OTC-24907-MS

Insights into a New Super-Giant Gas Field - Sedimentology and Reservoir

Modeling of the Coral Complex, Offshore Northern Mozambique
Denis Palermo, Mauro Galbiati, Massimo Famiglietti, Marco Marchesini and Domenico Mezzapesa; Eni UK
Franco Fonnesu; Eni E&P

Copyright 2014, Offshore Technology Conference

This paper was prepared for presentation at the Offshore Technology Conference Asia held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 25–28 March 2014.

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Abstract
The recently discovered super-giant Mamba field is located in the Area 4 deep water block, offshore northern Mozambique
and hosts over 80 TCF of natural Gas in place within Paleogene deepwater deposits. The Coral reservoir unit represents the
Lower Eocene depositional sequence of the Mamba field and is formed by sand-rich turbidite channel and lobe complexes of
proximal deepwater fan accumulations. Generally, the coarse and massive reservoir sandstones are extraordinarily thick, clean
and homogeneous compared to similar deep water plays, e.g. Gulf of Mexico, West Africa. High quality 3D seismic and data
from three wells, including wire line logs and over 100m of core, indicate that the excellent reservoir quality of the Mamba
complex can be related to the presence of strong, deep water bottom currents that influenced the deposition of gravity-flows.
An integrated sedimentological approach on multiple scales, which comprises detailed sedimentological core descriptions,
seismic stratigraphy and seismic attribute analysis, provides new insights into the depositional processes and the reservoir
architecture of a fascinating deepwater play. The depositional model suggests Lower Eocene bottom currents crossing the sand
rich gravity flows perpendicularly. This results in significant flow-stripping and deviation of the turbulent, fine-grained
suspension cloud. The process accumulates the greatest amount of fines on the leeward part of the channel complex and
creates unilateral drift-mounds instead of bi-lateral levee complexes. This leads to relatively mud-free facies types and a
characteristic low angle offset stacking of the amalgamated channel complexes. However, dependent on associated flow-
velocities and grain sizes, also the depositional lobes show exceptionally good reservoir properties, characteristic geometries
and stacking patterns. The integrated and process-oriented approach allowed detailed mapping and modeling of the reservoir
bodies, which permits the prediction of reservoir quality and optimization of the field development.

Introduction
One of the main challenges of deep water field developments is the translation of geology into specific parameters that can be
used to minimize the associated uncertainty and optimize the Field Development Plan. Due to extremely high drilling costs in
deep water fields an exact definition of the drainage area and the associated well amount and placement is crucial. This
requires a detailed understanding of the sedimentology that largely controls the outline, the quality and the heterogeneity
scales of the Coral reservoir. The here presented datasets provide new insights into the reservoir architecture of a deep water
fan with extraordinarily good reservoir properties and distinct geometries that can be related to the influence of bottom
currents. Generally, well documented ancient contourite systems are scarce (e.g. Pickering et al. 1989, Hüneke & Stow 2008,
Shanmugam et al. 1995, Stow et al. 1998) and until recently of minor economic importance. However, hydrocarbon-bearing
sandy contourites, composed of partly re-worked turbidite sands are described for the Eocene deep water deposits in the
Campos basin, offshore Brazil (Mutti , 1992; Mutti & Carminatti, 2011; Stow et al. 2011). Viana & Rebesco (2007) assumed
that contourite deposits could have a significant economic upside potential in oil and gas exploration, due to the general
technical progress in e.g. geophysics, drilling etc. and advances in deep water exploration. The latest discoveries of the super
giant Mamba gas field in ultra deep waters, offshore northern Mozambique, seem to confirm these assumptions. The presence
of unidirectionally migrating channel complexes (e.g. Gong et. al 2013) and their possible relation to the bottom currents of
the main reservoir units in the Mamba Field have been first described by Fonnesu (2013). These observations are supported by
different datasets of the Coral reservoir unit suggesting the influence of bottom currents at several scales as a driver for the
overall stacking pattern and the low shale content of the reservoir rocks. The here presented study gives an overview of the
2 OTC-24907-MS

Lower Eocene reservoir interval, and provides new insights into an economically important hydrocarbon reservoir composed
of bottom-current influenced gravity flow deposits.

Study Area and Geological Setting

The Area 4 deepwater block is located offshore northern Mozambique (Fig.1) around 50 km in front of the coastline and the
delta of the Rovuma River, close to the Tanzanian Border. The block is positioned in the Mozambique Channel, which
presently acts as a tropical gateway for strong southward -directed surface currents and northwards directed bottom currents.
The Coral Area reaches water depths of over 2000m and the reservoir is located 4000m below the sea level.
Geologically, the study area is part of the Rovuma Basin that forms a major sedimentary basin of the East African continental
margin and includes the coastal plains and offshore basins of Tanzania, Kenya and Somalia. It is bound to the west by
outcropping Precambrian cratonic basement and to the east by the north-south trending deep-water Davies Fracture Zone. The
sedimentary infill of the basin reaches a thickness of 10 km and indicates two major tectonic stages (Salman & Abdula, 1995).
A first stage includes the late Carboniferous to Triassic epicontinental deposits of the Karoo group and the Early-Middle
Triassic synrift- sediments of intra-cratonic basins that initialized the disintegration of Gondwana. The second, post-Gondwana
stage, is marked by the drifting of the Madagascar block from Africa (Upper Jurassic – Early Cretaceous), the stabilization of
the basin (Early Cretaceous – Eocene), and a final neo-rifting phase connected with the development of the East African rift
system and the doming of the African Craton (Oligocene-Present). The Cretaceous marine sequence records transgressive and
regressive phases which are mainly related to the geodynamic evolution of the Mozambique Channel until the Late Cretaceous
stabilization phase. Paleocene and Eocene complete the stabilization phase of the East African continental margin. Shallow
water shelf carbonate sediments were widespread, with reef facies along the outer edge of the shelf. The deltaic progradation
of the Rovuma river sediments have produced a thick, eastward prograding wedge of rapidly deposited clastic sediments,
feeding the deep-water turbidite systems.
The sedimentary sequence was later deformed by the onset of an extensive toe-thrust belt that provided an important trapping
mechanism for the accumulation of hydrocarbons.

Fig.1 Coral is part of the East African discoveries in the Area 4 deep water block, offshore northern Mozambique, which hosts
in total over 80 TCF of natural gas in place within Paleogene deepwater deposits.

Subsurface dataset and workflow

Significant investments and a large effort were made to obtain extensive, high quality data-sets in the ultra deep water area of
Coral. The here presented study is based on the following datasets:
a) Three exploration wells were drilled in the Coral area and high quality wire line log sets acquired (GR, SL, RHOB, NPHI,
RES etc.), supplemented by OBMI logs, pressure and well test data, sidewall cores and 144 m of bottom hole cores.
b) The entire Mamba field is covered by a high quality 3D seismic survey that also allowed the analysis of the geological
framework in the area. The seismic dataset is composed of a high quality 3D PSDMA Volume, its DTT version and three
corresponding angle stack gathers. Furthermore, three spectral decomposition Volumes of 10Hz, 20Hz and 40Hz and low
spike elastic inversion derivatives in form of a) tight-indicator, b) band pass filtered lithology- and c) band pass filtered fluid
indicator volumes have been used for this study.
OTC-24907-MS 3

The study is based on the following workflow:

a) Biostratigraphic study of microfossils and nano plankton.
b) Manual interpretation of the main sequence stratigraphic boundaries on the Full Angle stack PSDMA DTT Volume.
c) Interpretation of a high resolution internal stratigraphic layering with a semi-automatic 3D-interpretation software on
the Full Angle stack PSDMA DTT seismic. The tool provides an interactive computer aided workflow to construct a
relative geological time model. A manually imposed stratigraphic and structural framework model defines how to
connect the auto tracked patches to form the stratigraphic horizons.
d) A selection of key stratigraphic horizons was then snapped and edited to match the band pass filtered lithology
indicator attribute from the elastic inversion.
e) The Gas Sand Envelope Horizon marks the top of reservoir. It has been interpreted on the far stack gathers and then
adjusted and edited to fit the band pass filtered fluid-indicator attribute.
f) The analysis of the geobody geometries was carried out with a combination of amplitude extraction maps for each
stratigraphic interval, honoring also the well data: 1) Conventional RMS (Root Mean Square) and SNA (Sum of Negative
Amplitudes) Amplitude extraction 2) RGB color blended extractions of the 10Hz, 20Hz and 40Hz spectral decomposition
volumes (c.f. Partyka, et al., 1999) and 3) extractions from the seismic inversion derivates.
g) Detailed sedimentological description facies analysis of the slabbed bottom hole cores.
h) Electrofacies definition
i) Sequence stratigraphic correlation of the wire line logs, supported by seismic and pressure data.
j) 3D geometrical, structural and property modeling

Large scale: Seismic stratigraphy and stacking patterns

The Lower Eocene Coral sequence is interpreted as proximal deepwater fan deposit that exceeds a gross thickness of 400 m
and reaches over 15 km in width. Biostratigraphic analysis of foraminifera and nano plankton suggests a depositional time
span of six to eight million years from the basal erosive unconformity to the maximum flooding surface above. The base of the
sequence is formed by a large-scale erosive channel, interpreted as a 3rd order sequence boundary. The unconformity has a
steep erosive channel flank in the south and a less inclined counterpart in the north. The channel is filled by onlapping,
medium-scale (4th and 5th order) laterally low angle offset stacked channel and lobe complexes that migrate systematically
southwards for the entire observable down-dip length of the sequence (Fig.2). The abrupt onlap termination of the medium-
scale sequences on the steep southern 3rd order channel flank suggests a strong topographical confinement for the depositing
gravity flows. However, the same more gently inclined reflectors can be traced northwards grading conformably from high
amplitude sand rich deposits into thick transparent shales. The stacking pattern of the thick shale mounds that flank the system
to the north shows the same systematic southward migration. On a larger scale, this organized lateral offset stacking pattern
with the same orientation can be observed for all Paleocene to Oligocene reservoir sequences in the Mamba Field and was first
observed and related to bottom current activity by Fonnesu et al. (2012). This consistent organization on several seismic
scales along the entire observable down dip distance is significantly different to commonly less organized channel and
proximal fan sequences from other deepwater settings. A depositional key-interpretation of the Coral low stand sequence
suggests the presence of Lower Eocene bottom currents crossing the high volume and sand rich gravity flows perpendicularly.
This process results in significant flow-stripping and deviation of the turbulent, fine-grained suspension cloud. It accumulates
the greatest amount of fines on the leeward part of the channel complex and creates unilateral drift-mounds instead of bi-lateral
levee complexes (Fig.2). This leads to relatively mud-free facies types in the channel-center and is held as the main driver for
the systematic and unidirectional offset stacking pattern of the large and medium scale sequences.

Fig. 2 The South-North oriented seismic section (left) shows the typical southwards migration and offset stacking of the
channels. Instead of symmetric levee deposits the unidirectional migration channel complexes (c.f. Gong et al 2013) are
flanked by drift mounds that occur exclusively on the southern margins. The scheme to right (based on Fonnesu, 2013) depicts
the depositional processes leading to the characteristic stacking pattern and the high sand-content of the reservoir facies. The
concept suggests northward directed bottom currents crossing the high volume and sand rich gravity flows perpendicularly.
4 OTC-24907-MS

Medium-scale: Seismic anatomy of channel and lobe complexes

The analysis was carried out for each medium scale stratigraphic interval and revealed interesting insights into the geometry of
the channel and lobe complexes. Generally, the highest imaging of the sand bodies is obtained in areas that are covered by
thick transgressive shales or drift mound fines which enhance the acoustic impedance contrast. However, this contrast is
considerably lower in the core of the fan and does therefore not provide the same resolution for these inner channel complexes.
a) The conventional windowed RMS and SNA amplitude extraction maps on the Far Angle Stack Volume highlights the
presence of massive, gas bearing sands and provides useful information on the quality and aids in defining the outline for the
reservoir sands.
b) Average Amplitudes of the tight-indicator Volume mark areas with hard, tight cemented and conglomeratic deposits in the
proximal and basal parts of the fan.
c) The RGB color-blended spectral decomposition volumes have extraordinarily high resolution that allows detailed mapping
of the lobe complexes and their internal structures.

The mapping shows the following body geometries (Fig.3):

a) Large lobe complexes with more than 4 km of lateral extension. The orientation is roughly east-west following the
depositional dip direction. Faint internal patterns may suggest a retrogradational stacking pattern of the individual lobes.
b) Central, erosive, slightly meandering channel complex with high Net to Gross ratio (>80%) indicated by well data and
conventional amplitude extraction. The channel complex cuts into the upper described lobe-complex.
c) Systematic northward deviated and prograding, small depositional lobes of 500 m-1000 m width and up to 1500 m in
length attached to the central channels complex. In a cross-section view, the lobes form the indicative southwards
migrating offset stacking pattern and build an up to 5 km wide Lobe complex. Well data and conventional amplitude
extractions indicate a high net to gross ratio (> 80%) for the complex.
d) Northwards blurring drift – fines
e) Internal, irregularly meandering channel and levee complex without detailed internal resolution and medium net to gross
(>40%) ratio.
f) Indifferentiable tight Debris Flow and Conglomerate deposits above the basal 3rd order sequence boundary.

Fig.3 The figure shows a spectral decomposition map (left) and the interpretation (right) of a stratigraphic slice in the Coral
reservoir. The spectral decomposition provides remarkable, high resolution insights into the channels and individual,
systematically northward oriented and prograding drift lobes
OTC-24907-MS 5

Small scale: facies and stacking patterns from cores and logs
Our facies classification for the turbidite deposits is mainly based the on the concept of Mutti (1992) that provides also a
subdivision for coarse grained, high density turbidite deposits (Ta after Bouma, 1962). The classification of the here presented
Facies Associations uses, however, slightly modified terminology based on Mayall, et al. (2006). Their subsurface optimized
approach links the internal architecture of turbidite channel deposits with the seismic sequence stratigraphic framework.
Diagnostic sedimentary structures for bottom current activity are mainly consistent with observations of e.g. Stow & Faugères
(2008) and Martín–Chivelet, et al. (2008).

1) High N/G Facies Association: This Facies Association represents the largest portion and the best properties of the Coral
reservoir. It consists of poorly to fairly sorted, massive, coarse to very coarse sandstones with varying pebble content and
shale rip-up clasts (Facies F5). The sandstones are mostly massive and structureless, apart from occasional flame and
dish structures. Individual beds can show subtle fining-upward trends and reach thicknesses of several meters. The beds
are amalgamated with minor facies changes or intercalations of shales and form thick discrete packages that reach overall
thicknesses of over 50 m and a net to gross of over 80%. The overall stacking pattern is blocky and sequences often start
with a sharp erosional base, cutting into a several meter thick debris flow deposit. The base of the blocky massive
sandstone sequence is commonly composed of very coarse, pebble-rich sandstones or conglomerates with a variable
amount of mud clasts. Where the sequence is overlain by drift-mound sediments identified in the seismic, the top of
sequence can also show a fining-upward trend.
Interpretation: The above described F5 Massive Sandstones with dewatering structures indicate sediment transport and
en-masse deposition by the basal high density part of bipartite gravity flows. High resolution seismic amplitude mapping
suggests that this can be an indicator for either stacked channels or proximal lobe deposits. The basal mudclast and
conglomerate lag-deposits point to an initial cutting phase, dominated by erosion and sediment bypass. A notable contrast
to conventional deep water settings is the almost complete absence of finer grained intercalations within the blocky
sandstone sequences like medium-fine sands, silts and shale.

2) Low N/G Facies Association: This facies association is generally more variable and has a net to gross ratio that ranges
40-60% and shows common deep-water turbidite facies types with some unusual intercalations:
a) The common stacking pattern is formed of a lower part with blocky, several meter thick coarse and structureless
facies types (F5) with varying pebble and mudclast content or conglomeratic lag deposits.
The upper part is composed of prominent fining upward units that can reach up to 20 m in thickness. The fining up unit
starts basally with a few decimeters thick structureless (F8) to parallel laminated (F7), fine to medium grained sandstone
beds that can be normal- or inverse-graded (F7-D). The upper part of the fining upward unit is formed by heterolithic,
centimeter to decimeter thick alternations of current-rippled fine to very fine sandstones (F9) and silty shales. The
sandstones of this finer grained part are commonly normal graded and can show a variable intensity of bioturbation. The
laminae of the current ripples are often separated by thin clay-drapes.
b) The unusual facies types appear preferably in the middle part by forming abrupt intercalations of 0.4m to 1m thick
coarse to very coarse sandstone beds with high-angle trough cross-bedding (F5-D). The beds can show slight normal- or
inverse-grading. In contrast to the poorly sorted F5 Sandstones, the individual cross-bedding laminae show very good
internal sorting and are often separated by aligned shale rip-up clasts and foraminifera following the cross bedding
planes.
Interpretation: Seismic amplitude extractions indicate that this facies association occurs commonly in the internal,
irregularly meandering channel and levee complexes. The massive sands and conglomerates are interpreted as basal
channel fills formed by high density turbidites with enhanced erosion and bypass capacity. The thick fining upward units
above are interpreted as levee complexes documenting the successive off-axis deposition and channel migration.
Indication for the influence of bottom current activity in these facies types are generally subtle and mainly given by the
presence of the trough cross-bedded well-sorted sands and the shale-drapes in the rippled facies types. Trough cross
bedding and the coarse grain size are the result of sediment traction transport and current velocities around 0.3- 0.6 m/s.
However, the elevated sorting within the cross-bedding laminae and aligned mudclasts indicate an erosive, prevailing,
slightly pulsate nature of the flow. This points more towards bottom current activity rather than internal reworking by
either bypassing successive gravity flows or the turbidite tail.

3) Non-reservoir Facies: Consists mainly of massive hemipelagic shales, thinly laminated heterolithic silty shales, slumps
and debris flow. Whereas the heterolithic silty shales occur preferably in the thick-drift mounds in the northern part of the
fan, slumps and debris flows occur internally. They are highly variable in thickness and in composition, but remain
generally below seismic resolution and occur preferably a) below the massive high net to gross facies associations and b)
towards the base of the Coral Fan.
6 OTC-24907-MS

Electro facies
Since the wire line log resolution ranges around half a meter, a practical and simplified electrofacies definition was carried out
with a Neural Network and a Vshale cut-off. In a first step key-logs where identified and investigated for their correlation with
the grouped core facies. The grouped core facies were then used half as training and half as control datasets to define three
discrete electro-facies types: a) Massive Sands (F5) b) Thin beds (F7 and F8) c) Non reservoir (F9, Debris Flow, slumps shales
etc.)

Geometrical Modeling
Structurally, the area around Coral shows a few normal faults with minor throws. Therefore, the geometrical modeling
focused mainly on capturing the stratigraphy and the reservoir bodies. The geometrical pillar grid is vertically delimited by the
large scale 3rd order stratigraphic surfaces of the Coral low stand systems tract. Five additional medium-scale stratigraphic
surfaces define the internal zonation of the model. Each zone is layered proportionally with minimum cell thickness of 0.5
meters. The high seismic quality and the application of enhanced interpretation and mapping workflows allowed deterministic
modeling of the main reservoir bodies (Fig.4):
a) In a first step the medium-scale bodies identified on the seismic amplitude maps were modeled with the corresponding
polygons for each stratigraphic zone.
b) The bodies were grouped according to facies association and connectivity indicated from MDT pressure data in 1) Upper
High N/G Body, 2) Separated Low N/G Body, 3) Connected Low N/G body and 4) Tight Background
c) The top of the Coral Reservoir is characterized by the Gas Sand Envelope horizon (Fig.4) which was interpreted on the
Fluid Indicator Volume. It delimits reservoir bodies that extend above this horizon and marks the lateral transition between the
high net to gross facies association and the non-reservoir drift-mound fines.

Fig.4 The figure depicts the workflow of the deterministic reservoir body mapping, grouping and the vertical cut-off with the
seismic gas-sand envelope horizon.
OTC-24907-MS 7

Facies Modeling
For the facies distribution, the deterministic mapping of the reservoir bodies had the advantage that a) the simplified electro
facies types could be used to model sedimentologically meaningful scenarios and b) the facies fractions of the wells can be
considered. In order to address the substantially different heterogeneities and sedimentology within the grouped geobodies, the
facies modeling was carried out in a hierarchical way (Fig.5). The final facies distribution, particularly within the High N/G
Bodies is considered as one of the key drivers of the well-placement in Coral. Generally, for each Reservoir Body the facies
fractions of the 3D distributions are matched to those of the upscaled facies logs.

o The High N/G Bodies show an extraordinarily high level of amalgamation and the remaining shale relicts are
considered to have limited lateral extension. Therefore, the modeling was carried out with Sequential Indicator
Simulation and Azimuth maps to consider the general orientations of the depositional system. To obtain a gradual
transition rather than an abrupt change between the massive sands and the drift fines, 3D facies probability cubes
were created and applied for these bodies.

o The facies distribution of the Low Net to Gross Bodies was slightly more complex and was split in two steps. Firstly,
a background property was modeled containing the shales and thin bed facies types with a Sequential Indicator
Simulation algorithm using local variable azimuth maps and spherical variograms.
Secondly the channels were modeled with an Object Based Modeling approach. The result of the thin bed modeling is
kept as background. Object-based Modeling resulted as the most feasible option to distribute the sand within the Low
N/G bodies. Attempts with Multiple Point Geostatistics could improve the lateral facies contacts and relationships,
but did not respect the proportions and were relatively time consuming. Channel parameters for thickness, width,
sinuosity etc. were taken from some measureable examples within the Low Net to Gross Bodies and channels in the
overburden. To control the channel orientations and the lateral connectivity, flow fairway polygons were introduced.

Fig.5 Hierarchical facies modeling workflow showing one cross sections (left) and different exemplary time- slices (right)
through the reservoir representing each facies modeling step.
8 OTC-24907-MS

Conclusions and Outlook

The integrated sedimentological analysis at different scales supports the assumption that the distinct geometries of the Coral
reservoir and the excellent reservoir properties can be related to the presence of deep water bottom currents that influenced the
deposition of gravity-flow deposits. Seismic sections show a characteristic lateral low-angle offset stacking pattern of the
channel and lobe complexes flanked by unilateral drift mounds that occur exclusively on the northern margins. This pattern
suggests the presence of Lower Eocene bottom currents crossing the high volume and sand rich gravity flows perpendicularly
and results in significant flow-stripping and deviation of the turbulent, fine-grained suspension cloud. This concept is
supported by a) the mapped body geometries and their orientations and b) the sedimentological core data.
The quality and reliability of the 3D facies and body mapping was furthermore confirmed by an excellent match between the
well-test results and the dynamic modeling. The high quality dataset and the presented workflow allowed the detailed
deterministic mapping of a complex reservoir in an extraordinary depositional setting. The results of this integrated
sedimentological modeling approach are key drivers for the well-placement and will contribute to improve the Field
Development Plan for the Coral reservoir.

Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank eni East Africa, eni E&P Exploration, eniUk MPM-Reservoir team and their associated
development partners Galp, Kogas, ENH and CNPC for their contributions and the approval of this publication. Furthermore,
we would like to thank Eni Management, in particular Filippo Maioli and Pablo Flores for their help in improving this paper.

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