. least pressure) ‘The variation of pressure co-efficient along the surface of the cylinder for different values of @ are shown in Fig. 5.54,[250 Fluid Mechanics ‘The positive pressure is acting normal to the surface and towards the surface of the cylinder whereas the negative pressure is acting normal to the surface and away from the surface of the cylinder as shown in Fig. 5.55. pressure pressure Fig. 5.55 Problem 5.43 A uniform flow of 12 més is flowing over a doublet of strength 18 m*/s. The doublet is in the line of the uniform flow. Determine : (i) shape of the Rankine oval (ii) radius of the Rankine circle (iti) value of stream line function at Rankine circle (iv) resultant velocity at a point on the Rankine circle at an angle of 30° from x-axis (v) value of maximum velocity on the Rankine circle and location of the point where velocity is max. Solution. Given : U= 12 mis; w= 18 mils (O Shape of the Rankine oval ‘When a uniform flow is flowing over a doublet and doublet and uniform flow are in line, then the shape of the Rankine oval will be a circle of radiuKinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 251 (i Radius of the Rankine circle i 8 2nU ~ \2nx12 (ii) Value of stream line function at the Rankine circle ‘The value of stream line function (¥y) at the Rankine circle is zero i.e., w= 0. (iv) Resultant velocity on the surface of the circle, when @ = 30° On the surface of the eylinder, the radial velocity (u,) is zero, The tangential velocity (ug) is given by equation (5.73) as Rer= 2U sin @ =~ 2x 12 x sin 30° = - 12 mvs. Ans, ve sign shows the clockwise direction of tangential velocity at that point Resultant velocity, V= qu tug = yO? +(-12) = 12 mvs. Ans. (0) Maximum velocity and its location ‘The resultant velocity at any point on the surface of the cylinder is equal to wg. But ug is given by, ug =~ 2U sin @ This velocity will be maximum, when @ = 90°. Max. velocity =-2U=-2*12=-24 mis, Ans. Problem 5.44 A uniform flow of 10 més is flowing over a doublet of strength 15 m’/s. The doublet is inthe line of the uniform flow. The polar co-ordinates of a point P in the flow field are 0.9 m and 30°. Find : (i) stream line function and (i) the resultant velocity at the point. Solution. Given : U = 15 mis; r= 0.9 m and Let us frst find the radius (R) of the Rankine circle. This is given by R= BS} 0.488 m Vand” \2mxi0 ‘The polar co-ordinates of the point P are 0.9 m and 30°. Hence r= 0.9 mand @ = 30°. AS the value of r is more than the radius of the Rankine circle, hence point P lies outside the cylinder. (® Value of stream line function at the point P ‘The stream line function for the composite flow at any point is given by equation (5.69) as P(0.9 m, 20°)252. Fluid Mechanics v-u(-2)ane as } sin 30°C r= 0.9 m, R = 0.488 and @ = 30°) =10 (09- = 10(0.9 - 0.2646) x ; = 3177 mils, Ans. (ii) Resultant velocity at the point P ‘The radial velocity and tangential velocity at any point in the flow field are given by equations (5.70) and (5.71) respectively. : wnt (i-8) eee +4ve sign shows the radial velocity is outward. R and menu (ie sin fe Sign shows the clockwise direction of tangential velocity. Resultant velocity, era oir? + (647) = 373344086 = 8.89 m/s. Ans. vKinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 253 2 % 10, te 2 13. rs 16. 17. ‘Continuity equation in differentiat form, ea = = 0 for three-dimensional flow 0 for two-dimensional flow. a ‘The components of acceleration in x, y and z direction are au, du twee av av ‘The components of velocity in 2, y and z direction in terms of velocity potential (6) are pad 2% snd ay ar ‘Te steam function (y) is defined only for two-dimensional ow. The velocity components ins and 2 ag y= lreetins in temas of team fanetion are u =~ 2% and v= 2Y. . ay ar Angular deformation or shear sin rate is given as strain rate = 2 | 4 2H serena 2-2] Rotational components of a fluid ps oy i Vorticity is two times the value of roution Flow ofa fluid along a curved path is known as vortex flow. Ifthe particles are moving round in curved path with the help of some extemal torque the flow is ealled forced vortex flow. And if no extemal torque is required to rotate the Muid particles, the flow is called ftee-vortex flow. ‘The relation between tangential velocity and radius: for forced vortex, y= Ox, for free vortex, r= constant. ‘The pressre variation along the radial direction for vortex flow along a horizontal plane, 22. ar a ‘and pressure variation in the vertical plane 22 = — pe, a For the forced vortex flow, Z= —— ee 2g 2e le where Z= height of paraboloid formed = angular velocity,254 Fluid Mechanics EXERCISE (A) THEORETICAL PROBLEMS 4, What are the methods of describing fluid flow ? 2. Explain the terms : (@ Path line, (di) Streak line, iif) Stream line, and (iv) Stream tube, Distinguish between (@ Steady flow and un-steady flow, (i) Uniform and non- (iii) Compressible and incompressible flow, (Gv) Rotational and irrotational flow, (v) Laminar and turbulent flow. 4. Define the following and give one practical example for each 3m flow, (@) Laminar flow, (Gi) Turbulent flow, (iid) Steady flow, and (i) Uniform flow. 5. Define the equation of continuity. Obtain an expression for continuity equation for a three-dimensional flow. (R.G.P.V, S 2002) 16 What do you understand by the terms ; () Total acceleration, (ii) Convective acceleration, and (ii) Local acceleration ? (Delhi University, Dec. 2002) 7. (a) Define the terms = (i) Velocity potential function, and (i) Stream function. (®) What are the conditions for flow to be inrotational ? '8 What do you mean by equipotential line and a line of constant stream function ? 9 (a) Deseribe the use and limitations of the flow nels. (©) Under what conditions can one draw flow net ? Define the terms : (Vortex ow, i) Forced vortex flow, and (ii) Free vortex flow. LL. Differentiate between forced vortex and free vortex flow.Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 255 12, Derive an expression for the depth of paraboloid formed by the surface of a liguid contained in a cylindrical tank which ig rotated at a constant angular velocity «@ about its vertical axis. 13, Derive an expression for the difference of pressure between two points ina free vortex flow. Does the Gifference of pressure satisty Bernoulli's equation ” Can Bernoulli's equation be applied to a forced vortex flow ? 14, Derive, from first principles, the condition for irrotatonal flow. Prove that, for potential flow, both the stream function and velocity potential function satisfy the Laplace equation, 15, Define velocity potential function and stream function 16. Under what conditions can one treat real fluid flow as irotational (as an approximation) 17. Define the following (0 Steady flow, (i) Non-uniform flow, (iid) Laminar flow, and (iv) Two-dimensional flow 18, (@) Distinguish between rotational flow and irrotational flow. Give one example of each (®) Cite two examples of unsteady, non-uniform flow. How can the unsteady flow be transformed to steady flow ? (LNT. University, § 2002) 19. Explain uniform flow with source and sink. Obtain expressions for stream and velocity potential funetions, 20. A point source is a point where an incompressible fluid is imagined to be created and sent out evenly in all dictions. Determine its velocity potential and stream function, 21. (@ Explain doublet and define the strength of the doublet Gi) Distinguish between a source and a sink. 22, Sketch the flow pater of an ideal fluid flow past a eylinder with cireulation. 23. Show that in case of forced vortex flow, the rse of liquid level at the ends is equal to the fall of liquid level atthe axis of rotation. 24, Differentiate between (@ Stream function and velocity potential function (ii) Stream line and streak tine and id) Rotational and irrotational flows, (B) NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 1. The diameters of a pipe atthe sections I and 2 are 15 em and 20 em respectively, Find the discharge trough the pipe if Velocity of water at section I is 4 mvs, Determine also the velocity at section 2. [Ans. 0.07068 m*/s, 2.25 m/s} 2. 40 cm diameter pipe, conveying wate, branches into two pipes of diameters 30 em and 20 em respectively. I the average velocity inthe 40 cm diameter pipe is 3 nus. Find the discharge inthis pipe ‘Also determine the velocity in 20 em pipe ifthe average velocity in 30 em dlameter pipe is 2 m/s. (Ans. 0.3769 m's, 7.5 ms) 3. A.30 cm diameter pipe caries ol of sp. gr 0.8 a a velocity of 2 m/s, AL another section the diameter is 20 ci, Find the velocity at this section and also mass rate of low of oi, (Ans. 4.5 mf, 113 kgA] 4. The velocity vector ina fluid flow is given by V= 2x} — Sy) +41, Find the velocity and acceleration ofa fluid partite at (1, 2, 3) at time, = 1. [Ans 10:95 units, 16.12 units} 5. The following cases represent the 1wo velocity components determine the third component of velocity such that they satisfy the continuity equation[256 Fluid Mechanics ] Te 12. 1. 4 15. 16. 7 Ou = day (i) w= 4x + Bay, wae day — 292. try 4392 4705.2] [Ans.() w=—8x2— 227 +059 Ci) Calculate the unknown velocity components so that they sais the following equations @ ua2e,va2e, wa? Gun2e 42a, weed diet 2;e,0—2 [Ams (w= Lee Z] Prove that itis a case of possible steady incompressible Aid flow. Calculate the velocity and acceleration at the point [1 2, 3} [Ans. 36.7 units, 874.50 units} Find the convective acceleration at the middle of a pipe which converges uniformly from 0.6 m diameter t0 0.3 m diameter over 3 m length. The rate of flow is 40 lis. I the rate of flow changes uniformly from 40 livs to 80 livs in 40 seconds, find the total acceleration at the middle of the pipe at 20th second. [Ans 0499 mus; 11874 mi ‘The velocity potential function, 6, is given by § = .x°— y7. Find the velocity components in x and y direction. Also show that 6 represents a possible case of fluid flow. (Ans. u = 2x and v=~2)) . For the velocity potential function, @= 1° — y* find the velocity components atthe point (4, 5) [Ans. v= 8, =~ 10 units] A stream function is given by = y = 2x ~ Sy. Calculate the velocity components and also magnitude and ireotion of the resultant velocity at any point. [Ans. w= 5, v= 2, Resultant = 5.384 and 8 = 21° 48) If for a two-dimensional potential flow, the velocity potential is given by : = 4x(3y — 4), determine the velocity at the point 2, 3). Determine also the value of stream funetion y at the point (2, 3). [ms 40 ons ‘The stream function for a two-dimensional ow is given by y = Bay, calculate the velocity atthe point (4,5). Find the velocity potential function @. [Ans =—32 units, v= 40 units, = 4y? 4x7] ‘Sketch the stream lines represented by y =.xy. Also find out the velocity and is direction at point (2,3). [Ans. 3.60 units and 6 = 56° 18.6’ or 123° 42’) For the velocity components given as :u = ay sin xy, v= ax sin ay. Obtain an expression for the velocity potential function Ans. ¢ [A fhid flow is given by : V= 102% — By). Find the shear strain rte and state whether the flow is rotational or irvotational. (Ans. ~ 8x, rotational] cos xy] The velocity components in a two-dimensional flow are w=sey-8 Pandye—ary' + 8 x v8 ay s8 Show that these velocity components represent @ possible ease of an irrottional flow. Bu, av Ans. ‘An open circular cylinder of 20 em diameter and 100 em long contains water upto a height of 80 em. It is rotated about its vertical axis. Find the speed of rotation when : ( no water spills, (i axial depth is zero. (Ans. ()) 267.51 rpm. (i) 422.98 rpm] A cylindrical vessel 15 em in diameter and 40 em long is completely filled with water. The vessel is open atthe top. Find the quantity of water left in the vessel, when it is rotated about its vertical axis with a speed of 300 rpm. [Ans. 4566.3 em?)Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow _ 257 19. An open circular cylinder of 20 em diameter and 120 cm long contains water upto a height of 80 cu. Tt js rotated about its vertical ais at 400 rpm. Find the difference in total pressure force (atthe bottom, of the eylinder, and (i) atthe sides ofthe eylinder due to rotation. (Ans. (i) 14.52 N, (i) 2465.45 N} 20, A closed cylindrical vessel of diameter 15 cm and length 100 cm contains water upto a height of 80 em, The vessel is rotated ata speed of $00 rpm, about its vertical axis. Find the height of paraboloid formes. TAs. 56.06 em] 21. For the data given in question 20, find the speed of rotation of the vessel, when axial depth is zero. (Ans. 891.7 pm] 22. Ifthe cylindrical vessel of question 20, is rotated at 980 r-pam. about its vertical axis, find the area uncovered atthe base of the tank Ans. 20.4 em] 23. A closed cylindrical vese! of diameter 20 om and height 100 cm contains water upto a height of 70 em. The air above the water surace is ata pressure of 78.48 KN. The vesel is rotated a a speed of 300 rp. about its vertical axis, Find the pressure head atthe bottom of the vessel ; (a) atthe centre, and (D) at the edge [Ams (a) 8.4485 m () 89515 m] 24. A closed cylinder of diameter 30 em and height 20 em is completely filled with water. Caleulate the total pressure fore exerted by water on the top and bottom of the eylindr, if iti rotated about its vertical axis a 300 span, (Ans. Fp= 392.4 N, Fy= 531 NI 25. In free cylindrical vortex flow of water, ata point ata radius of 150 mm the velocity and pressure are ‘S mis and 14.715 Niem*. Find the pressure at a radius of 300 mm. [Ans. 15.65 Neem") 26. Do the following velocity components represent physically possible flows ? wart t5,vayt2,wednz [Ans. No] 27. State ifthe flow represented by u= 3x + 4y and v= 2x ~ 3y is rotational or itrotational, [Ans Rotational] 28. A vessel, eylindrieal in shape and closed at the top and bottom, contains water upto a height of 700 ram, The diameter of the vessel is 200 mm and length of vessel is 1.1 m, Find the speed of rolation ofthe vessel if the axial depth of water is zero 29 Define rotational and irrtational flow. The steam function and velocity potential fora flow are given ty y=20y, b= 27-y Show thatthe conditions of continuity and irrotational flow are satisfied. 30, For the steady incompressible lw, are the following Values of and v possible ? () w= dy ty ve Oxy + Brand Gi u=20 +y?,v=—day. [Ams (No, (ii) Yes} 31. Define two-dimensional stream function and velocity potential. Show tha following stream funtion y =6r-4y +749 represents an irrotational flow. Find its velocity potential. [Ans. §= 4r + 6y-3.5° +3.5y°+ C] 32. Check if 6 = 1° — y* + y represents the velocity potential for 2-limensional irrotational flow. If it does, then determine the stream function . [Ams. Yes, y =~ 2xy +x] 33. If stream function for steady flow is given by y= ()* ~ x"), determine whether the flow is rotational or inrotational, Then determine the velocity potential @, Ans. Irrotational, @=~ 2xy + C) 34. A pipe (1) 450 mm in diameter branches into two pipes (2) and (3) of diameters 300 mm and 200 mm respectively as shown in Fig, 5.57. If the average velocity in 450 mm diameter pipe is 3 m/s, find (@ discharge through 450 mm dia. pipe and (ii) velocity in 200 mm diameter pipe if the average velocity in 300 mm pipe is 2.5 m/s. (NT.U., Hyderabad, § 2002) (Hint. Given 4, =450mm=0.45 m, d;=300mm=0.3m 4, =200 mm =0.2.m, V;=3 mls, Vy=2.5 mis[258 Fluid Mechanics @ w But Also =F (045%) x3 0.477 mi, Fig.5.57 yo 925001760 1s = Q ~ Q)= 0.477 - 0.176 = 0.301 =F 02x", Qs 0.301 ag 0.0314 F023)DYNAMICS OF FLUID \ rahi 1 INTRODUCTION In the previous chapter, we studied the velocity and acceleration at a point in a fluid flow, without taking into consideration the forces causing the flow. This chapter includes the study of forces causing fluid flow. Thus dynamics of fluid flow is the study of fluid motion with the forces causing flow. The dynamic behaviour of the fluid flow is analysed by the Newton's second law of motion, which relates the acceleration with the forces. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and non-viscous. » 6.2 EQUATIONS OF MOTION According to Newton's second law of motion, the net force F, acting on a fluid element in the dircetion of xis equal 10 mass m of the fluid element multiplied by the acceleration a, inthe x-direction. ‘Thus mathematically, Fema, 6.1) In the fluid flow, the following forces are present : (Fy gravity force. (Gi) Fy. the pressure force. (iii) F,,foree due to viscosity. (iv) Fy force due to turbulence. (») Force due 10 compressibility. “Thus in equation (6.1), the net force F,2 (Ect Fyhet Eat Pct Foe (If the force duc to compressibility, F, is negligible, the resulting net force F,2 (e+ Fyiet Ect Fs and equation of motions are called Reynold’s equations of motion. (ii) For flow, where (F,) is negligible, the resulting equations of motion are known as Navier-Stokes Equation. (iit) Ifthe flow is assumed to be ideal, viscous force (F,) is zer0 and equation of motions are known as Euler’s equation of motion, 259[260 Fluid Mechanics » 6.3 EULER'S EQUATION OF MOTION ‘This is equation of motion in which the forces due to gravity and pressure are taken into considera- tion. This is derived by considering the motion of a fluid element along a stream-line as : Consider a stream-line in which flow is taking place in s-direction as shown in Fig. 6.1. Consider a cylindrical element of cross-section dA and length ds. The forces acting on the cylindrical element are: 1. Pressure force pdA in the direction of flow. 3. Weight of element pgdAds. Let @ is the angle between the direction of flow and the line of action of the weight of element. ‘The resultant force on the fluid element in the direction of s must be equal to the mass of fluid ‘eration in the direction s. clement : pat-(n 3a) r-patnscoss pdAds x a, 6.2) whee ashe aceleration inte destin of Now a= 2 wee a tune oa ae a vv as ar és ov ite now i seas, % =0 d vay. Lee F Substituting the value of a, in equation (6.2) and simplify- ing the equation, we get paihen a = cu @ C ~ 9g Mah ~ Pa AAAS cos O= pads x 5, Fig. 6.1 Forces on a fluid element a via Dividing by pdsda,~ 2 — g cos = B by psd — SF — 8 a a av or fe teem Oey S a0 at But fom Fig. 6.1 (6), we have cos @ = A By gh MY go Ps gaz s vt pds Sas” as P or Pe ates vivo (6.3) Equation (6.3) is known as Euler's equation of motion.[ Dynamics of Fluid Flow 261 | >» 6.4 BERNOULLI'S EQUATION FROM EULER’S EQUATION equation is obtained by integrating the Buler’s equation of motion (6.3) as dp Ps fede + J vav = constant J > Seaes f If flow is incompressible, p is constant and. 2s ges = constant Pp 2 or Peet = constant pe 2g or 24% 4 z= constant (A) pe 2g Equation (6.4) is a Bernoulli’s equation in which w = pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head. 8 v?iag = kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head. = potential energy per unit weight or potential head, >» 6.5 ASSUMPTIONS The following are the assumptions made in the derivation of Bernoulli's equation (i) The fuid is ideal, ie., viscosity is zero (ii) The flow is steady (iii) The flow is incompressible (iv) The flow is irotational. Problem 6.1 Water is flowing through a pipe of 5 cm diameter under a pressure of 29.43 N/em? (gauge) and with mean velocity of 2.0 ms. Find the total head or total energy per unit weight of the ‘water at a cross-section, which is Sm above the datum line Solution. Given : Diameter of pipe =Sem=05m Pressure, p= 29.43 Niem? = 29.43 x 10* Nim? Velocity, v= 20 mis Datum head, z=5m Total head pressure head + kinetic head + datum head Pressure head = 2 2 BBA W59m p for water = pe 1000x981 Kinetic head 22 22.9 204m 2g 2981 2 Total head Py 522 30+0.204+5 = 35.204m. Ans. “ps 28 Problem 6.2 A pipe, through which water is lowing, is having diameters, 20 cm and 10 cm atthe crosssections I and2 respectively. The velocity of water at section 1 is given 4:0 mis. Find the velocity head at sections 1 and 2 and also rate of discharge[262 Fluid Mechanics ] Solution. Given : D,=20em=0.2m @ Area, Ay= 5 De =F (2)"= 0034? V,=40 mis pas ten D,=0.1m Aye © (a)? 00785 m? a (@ Velocity head at section 1 (ii) Velocity head at section 2 = V;3/2g To find V,, apply continuity equation at 1 and 2 AWW, =4,V, or V,= 4M = B14 40-16. ms “00785 4s Velocity head at section 2 = V2 = 46.0%162 _ 53.947 m, Ans. 2g 2x91 (iii) Rate of discharge = AV, or AV, 0.0314 x 4.0 = 0.1256 ms = 125.6 litres/s. Ans. {+5 Lm? = 1000 litres) Problem 6.3 State Bernoulli's theorem for steady flow of an incompressible fluid. Derive an expression for Bernoulli's equation from first principle and state the assumptions made for such a derivation. Solution. Statement of Bernoulli’s Theorem. It states that in a steady, ideal flow of an incom- pressible fluid, the total energy at any point of the fluid is constant. The total energy consists of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy or datum energy. These energies per unit weight of the fluid are : Pressure energy = 2 pg y Kinetic energy = 2 rays > Datum energy =z ‘Thus mathematically, Bemoulli’s theorem is written as 2424 2= Constant, pg 2g Derivation of Bernoulli's theorem. For derivation of Bemoulli’s theorem, Articles 6.3 and 6.4 should be written, Assumptions are given in Article 6.5.Problem 6.4 The water is flowing through @ px pipe having diameters 20cm and 10.cm at sections 1 and 2 respectively. The rate of flow through pipe is 35 litres/s. The section | is 6 m above datum and section 2 is 4m above datum. If the pressure at sec- tion 1 is 39.24 N/m’, find the intensity of pressure at section 2. Solution. Given : At section 1, D,=20em=0.2 m Roope 2 A= = (2 = 0314 5 im’ py = 39.24 Niem? 39.24 x 10" Nim? ,=6.0m D,=0.10m At section 2, Dynamics of Fluid Flow 263 | 96, 4m DATUM LINE Fig. 6.3 y= Eon? aos? Rate of flow, eu Now Q=A,V, = AV, 0 _ 035 ‘A, 0314 2.08 and “a” Doves = 35 livs= > = 035 ms Q=35livs= 5 114 m/s = —035_= 4.456 mis Applying Bernoulli's equation at sections 1 and 2, we get 39.24 x10" | UIA) 6 (450) 49 1000x981” 2x98i 1000x981” 2x931 or 40 +0063 +.60= 2 + 1.0124.40 3810 or 46.063 = 2 + 5.012 9810 22 = 46.063 - 5.012 = 41.051 9810 . y= 41.051 x 9810 Nim? = £1051 9810 yy 10 sm? = 40.27 Nlem?. Ans.