Operating Systems As A Platform (Handouts - Group 2)

Bulacan State University
College of Information and Communications Technology

City of Malolos, Bulacan
GROUP REPORT IN
PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES (IT 208)
BSIT 2-Q
ASSIGNED TOPICS:
Operating Systems as a Platform
• Evolution of Desktop/Laptop Operating Systems

- DOS
- Windows OS
- Linux OS
- Mac OS
- Ubuntu OS
• Comparison of Top Desktop/Laptop OS
• Basic Concepts of OS
• Functions of an OS
• Task of an OS
• OS Goals and Objectives
• Kinds of OS
• Other Related OS Topics
REPORTED BY: GROUP 2
Leader: Buñing, Allen Vincent
Members: 1. Caballero, Iris Josh
2. Cruz, Hael Leightton Rei
3. Escasinas, Jason
4. Tantiatco, Jon Mykel Kristofer
5. Tuazon, Edison
Submitted to:
FAUSTO S. HILARIO
Subject Professor
OPERATING SYTEMS AS A PLATFORM 2021
Operating Systems as a Platform
Table of Contents
What is an Operating System……………………………………………………………….2
History of Operating System…………………………………………………….………….2
Evolution of Desktop/Laptop Operating Systems………………………………………3
DOS………………………………………………….…………………………………..7
Windows OS……………….……………………….…………………...…………....13
Linux OS………………………………………………….………………………..…..28
Mac OS………………………………………………….………………………………36
Ubuntu OS………………………………………………….……………………...…..41
Comparison of Top Desktop/Laptop OS………………………………………………….49
Basic Concepts of OS………………………………………………………………………..57
Functions of an OS………………………………………………….………………………..58
Task of an OS………………………………………………….…………..…………………..62
OS Goals and Objectives……………………………………………………………..……..64
Kinds of OS………………………………………………….………………………….……..65
Other Related OS Topics………………………………………………….…………….…..66
GROUP 2 1
What is an Operating System?

An Operating System (OS) is a powerful, and
usually large, program that controls and manages the
hardware and other software on a computer. It is a software
that acts as an interface between computer hardware
components and the user. Every computer system must
have at least one operating system to run other programs.
Applications like Browsers, MS Office, Notepad Games,
Click Thumbnail to watch the video online etc., need some environment to run and perform its tasks.
All computers and computer-like devices require operating systems, including your
laptop, tablet, desktop, smartphone, smartwatch, and router.
Laptops, tablets, and desktop

computers all run operating systems that
you've probably heard of. Some examples
include versions of Microsoft Windows (like
Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7,
Windows Vista, and Windows XP), Apple's
macOS (formerly OS X), Chrome OS,
BlackBerry Tablet OS, and flavors of Linux,
an open-source operating system.
The OS helps you to communicate

with the computer without knowing how to
speak the computer's language. It is not
possible for the user to use any computer or
mobile device without having an operating
system.
History Of Operating System

• Operating systems were first developed in the late 1950s
to manage tape storage
• The General Motors Research Lab implemented the first
OS in the early 1950s for their IBM 701
• In the mid-1960s, operating systems started to use disks
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• In the late 1960s, the first version of the Unix OS was developed
• The first OS built by Microsoft was DOS. It was built in 1981 by purchasing the 86-
DOS software from a Seattle company
• The present-day popular OS Windows first came to existence in 1985 when a GUI
was created and paired with MS-DOS.
Evolution of Desktop or Laptop Operating System
The earliest computers, such as the Colossus and the ENIAC, had to be
programmed by physically manipulating the machines’ switches and cables. Then, in the
1950s, computers developed the ability to run programs and input data inscribed onto
punched cards or tape; there were also computers that had built-in programs that could
support or interact with the user’s punched card-based programs.
The operating system came about as a way to manage the input and operation of
these programs, using techniques such as batch processing and multitasking. The first
operating system designed to be compatible with multiple different models of computers
was the IBM OS/360, announced in 1964; before this, each computer model had its own
unique operating system or systems.
The first operating system that resembled the desktop operating systems that we
use today was the oN-Line System (NLS), which was developed in the late 1960s at the
Stanford Research Institute. NLS was the first operating system to support the use of a
mouse and to feature a user interface of overlapping windows.
Though it inspired the mouse-driven graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that almost
all PCs use today, NLS itself was never widely implemented, since it was difficult to use
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and was designed for an outdated method of computing (time-sharing). In fact, the first
commercially available PC to use an NLS-inspired, mouse-based GUI was the Xerox
Star, which wasn’t released until 1981 and was also poorly received, selling only 25,000
units.
1. Serial Processing
It develops by 1940 to 1950’s programmers incorporated by the hardware

components without the implementation of the operating system. The problems here are
the scheduling and setup time. The user’s login for machine time by wasting the computed
time. The setup time is involved when loading the compiler, saving the compiled program,
source program, linking and buffering. If any intermediate error occurs, the process gets
starts over.
2. The Batch System
It is used by improving the utilization and application of computers. Jobs were

scheduled and submitted on cards and tapes. Then sequentially executed on the monitors
by using Job Control Language. The first computers are used in the process of the batch
operating process made the computer batch of jobs without any pause or stop. The
program is written in the punch cards and then copied to the processing unit of the tape.
When the computer completed a single job, it instantly begins the next task on the tape.
Professional operators are trained to communicate with the machine where the users
dropped the jobs and fetched back to pick the results after the job is executed.
Though it is uncomfortable for the users it is made to keep the expensive computer
as busy up to the extent by running a leveraged stream of jobs. The protection of memory
doesn’t allow the memory area comprises the monitor to altered and the timer protects
the job from monopolizing the system. The processor sustains as idle when the input and
output devices are in use by the bad utilization of CPU time.
3. Multi-programmed Batch System
It is used to have several jobs to execute which should be held in main memory.
Job scheduling is made up of the processor to decide which program to execute.
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4. Time-Shared Operating System
Used to develop the substitute batch systems. The user communicated directly
with the computer by printing ports like an electric teletype. Few users shared the
computer instantaneously and spent a fraction of a second on every job before starting
with the next one. The fast server can act on many user’s processes instantly by creating
the iteration when they were receiving its full attention. The Timesharing systems are
used by multiple programs to apply to the computer system by sharing the system
interactively.
The multi-programming is used to manage multiple communicative jobs. The time

of the processor is shared among multiple users and many users can simultaneously
access the system via terminals. Printing ports needed that programs with the command-
line user interface, where the user has written responses to prompt or written commands.
The interaction is scrolled down as a roll of paper.
The video terminals replaced the use of printing terminals that displayed the fixed
size characters. Some are used to develops forms on the screen but many usually with
scrolled like glass teletype. Personal computers became adaptable in the mid-1970s. The
commercial feasible personal computer is Altair 8800, that came into the market and
rocked the business values. The Altair doesn’t have an operating system because it has
only light-emitting diodes and toggle switches for input and output. So the people started
to use floppy disk and connected terminals.
The digital research implemented the CP/M operating system in 1976 for Altair and
similar computers. Later DOS and CP/M had a command-line interface similar to the time-
sharing operating systems. These computers were dedicated only to single users and do
not apply to shared users.
The fall of hardware prices raised the use of personal computers with bit-mapped
managed individual pixels. It made the possibility of a personal computer with a graphical
user interface. The Apple Macintosh implemented in 1984 was marked as the first
commercial success. It initially pushed the state of the hardware art and was restricted to
a miniature monochrome display view. As the hardware continued to evolve, larger the
color Macs were developed, and Microsoft implemented Windows based on the Graphical
User Interface operating system.
5. Macintosh Operating System
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It was dependent on decades of research on graphical oriented personal computer

operating systems and applications. In 1960, the photo shows a Sutherland pioneer
program sketchpad is developed by using many characteristics of the modern graphical
user interface but the hardware components cost around millions of dollars that occupied
a room.
After many research gaps, the project on

large computers and enhancement in hardware
made the Macintosh commercially and
economically feasible. The research prototypes
such as sketchpads are still under process at many
research labs. It formed the basis of expected
products.
Operating System in the Trend

• The current operating system provides program execution, I/O operations,
communication, file-system manipulation, error detection, allocation of resources,
accounting, and protection.
• The derivatives of CP are CP-VM, CP/M, CP/M-86, DOS, DR-DOS, and FreeDOS.
• The OS of the Microsoft Windows is Windows 3.x, Windows 95/98, Windows XP,
Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8.
• The derivates of MULTICS are UNIX, Xenix, Linux, QNX, VSTa, RISC iX, Mac
OSX and so on.
• The derivatives of VMS are OS/2, React OS, KeyKOS, OS/360, and OS/400
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DOS (Disk Operating System) 1980

DOS is an operating system that runs from a hard disk drive. The term can also
refer to a particular family of disk operating systems, most commonly MS-DOS (Microsoft
Disk Operating System).
Disk operating systems are also used to describe several very similar command
line disk operating systems. PC-DOS (Personal Computer Disk Operating System) was
the first widely-installed disk operating system used in personal computers running on
Intel processors.
It was developed for IBM by Microsoft Corporation, which also produced its own
almost identical version called MS-DOS. Other computers at the time used this, such as
the
Commodore 64 (1982)
Atari 800 (1979)
Apple II (1977)
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These early operating systems did not multitask, as they were only able to run one
program at a time. The command line interface, in which a user has to type in commands,
requires the user to remember commands to run programs or do other operating system
tasks, making it difficult for novices to use. Computer memory space was limited and
when the instructions to control a computer were moved onto a disk drive, such as a
floppy disk or internal hard drive, it was considered cutting-edge technology.
IBM (International Business Machines)
It began as the Computing, Tabulating & Recording Company (C-T-R) founded by

Herman Hollerith in the late 1800s. The company grew quickly and, in the early 1920s the
name was changed to IBM. IBM was the world leader in providing computer systems for
both business and scientific applications. Also known as Big Blue, it uses assembly data
with the use of punch cards.
MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) 1981
When Microsoft first introduced Windows as a graphical user interface (GUI) for
MS-DOS, early users had to type "WIN" at the DOS prompt to launch the Windows
program. Windows has since evolved from being a GUI program running under DOS to
a full operating system taking over as the default OS, though it was not until Windows XP
that consumer versions of Windows stopped relying on the DOS program. The last retail
version of MS-DOS was MS-DOS 6.22. After this release, MS-DOS was still bundled as
part of Windows, but no longer required a separate license. It can still be run under
Windows using the Command Prompt program.
Evolution of MS-DOS with Release Dates, Manufacturers, and Details
August 1980
86-DOS 0.10
Tim Paterson
First Seattle Computer release
August 1981
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PC DOS 1.0
Microsoft
First IBM release
May 1982
PC DOS 1.1
Microsoft
Double-sided disks
March 1983
PC DOS 2.0
Microsoft
Hard disk drive, subdirectories, device drivers
November 1983
PC DOS 2.1
Microsoft
Half-height disk drives, ROM cartridges
August 1984
PC DOS 3.0
Microsoft
Support for larger disks
April 1985
PC DOS 3.1
Microsoft
Local area networking support
March 1986
PC DOS 3.2
Microsoft
31⁄2-inch 720 KB floppy support
April 1987
PC DOS 3.3
IBM
31⁄2-inch 1.44 MB floppy support, extended partitions
November 1987
MS-DOS 3.31
Compaq
Hard disk partitions over 32 MB
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May 1988
DR DOS 3.31
Digital Research
ROMable DOS
July 1988
IBM DOS 4.0
IBM
DOS Shell, EMS 4.0 usage
April 1990
DR DOS 5.0
Digital Research
Memory management
June 1991
MS-DOS 5.0
Microsoft
MS-DOS Editor, QBasic, first retail upgrade
September 1991
DR DOS 6.0
Digital Research
Disk compression (AddStor's SuperStor)
March 1993
MS-DOS 6.0
Microsoft
Disk utilities, DoubleSpace disk compression
June 1993
PC DOS 6.1
IBM
First IBM release after split with Microsoft, E
September 1993
MS-DOS 6.2
Microsoft
Improved version of DoubleSpace
February 1994
MS-DOS 6.21
Microsoft
DoubleSpace removed due to legal injunction
April 1994
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PC DOS 6.3
IBM
SuperStor/DS disk compression
June 1994
MS-DOS 6.22
Microsoft
Last Microsoft release; DriveSpace disk compression
April 1995
PC DOS 7.0
IBM
Memory optimizations, Stacker disk compression, Rexx
Installation of MS-DOS (vDOS)
1. To allow older DOS programs to run on newer Windows platforms, the Virtual DOS
Machine (NTVDM) is used. Windows 10 32-bit includes this, but 64-bit versions
don’t. Instead, Windows users will see a pop-up alert that DOS programs can’t run.
2. vDos is a third-party DOS emulator that replaces Windows’ own NTVDM

technology. When you run DOS software through vDos, it’ll load in its own window.
It adds network and printer support, provides clipboard access and allows you
direct access to your system files.
3. If you want to install vDos, head to https://www.vdos.info/download.html and

download the installation program. The installation process is easy, open the
installer and follow the instructions. Make sure you allow vDos to patch and update
to the most recent version of vDos during the installation.
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4. Once vDos is installed, you can check that it’s working by opening vDos (labeled
“vDos”) from the Start menu. Open vDos and you should see the typical DOS “C:\”
prompt. From here, you can now run any DOS software you like.
5. With the initial vDos startup configuration erased, you’ll see the DOS prompt every
time you run the vDos program. There’s a selection of interesting DOS software
available online that you can try, from text-based web browsers to graphics-editing
tools. To run your software, download your DOS software and place it in the same
directory as vDos (for example, “C:\vDos”). This directory is treated as the initial
“C:\” directory.
6. DOS isn’t just outdated, it’s ancient, with the final release of MS-DOS nearly twenty
years ago. Software like vDos helps to fill in the gap, giving a new lease on life to
older software that you wouldn’t otherwise be able to run.
Support for DOS is still popular for those who want to play DOS games in Windows.
Example of Games are Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Bomberman and Prince of Persia
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Windows OS
Developed by Microsoft Corporation to run
personal computers (PCs). Featuring the first
graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM-compatible
PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC
market. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some
version of Windows.
The first version of Windows, released in

1985, was simply a GUI offered as an extension of
Microsoft’s existing disk operating system, or MS-
DOS. Based in part on licensed concepts that Apple Inc. had used for its Macintosh
System Software, Windows for the first time allowed DOS users to visually navigate a
virtual desktop, opening graphical “windows” displaying the contents of electronic folders
and files with the click of a mouse button, rather than typing commands and directory
paths at a text prompt.
Subsequent versions introduced greater functionality, including native Windows

File Manager, Program Manager, and Print Manager programs, and a more dynamic
interface. The 1995 consumer release Windows 95 fully integrated Windows and DOS
and offered built-in Internet support, including the World Wide Web browser Internet
Explorer.
Microsoft Windows has seen nine major versions since its first release in 1985.
Over 29 years later, Windows looks very different but somehow familiar with elements
that have survived the test of time, increases in computing power and most recently a
shift from the keyboard and mouse to the touch screen.
The Evolution of Windows Operating System (Windows 1 to Windows 10)
Windows 1 (1985)
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This is where it all started for Windows. The original Windows 1 was released in
November 1985 and was Microsoft’s first true attempt at a graphical user interface in
16-bit. It was notable because it relied heavily on use of a mouse before the mouse was
a common computer input device. To help users become familiar with this odd input
system, Microsoft included a game, Reversi (visible in the screenshot) that relied on
mouse control, not the keyboard, to get people used to moving the mouse around and
clicking on screen elements.
Windows 2 (1987)
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Two years after the release of Windows 1, Microsoft’s Windows 2 replaced it in

December 1987. The big innovation for Windows 2 was that windows could overlap
each other, and it also introduced the ability to minimize or maximize windows. The
control panel, where various system settings and configuration options were collected in
one place, was introduced in Windows 2 and survives to this day. Microsoft Word and
Excel also made their first appearances running on Windows 2.
Windows 3 (1990)
The first Windows that required a hard drive launched in 1990. Windows 3 was
the first version to see more widespread success and be considered a challenger to
Apple’s Macintosh and the Commodore Amiga graphical user interfaces, coming pre-
installed on computers from PC-compatible manufacturers. Windows 3 introduced the
ability to run MS-DOS programmes in windows, which brought multitasking and
supported 256 colours bringing a more modern, colorful look to the interface. More
importantly it introduced the card-moving and mouse use trainer, Solitaire.
Windows 3.1 (1992)
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Windows 3.1 released in 1992 is notable because it introduced TrueType fonts making
Windows a viable publishing platform for the first time. Minesweeper also made its first
appearance. Windows 3.1 required 1MB of RAM to run and allowed supported MS-DOS
programs to be controlled with a mouse for the first time.
Windows 95 (1995)
As the name implies, Windows 95 arrived in August 1995 and with it brought the
first ever Start button and Start Menu. It also introduced the concept of “plug and play”
connecting a peripheral and the operating system finds the appropriate drivers for it and
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makes it work. That was the idea, it didn’t always work in practice. Internet Explorer also
made its debut on Windows 95 but was not installed by default requiring the Windows
95 Plus! pack. Later revisions of Windows 95 included IE by default.
Windows 98 (1998)
Released in June 1998, Windows 98 built on Windows 95 and brought with its IE
4, Outlook Express, Windows Address Book, Microsoft Chat and NetShow Player,
which was replaced by Windows Media Player 6.2 in Windows 98 Second Edition in
1999. Windows 98 introduced the back and forward navigation buttons and the address
bar in Windows Explorer, among other things.
Windows ME (September 2000) and Windows 2000 (February 2000)
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Released in September 2000, it was the consumer-aimed operating system

twined with Windows 2000 aimed at the enterprise market. It introduced some important
concepts to consumers, including more automated system recovery tools.IE 5.5,
Windows Media Player 7 and Windows Movie Maker all made their appearance for
the first time.
The enterprise twin of ME, Windows 2000 was released in February 2000 and
was based on Microsoft’s business-orientated system Windows NT and later became
the basis for Windows XP.
Windows XP
Arguably one of the best Windows versions, Windows XP was released in

October 2001 and brought Microsoft’s enterprise line and consumer line of operating
systems under one roof. The Start menu and taskbar got a visual overhaul, bringing the
familiar green Start button, blue taskbar, and vista wallpaper, along with various
shadows and other visual effects. ClearType, which was designed to make text easier
to read on LCD screens, was introduced, as were built-in CD burning, auto play from
CDs and other media. Windows XP was the longest running Microsoft operating
system, seeing three major updates and support up until April 2014, 13 years from its
original release date. Windows XP was still used on an estimated 430M PCs when it
was discontinued.
Windows Vista
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Windows XP stayed the course for close to six years before being replaced by
Windows Vista in January 2007. Vista updated the look and feel of Windows with more
focus on transparent elements, search and security. PC gamers saw a boost from
Vista’s inclusion of Microsoft’s DirectX 10 technology. Windows Media Player 11 and
IE 7 debuted, along with Windows Defender an anti-spyware programme. Vista also
included speech recognition, Windows DVD Maker and Photo Gallery, as well as
being the first Windows to be distributed on DVD.
Windows 7
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Considered by many as what Windows Vista should have been, Windows 7 was
first released in October 2009. It was intended to fix all the problems and criticism faced
by Vista, with slight tweaks to its appearance. It was faster, more stable, and easier to
use, becoming the operating system most users and businesses would upgrade to from
Windows XP, forgoing Vista entirely. Microsoft stopped providing security updates for
Windows 7 on January 14, 2020.
Windows 8
Released in October 2012, Windows 8 was Microsoft’s most radical overhaul of

the Windows interface, ditching the Start button and Start menu in favor of a more touch
friendly Start screen. The new tiled interface saw programme icons and live tiles, which
displayed at-a-glance information normally associated with “widgets”, replace the lists
of programmes and icons. A desktop was still included, which resembled Windows
7.Windows 8 was faster than previous versions of Windows and included support for the
new, much faster USB 3.0 devices. The Windows Store, which offers universal
Windows apps that run in a full-screen mode only, was introduced. The radical overhaul
was not welcomed by many. Microsoft attempted to tread a fine line between
touchscreen support and desktop users, but ultimately desktop users wanting to control
Windows with a traditional mouse and keyboard and not a touchscreen felt Windows 8
was a step back. There were also too few touchscreens in use, or on offer, to make its
touch-oriented interface useful or even necessary which leads to the 8.1 update.
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Windows 8.1
Windows 8.1 re-introduced the Start button, which brought up the Start screen
from the desktop view of Windows 8.1. Users could also choose to boot directly into the
desktop of Windows 8.1, which was more suitable for those using a desktop computer
with a mouse and keyboard than the touch focused Start screen.
Windows 10
Windows 10 represents another step in Microsoft’s U-turn, bringing back the

Start menu and more balance to traditional desktop computer users. Some interesting
features include the ability to switch between a keyboard and mouse mode and a tablet
mode, for those computers like the Surface Pro 3 with a detachable keyboard. Windows
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10, despite being the ninth version of Windows, is designed to unify all Windows
platforms across multiple devices, including Windows Phone and tablets, with universal
apps that can be downloaded from the Windows Store and run on all Windows devices.
Installation of Windows 10
Step 1: Upgrade to Windows 10
You can’t perform a clean installation of Windows 10 until you’ve performed an

upgrade installation and activated the operating system. This done, confirm that
Windows 10 has been activated by going to Start > Settings > Update & security >
Activation. Look in the right of the window and you should see Activation: Windows is
activated. If you don’t see this, you must not proceed, and you’ll need to wait until
Windows 10 activates.
Step 2: Download the Windows 10 Media Creation Tool
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The Windows 10 download is around 2.5GB and will need to be copied to a blank
DVD or a USB flash drive for the installation, so make sure you have something suitable
to hand for this. Go to www.microsoft.com/en-gb/software-download/windows10 and
click Download tool now. This just downloads a small setup tool that will download the
required Windows 10 setup files later.
Step 3: Run the Windows 10 Media Creation Tool
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When the download has finished, plug in your USB flash drive or insert a blank
DVD in your PC’s DVD drive. Find the downloaded MediaCreationTool.exe file in
yourDownloads folder and double-click it to run it. When the Windows 10 Setup window
appears, select the Create installation media for another PC option and click the Next
button.
Step 4: Choose Your Windows 10 Version
On the next screen, choose the Language, Edition and Architecture (32-bit or 64-
bit) to match your current version of Windows 10. Don’t select one of the N editions,
these lack Windows Media Player. Click Next to continue.
Step 5: Choose a Storage Device and Start the Download
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Select the device you’re going to use for the Windows 10 installation, USB flash
drive or
an ISO file for burning to DVD. Click Next. Select the USB flash drive, or a folder on
your PC, to store the Windows 10 setup files. Click Next and the 4GB download will
begin.
Step 6: Begin the Windows 10 Installation
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After you boot your PC using the Windows 10 DVD or USB flash drive, choose
the Install now option and then Skip the request for a product key to activate Windows.
If you’ve already upgraded this PC to Windows 10, you won’t need a product key.
Step 7: Perform a Custom Install
When prompted, choose the Custom: Install Windows only (advanced) option.
This will erase everything on your existing Windows 10 drive (usually C:), so be sure
you’ve backed up everything you want to keep before going any further.
Step 8: Choose Where to Install
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Select the hard drive partition you want to install Windows 10 on. This should
already be labelled as Windows 7, 8 or 10, but it should also be the largest partition in
the list. If you’re not sure which partition to use, seek help before going any further. If
you’re happy to continue, click the Format option and click OK on the warning dialog
box that appears. When the drive format is complete, click Next.
Step 9: Confirm That Windows 10 Has Activated
Once Windows 10 is installed, repeat Step 1 to check that it has been activated,
you may need to click the Activate button. You may also need to install the necessary
drivers for your PC’s network or Wi-Fi adapter first, since activation requires internet
access.
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Linux OS
Linux has been around since the mid-1990s and
has since reached a user-base that spans the globe.
Linux is actually everywhere: It's in your phones, your
thermostats, in your cars, refrigerators, and televisions. It
also runs most of the Internet, all of the world’s top 500
supercomputers, and the world’s stock exchanges.
But besides being the platform of choice to run desktops, servers, and embedded
systems across the globe, Linux is one of the most reliable, secure and worry-free
operating systems available.
Just like Windows, iOS, and Mac OS, Linux is an operating system. In fact, one
of the most popular platforms on the planet, Android, is powered by the Linux operating
system.
Evolution of Linux OS
Linux 0.01 (1991)
Linus Torvalds, a young programmer from Finland announces he is working on a

free operating system under the banner of Usenet newsgroup. The company
subsequently launches the first active version Linux 0.01 on the Internet.
Slackware (1993)
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Patrick Volkerding launches Slackware, first Linux distribution ever. The same
year Ian Murdock released the initial version of Debian that laid the base for Ubuntu,
MEPIS, etc. The first book on Linux programming and installation gets launched.
1995
An instrumental year in terms of Linux marketing as the company holds its first
ever Linux expo. It went on to become a tradition for the next several years. It was the
first trade show of its kind and featured many software and updates by various
marketers.
Linux Kernel 2.0 (1997)
The Tux mascot was created and the company launched a new version called
Linux Kernel 2.0. Linux started to gain acceptance among various business
organizations for its unique architecture. The same year, Bliss was discovered. A
serious Linux virus that can easily sidestep the system firewall.
GNOME - GNU Network Object Model Environment (2000)
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Linux shipments rose to an astounding 200% within three months of release of

the second major version. In 1999, the first ever desktop version of Linux, the GNOME
desktop arrived. As per the IDC report of 2000, Linux becomes the second most popular
operating system for server computers in the world. But the biggest feat was achieved
when Ericcson announced the first mobile phone based on Linux operating system the
same year.
Ubuntu (2007)
Over the span of seven years, the Linux operating system has faced multiple
legal claims regarding the security threats by companies such as Microsoft, IBM, Apple
Red Hat, etc. Plus, the company launches the first of its kind user-friendly desktop
version called Ubuntu with all the essential features just like any system meant for
domestic use.
Linux 3 (2008 — Present)
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Global users of the Linux operating system touched the magical mark of 20
million in the year 2010. Many interfaces are released in the duration of next couple of
years with Google's chromebooks being the most popular of them all. Linux 3.0 got
launched in the year 2011 with a gaming platform update in the subsequent year.
Installation of Linux OS
PART 1: How to Make a Linux Bootable USB
1. Download a Linux Distribution Software in ISO format. An ISO file is a disk

image. Some of the top options are Ubuntu, Mint, or Fedora. They are free to
download from each distribution’s main website. We will be using Ubuntu
2. Insert the USB drive into your computer. You might be asked to format your
drive. This will erase all the data stored on your drive, so make sure to back up
your files before you begin.
3. Download Rufus. You can find the latest version of the application at
https://rufus.ie/en_US/
4. Open Rufus and select your USB drive from the Device list. If you don’t know
which drive to use, eject all other drives until you only have one to choose from.
5. Under Boot Selection, click the Select button and choose the ISO file you
downloaded earlier. Don’t change the other default settings.
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6. Finally, click Start. If you get a pop-up message asking you to select a mode
that you want to use to write the image, choose ISO.
7. Then wait for Rufus to mount your ISO file onto your drive. This might take some
time, so be patient if the progress bar gets stuck. Warning: This will erase all the
data on your drive, so make sure to back up any important files.
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PART 2: How to Install Linux from USB
1. Insert a bootable Linux USB drive.
2. Click the start menu. This is the button in the lower-left corner of your screen
that looks like the Windows logo.
3. Then hold down the SHIFT key while clicking Restart. This will take you into
the Windows Recovery Environment.
4. Then select Use a Device.
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5. Find your device in the list.
6. Your computer will now boot Linux. If your computer reboots Windows, there
was either an issue with your drive, or you might have to change settings in your
BIOS. Warning: Changing BIOS settings can damage your computer if you don’t
know what you’re doing.
7. Select Install Linux (Ubuntu).
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8. Go through the installation process. This will differ depending on which

distribution software you are trying to install. These details might include your Wi-
Fi network, language, time zone, keyboard layout, etc. You might also be
required to create an account with a username and password. Make sure to write
down any details, as you will likely need them in the future.
9. Reboot your computer when prompted. If you have more than one OS in your
system, you will be taken to a GNU GRUB screen after rebooting. This screen
allows you to select which OS you want to boot.
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Mac OS
What is Mac OS?
macOS is the operating system for Apple

Computer's Macintosh line of personal computers and
workstations.
macOS is the operating system that powers every

Macintosh or Mac computers. It lets you do things you simply
can’t do with other computers. That’s because it’s designed
specifically for the hardware it runs on and vice versa. macOS
comes with an entire suite of beautifully designed apps. And
it’s been built from the ground up with privacy and security in
mind.
Macintosh
Macintosh or Mac is a line of desktop and laptop computers developed by

Apple. Each Macintosh computer or Mac runs exclusively on a version of the Mac OS,
Apple's desktop operating system.
Mac OS X Versions:
Version Codename Release Date

Mac OS X Public Beta Kodiak September 13, 2000
Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah March 24, 2001
Mac OS X 10.1 Puma September 25, 2001
Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar August 24, 2002
Mac OS X 10.3 Panther October 24, 2003
Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger April 29, 2005
Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard October 26, 2007
Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard August 28, 2009
Mac OS X 10.7 Lion July 20, 2011
Mac OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion July 25, 2012
Mac OS X 10.9 Mavericks October 22, 2013
Mac OS X 10.10 Yosemite October 16, 2014
Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan September 30, 2015
macOS X 10.12 Sierra September 20, 2016
macOS X 10.13 High Sierra September 25, 2017
macOS 10.14 Mojave September 24, 2018
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macOS 10.15 Catalina October 7, 2019

macOS 11 Big Sur November 12, 2020
Public Beta (Kodiak)
Apple released a "preview" version of Mac OS X (internally codenamed Kodiak) in

order to gain feedback from users.
Version 10.0 (Cheetah)
Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally

codenamed Cheetah). The initial version was slow,
incomplete, and had very few applications available at the
time of its launch, mostly from independent developers.
While many critics suggested that the operating system was
not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the
importance of its initial launch as a base on which to
improve. Click Thumbnail to watch the video online
Version 10.1 (Puma)
Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released. It has better

performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1
as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users.
Version 10.2 (Jaguar)
Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 jaguar, the first release to use its code name
as part of the branding. It brought great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look
and many powerful user-interface enhancements. A system-wide repository for contact
information in the new Address Book, and an instant messaging client named iChat.
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Version 10.3 (Panther)
In addition to providing much improved performance, it also incorporated the most

extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or more new
features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a
brushed-metal interface, Fast user switching, Expose Window
manager, FileVault, Safari, iChat AV (which added videoconferencing features to iChat),
improved Portable Document Format (PDF) rendering and much greater Microsoft
Windows interoperability.
Version 10.4 (Tiger)
Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features. As with Panther,
certain older machines were no longer supported, and it requires a Mac with a built-
in FireWire port. Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart
Folders, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automator,
VoiceOver, Core Image and Core Video. The initial release of the Apple TV used a
modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and
services.
Version 10.5 (Leopard)
It was called by Apple as the largest update of Mac OS X. New features include a
new look, an updated Finder, Time Machine, Spaces, Boot Camp pre-installed, full
support for 64-bit applications (including graphical applications), new features
in Mail and iChat, and a number of new security features.
Version 10.6 (Snow Leopard)
The last version to be available on disc. Rather than delivering big changes to the
appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X, the
development of Snow Leopard was deliberately focused on "under the hood" changes,
increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. The most
noticeable changes are these: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a
clean installation compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more
responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa, faster Time Machine backups, more reliable and
user friendly disk eject, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a
faster Safari web browser. An update introduced support for the Mac App Store, Apple's
digital distribution platform for macOS applications and subsequent macOS upgrades.
Version 10.7 (Lion)
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It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display

of installed applications (Launchpad) and a greater use of multi-touch gestures. Changes
made to the GUI (Graphical User Interface) include the Launchpad (similar to the home
screen of iOS devices), auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are being used,
and Mission Control, which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen
applications within a single interface. Apple also made changes to applications, they
resume in the same state as they were before they were closed (similar to iOS) and
documents auto-save by default.
Version 10.8 (Mountain Lion)
It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include Game Center, support
for iMessage in the new messages in messaging application, and Reminders as a to-do
list app separate from iCal. Notification Center, which makes its debut in Mountain Lion,
is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher. Application pop-ups are now
concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right
side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features, including support
for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine. Notification Center is added, providing an
overview of alerts from applications. Notes is added, as an application separate from Mail,
synching with its iOS counterpart through the iCloud service. Messages (an instant
messaging software application) replaces iChat.
Version 10.9 (Mavericks)
Released as a free update through the Mac App Store worldwide. It placed
emphasis on battery life, Finder enhancements, other enhancements for power users,
and continued iCloud integration, as well as bringing more of Apple's iOS apps to the OS
X platform. iBooks and Apple Maps applications were added.
Version 10.10 (Yosemite)
Released as a free update through the Mac App Store worldwide. It featured a
major overhaul of user interface, replaced skeuomorphism with flat graphic design and
blurred translucency effects, following the aesthetic introduced with iOS 7. It introduced
features called Continuity and Handoff, which allow for tighter integration between paired
OS X and iOS devices, the user can handle phone calls or text messages on either their
Mac or their iPhone, and edit the same Pages document on either their Mac or their iPad.
A later update of the OS included Photos as a replacement for iPhoto and Aperture.
Version 10.11 (El Capitan)
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Apple described this release as containing "Refinements to the Mac Experience"

and "Improvements to System Performance" rather than new features. Refinements
include public transport built into the Maps application, GUI improvements to
the Notes application, as well as adopting “San Francisco” as the system font. Metal API,
an application enhancing software, had debuted in this operating system.
Version 10.12 (Sierra)
The update brought “Siri” to macOS, featuring several Mac-specific features, like
searching for files. It also allowed websites to support Apple Pay as a method of
transferring payment, using either a nearby iOS device or Touch ID to authenticate.
iCloud also received several improvements, such as the ability to store a user's Desktop
and Documents folders on iCloud so they could be synced with other Macs on the same
Apple ID.
Version 10.13 (High Sierra)
The release includes many under-the-hood improvements, including a switch

to Apple File System (APFS), the introduction of Metal 2, support for HEVC video, and
improvements to VR support. In addition, numerous changes were made to standard
applications including Photos, Safari, Notes, and Spotlight.
Version 10.14 (Mojave)
Some of the key new features were the Dark mode, Desktop stacks and Dynamic
Desktop, which changes the desktop background image to correspond to the user's
current time of day.
Version 10.15 (Catalina)
It primarily focuses on updates to built-in apps, such as replacing iTunes with

separate Music, Podcasts, and TV apps, redesigned Reminders and Books apps, and a
new Find My app. It also features Sidecar, which allows the user to use an iPad as a
second screen for their computer, or even simulate a graphics tablet with an Apple Pencil.
The Dashboard application was also removed in the update.
Version 11 (Big Sur)
The major version number is changed, for the first time since "Mac OS X" was
released, making it macOS 11. It brings ARM support, new icons, and GUI changes to
the system. It is also the latest version currently in used.
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Ubuntu OS
What is Ubuntu OS?
Ubuntu is an open-source operating

system based on the Debian GNU/Linux
distribution. It incorporates all the features of a
Unix OS with an added customizable GUI, which
makes it popular in universities and research
organizations. Ubuntu is primarily designed to be
used on personal computers, although a server
edition does also exist.
It is an African word that literally means "humanity to others." It was first released
in 2004. The project is sponsored by Canonical Ltd, a UK-based company that generates
revenue by selling support and services to complement Ubuntu. Canonical releases a
new version of Ubuntu every 6 months and provides support in the form of patches and
security releases for 18 months thereafter.
Ubuntu consists of many software packages, which are licensed under GNU
General Public License. This allows users to copy, change, develop and redistribute their
own version of the program. It comes with a wide range of software programs, including
FireFox and LibreOffice. There is also proprietary software that can be run on Ubuntu.
Installation of Ubuntu
Requirements:
• A USB of at least 4 GB in size. You can also use a

DVD.
• Internet connection (for downloading Ubuntu and live-
USB making tool, not required for installing Ubuntu)
• Optionally, you may need an external USB disk for
making a backup of your important data (if any)
present on the current system Click Thumbnail to watch the video online
Step 1: Download Ubuntu
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• Before you do anything, you have to download Ubuntu. It is available as a single

ISO file of around 2 GB in size. An ISO file is basically an image of disc and you
need to extract this ISO on a USB disk or DVD. You can download Ubuntu ISO
from its website.
Step 2: Create a live USB
• Once you have downloaded Ubuntu’s ISO file, the next step is to create a live USB
of Ubuntu.
• A live USB basically allows you to boot into Ubuntu from a USB drive. You can test
Ubuntu without even installing it on your system. The same live USB also allows
you to install Ubuntu.
• There are various free tools available for making a live USB of Ubuntu such as
Etcher, Rufus, Unetbootin, Universal USB installer.
Step 3: Boot from the live USB
• Plug in your live Ubuntu USB disk to the system.

• Now, you need to make sure that your system boots from the USB disk instead of
the hard disk. You can do that by moving the USB up in the boot order.
• Restart your system. When you see a logo of your computer manufacturer, press
F2 or F10 or F12 to access the BIOS settings.
• Now, the BIOS screen could look different for your computer. The entire idea is
that you put USB (or removable media) on the top of the boot order. Save the
changes and exit.
Step 4: Install Ubuntu
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• Now you should boot into the live Ubuntu environment. You’ll the grub screen that
gives you the option to either try Ubuntu without installing or install it right away.
You may choose the first option “Try Ubuntu without installing”
• In around 10-20 seconds, you should be able to log in to the live Ubuntu
environment. It may take some more time if you are using the slower USB 2.
• Click on the Install Ubuntu icon on the desktop.

• It will ask you to choose some basic configurations like language and keyboard
layout. Choose the most appropriate ones for your system.
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• You should go for the normal installation here because it will install some software
like music player, video players and a few games.
• If you are connected to internet, you’ll get the option to download updates while
installing Ubuntu. You may uncheck it because it may increase the installation time
if you have a slow internet. You can update Ubuntu later as well without any
issues.
• The most important screen comes at this time. If there are other operating systems
installed, you may get the option to install Ubuntu along with them in dual boot.
• But since your goal is to only have Ubuntu Linux on your entire system, you should
go for Erase disk and install Ubuntu option.
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• When you hit the “Install Now” button, you’ll see a warning that you are about to
delete the data.
• Things are straightforward from here. You’ll be asked to choose a time zone
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• And then you’ll be asked to create a username, computer’s name and set a
password.
• Once you do that, you just have to wait and watch for like 5-10 minutes. You’ll see
a slideshow of Ubuntu features in this time. Slideshow provides basic information
about using Ubuntu during installation
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• Once the process finishes, you’ll be asked to restart the system.
• When you restart the system, you might encounter a shutdown screen that asks
you to remove the installation media and press enter.
• Remove the USB disk and press enter. Your system will reboot and this time, you’ll
boot into Ubuntu.
Ubuntu Versions:
Version Codename Release Date

4.10 Warty Warthog October 20, 2004
5.04 Hoary Hedgehog April 8, 2005
5.10 Breezy Badger October 13, 2005
6.06 LTS Dapper Drake June 6, 2006
6.10 Edgy Eft October 26, 2006
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7.04 Feisty Fawn April 4, 2007

7.10 Gutsy Gibbon October 18, 2007
8.04 LTS Hardy Heron April 24, 2008
8.10 Intrepid Ibex October 30, 2008
9.04 Jaunty Jackalope April 23, 2009
9.10 Karmic Koala October 29, 2009
10.04 LTS Lucid Lynx April 29, 2010
10.10 Maverick Meerkat October 10, 2010
11.04 Natty Narwhal April 28, 2011
11.10 Oneiric Ocelot October 13, 2011
12.04 LTS Precise Pangolin April 26, 2012
12.10 Quantal Quetzal October 18, 2012
13.04 Raring Ringtail April 25, 2013
13.10 Saucy Salamander October 17, 2013
14.04 LTS Trusty Tahr April 17, 2014
14.10 Utopic Unicorn October 23, 2014
15.04 Vivid Vervet April 23, 2015
15.10 Wily Werewolf October 22, 2015
16.04 LTS Xenial Xerus April 21, 2016
16.10 Yakkety Yak October 13, 2016
17.04 Zesty Zapus April 13, 2017
17.10 Artful Aardvark October 19, 2017
18.04 LTS Bionic Beaver April 26, 2018
18.10 Cosmic Cuttlefish October 18, 2018
19.04 Disco Dingo April 18, 2019
19.10 Eoan Ermine October 17, 2019
20.04 LTS Focal Fossa April 23, 2020
20.10 Groovy Gorilla October 22, 2020
21.04 Hirsute Hippo April 22, 2021
Watch Video
Click Thumbnail to watch the video online
GROUP 2 48
Comparison of Top Desktop/Laptop OS

Click Thumbnail to watch the video online
WHICH OS IS BEST FOR PERSONAL USE?

When it comes to home use, traditional Windows and MAC OS are great options.
At home, you don’t need powerful OS especially for simple tasks like writing or browsing
the web. For gaming, the Windows operating system is well optimized than that of MAC.
WHICH IS THE FASTEST OS?

While discussing the fastest OS, there is no argument that Linux based OS is the
lightest and fastest OS in the market right now. It doesn’t need a powerful processor
unlike Windows to operate at an optimal level.
Linux based OS like Ubuntu Server, CentOS server, Fedora is great options especially
for running business enterprises where substantial computing power is mandatory.
FREE OPERATING SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES

- We understand that not everyone has enough dollars to afford a high-grade
operating system for their computers. However, that’s not all the bad news as there
are free OS alternatives which ensure that your computer keeps running. All the
below options are available for download; hence you can simply install it today.
- Linux: Linux is absolutely free and will literally run on anything.
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- Chrome OS: Chrome OS is available on a number of Low cost and some high-end
laptops, like chrome books.
- Free BSD: With its roots connected to Linux, it is the modern-day version of the
Berkeley Software Distribution.
- Syllable: Syllable is yet another free alternative for home and small business users
only.
- ReactOS: Initially launched as a Windows 95 clone, this OS has come a long way
since then.
OS Computer Target System Security Best For Price Website

Name Architecture Default Threat
Supported
Windows X86, Workstation, Huge Apps, $119 Windows
x86-64, Personal Gaming, -
Computer Browsing $199
Mac OS 68k, Workstation, Negligible Apple Free Mac OS
Power PC Personal Exclusive
Computer Apps
Ubuntu X86, Desktop/server Negligible Open Source Free Ubuntu
X86-64, Downloading,
Power PC, APPS
SPARC,
Alpha.
Fedora X86, Desktop/server Negligible Coding, Free Fedora
X86-64, Corporate
Power PC, Use
SPARC,
Alpha.
FreeBSD X86, Server, Negligible Networking Free FreeBSD
X86-64, Workstation,
PC 98, NAS,
SPARC, embedded
others.
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10 Best Operating Systems In Market
1. MS-Windows 6. Free BSD

2. Ubuntu 7. Chrome OS
3. Mac OS 8. CentOS
4. Fedora 9. Debian
5. Solaris 10. Deepin
The top 3 most popular desktop operating systems are: Windows, Mac and
Linux. The first two being the fiercest competitors in the commercial market, and the
third, their freeware rival the Linux.
What hardware is supported and how can I acquire it?
Windows Mac Linux
Standard Mac hardware can be

Supported computer hardware can ordered from CERN Stores via Supported computer hardware
be ordered from CERN Stores via the EDH. can be ordered from CERN
the EDH. Stores via EDH.
Intel-based Mac hardware models
Check also: that can run one of the supported Check also: HW models
Supported Hardware and Versions of OS versions are supported. Old supported on SLC6 and HW
Windows. hardware models based on models supported on SLC5.
PowerPC are not supported.
Desktop / Laptop Desktop / Laptop Desktop / Laptop
Both desktop and portable (laptop) Both desktop and portable (laptop)
Only desktop models
models models
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What support will I get?
Windows Mac Linux
General-purpose Windows PC are

supported and centrally managed within
IT Linux Support team provides and
NICE, the Network Integrated Computer
Mac computers are supports CERN distribution of Linux:
Environment. This means that a central supported, but not managed SLC, Scientific Linux CERN and CERN
IT team within IT is in charge of the centrally by the IT Mac CentOS which are based on Red Hat
correct configuration of the OS layer,
Support team. This means Enterprise Linux. SLC installations are
applications and updates. Most
that the user is in charge of preconfigured to automatically receive
configuration tasks are automatically
the correct configuration and updates, but no updates are enforced
performed for the user and security regular maintenance of their centrally.
updates are enforced monthly. computer, which has to be
carried out based on the Licences for Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Advanced users who require very
updates provided by software can be provided for services with a
specific configuration can opt out from
vendors. strong dependency for 3-rd party
the central management scheme and
support reasons.
manage their Windows computers
locally.
Supported OS versions Supported OS versions Supported OS versions
macOS High Sierra – version

10.13, released in 2017
Windows 10
macOS Sierra – version CERN CentOS 7
Windows 7
10.12, released in 2016 CERN Scientific Linux 6
Mac OS X 10.11 "El Capitan"
(support for upgrade only)
Minimum computer
Minimum computer skills required Minimum computer skills required
skills required
For configuration: elementary For configuration: advanced For configuration: advanced

For daily use: elementary For daily use: elementary For daily use: advanced
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How do I install the operating system?
Windows Mac Linux
New Mac computers are

OS installation and re-
delivered with Mac OS pre- OS installation and re-installation
installation on the supported
installed. on the supported hardware can
hardware can be started directly
Reinstallation and upgrades can be started directly from the
from the network as
be started directly from the network as explained here.
explained here.
network as explained here.
Network connection
Before the network installation can be launched, the computer needs to be connected to the CERN
network and correctly registered in the Network database.
How do I install applications?
Windows Mac Linux
Automated installation of
Applications are available for
supported applications is
Supported applications are installation with yum or - under
provided using the kiosk
available from the Mac Self- the window manager - from
functionality of CMF,
Service as explained here. System > Administration >
the Computer Management
Add/Remove Software.
Framework.
Available applications Available applications Available applications
Applications available on NICE

Software for Mac OS X Linuxsoft Software Repository
Windows 7
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What applications are most commonly used?
Windows Mac Linux
E-Mail
Apple Mail
Microsoft Outlook Microsoft Outlook Mozilla Thunderbird
Mozilla Thunderbird
Web browsing
Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox

Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox Apple Safari
Word processing
Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word OpenOffice Writer
Apple Pages
Spread sheets
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel OpenOffice Calc
Apple Numbers
Presentations
Microsoft Powerpoint
Microsoft Powerpoint OpenOffice Impress
Apple Keynote
Graphics
GIMP
CorelDraw Graphics Suite GIMP
Adobe Photoshop
Reading PDF documents
Adobe Reader Apple Preview Document Viewer
Creating PDF documents
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"Print to file..."
Adobe Pro OpenOffice Writer, export to PDF
Adobe Acrobat Pro
Web authoring
Microsoft Expression Web

Adobe Dreamweaver -
Adobe Dreamweaver
Antivirus
Microsoft System Center Endpoint

Microsoft System Center Endpoint
Protection -
Protection
Symantec Antivirus
Desktop connection to remote Windows servers
Microsoft Remote Desktop Microsoft Remote Desktop

rdesktop
Connection for Windows Connection for Mac
Desktop connection to remote Linux servers
StarNet X-Win32 XQuartz Native support for X11
How do I maintain the OS and the applications?
Windows Mac Linux
General-purpose Windows PC are

centrally maintained: there is a monthly
Mac users are responsible for the By default, Linux computers are
update cycle for the OS and supported
maintenance of their computer – they configured to automatically
applications. Other applications have to
should update the OS and receive OS and application
be regularly updated by the user using
applications regularly using the updates from yum. Reboots are
the mechanisms provided by the mechanisms provided by the not enforced, so the users should
respective application vendors.
respective vendors. Normally, this is manually reboot whenever a
Locally-managed computers are as easy as accepting the automatic software update requires a reboot
updates, but it has to be done in a to be effective (ex.: kernel
maintained by their respective local
prompt way. update).
administrators using tools and updates
provided by the NICE team.
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Where do I store my files and how do I back them up?
Windows Mac Linux
By default, user directories such as

“Documents” or “Desktop” are
Since AFS is natively supported by
redirected to DFS and always
Scientific Linux CERN, users are
available on the computer – even if By default, user files are stored
strongly encouraged to set up their
the computer is offline. locally on the computer’s disk.
home directories on AFS at account
creation.
User should not save their files in
other directories on the local disk
Backup Backup Backup
There is no automatic backup of the

User files on DFS are automatically
user’s files. The user has to
backed-up.
manually back up his/her files.
User files on AFS are automatically
There is no automatic backup of
One possible backup policy is to backed-up.
files stored on the local disk in
regularly copy user documents to
directories outside of the user home
the user’s space on DFS. There is no automatic backup of the
directory. files stored on the local disk.
The Mac Support Team is currently
User files should not be stored
investigating other backup
outside of the user home directory.
scenarios.
Recovery from hardware loss Recovery from hardware loss Recovery from hardware loss
In case of a hardware loss – such

In case of a hardware loss – such as theft or hardware failure – the
In case of a hardware loss – such as
as theft or hardware failure – user user relies fully on the manual
theft or hardware failure – user files
files can be easily recovered from backup procedure that they
stored on AFS can be easily
DFS and applications installed from followed for their files. If the user
recovered from AFS. For files on the
CMF can be automatically had not backed up his/her files
local disk, the user relies fully on the
reinstalled. Other applications that before the hardware loss, then the
manual backup procedure that they
had been manually installed from user data recovery will not be
followed. Applications have to be
other sources by the user will have possible. CERN-supported
manually reinstalled (either from the
to be manually reinstalled form applications that had been installed
CERN Linux Software Repository
these sources. from DFS can be reinstalled from
using yum or from the source
DFS and applications added form
previously used by the user).
other sources will have to be
reinstalled from these sources.
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Basic Concepts of Operating System
An Operating system is basically an intermediary agent between the user and the
computer hardware.
• Manages the computer’s resources (hardware, abstract resources,

software)
• It’s a resource allocator.
• It is also used to control programs to prevent errors and improper computer
use.
• It is interrupt driven.
Operating System Benefits
• Simplifies hardware control for applications

• Enforcer of sharing, fairness and security with the goal of better overall
performance
- Trade-off between fairness and performance
- Trade-off between optimal algorithms and lean algorithms – OS is overhead.
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• Provides abstract resources

- Sockets
- Inter-process communication
Functions of an Operating System

An operating system provides three essential capabilities: It offers a UI through a
CLI or GUI; it launches and manages the application execution; and it identifies and
exposes system hardware resources to those applications -- typically, through a
standardized API.
Following are some of important functions of an operating System.

• Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Device Management
• File Management
• Security
• Control over system performance
• Job accounting
• Error detecting aids
• Coordination between other software and users
Memory Management
Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main
memory is a large array of words or bytes where each word or byte has its own address.
Main memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a
program to be executed, it must in the main memory. An Operating System does the
following activities for memory management −
• Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use by whom, what part
are not in use.
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• In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get memory when and
how much.
• Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
• De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has been
terminated.
Processor Management
In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which process gets the processor
when and for how much time. This function is called process scheduling. An Operating
System does the following activities for processor management −
• Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program responsible for this
task is known as traffic controller.
• Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
• De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.
Device Management
An Operating System manages device communication via their respective drivers. It does
the following activities for device management −
• Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as the I/O
controller.
• Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
• Allocates the device in the efficient way.
• De-allocates devices.
File Management
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage. These
directories may contain files and other directions.
An Operating System does the following activities for file management −
• Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective facilities are
often known as file system.
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• Decides who gets the resources.

• Allocates the resources.
• De-allocates the resources.
Other Important Activities

Following are some of the important activities that an Operating System performs −
• Security − By means of password and similar other techniques, it prevents
unauthorized access to programs and data.
• Control over system performance − Recording delays between request for a
service and response from the system.
• Job accounting − Keeping track of time and resources used by various jobs and
users.
• Error detecting aids − Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other
debugging and error detecting aids.
• Coordination between other softwares and users − Coordination and
assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to the
various users of the computer systems.
Why Use an Operating System?

• An operating system brings powerful benefits to computer software and software
development. Without an operating system, every application would need to
include its own UI, as well as the comprehensive code needed to handle all low-
level functionality of the underlying computer, such as disk storage, network
interfaces and so on.
• Considering the vast array of underlying hardware available, this would vastly bloat
the size of every application and make software development impractical.
• Once installed, it relies on a vast library of device drivers to tailor OS services to
the specific hardware environment. Thus, every application may make a common
call to a storage device, but the OS receives that call and uses the corresponding
GROUP 2 60
driver to translate the call into actions (commands) needed for the underlying
hardware on that specific computer.
• Operating system provides a comprehensive platform that identifies, configures
and manages a range of hardware, including processors; memory devices and
memory management; chipsets; storage; networking; port communication, such
as Video Graphics Array (VGA), High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and
Universal Serial Bus (USB); and subsystem interfaces, such as Peripheral
Component Interconnect Express (PCIe).
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Tasks of an Operating System (OS)

1. Manage computer resources
• When a program has been executed in a computer it will be counted as a process

and will require some amounts of resources and power from the user’s computer.
• The OS will handle the job of allocating available resources across running
applications.
2. Provide a User interface
• Since the OS is the bridge that allows the user to communicate with the computer,
the OS must provide a User interface as the interaction environment between the
user and hardware.
Types of User interface used in OS:
1. Command Line Interface (CLI)

• Oldest form of user interface.
• Responds to commands typed by the user.
Example of a CLI:
2. Text-Based Interface (TUI)

• The TUI is a gray area between CLI and GUI.
• It usually uses text as a representation of buttons and borders.
• The main difference between CLI and TUI is; CLI relies on successive lines of text
typed by the user while TUI can use pointers and primitive menu.
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Example of TUI:
3. Graphical User Interface (GUI)

• Also referred as Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointer (WIMP).
• It allows the user to interact with the device through visual icon and indications.
• The most common user interface used today.
Example of GUI:
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3. Execute and provide services for application software.
• The Operating System is necessary for an application to interact with the computer
hardware by following protocols programmed in the operating system.
• Services provided by an OS:
▪ Program execution – the OS is responsible for execution of all types
of programs
▪ I/O operations – Handling all sorts of inputs from any input devices.
▪ File System Manipulation–Decides how data should be
manipulated and stored
▪ Communication–it allows the communication between application
and hardware.
▪ Error detection – The OS is constantly checking for possible errors
and takes appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent
computing
▪ Resource allocation–Gives the application the resources it needs
to run.
▪ Protection – Controls the access of programs and processes in a
computer.
Goals/Objectives of an Operating System

Primary goal
1. Make the computer convenient and efficient to use

2. Hide details of hardware resources from the user
3. Provide the user a convenient interface
4. Be a middle ground of interaction
Secondary goal
1. Manage resources of the computer

2. Keep track of what programs and applications are using resources
3. Provide efficient and fair sharing of resources to users and program
4. Utilize mechanisms provided by hardware
GROUP 2 64
Types of Operating System (OS)
Following are the popular types of Operating System:

• Batch Operating System
• Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
• Multiprocessing OS
• Real Time OS
• Distributed OS
• Network OS
• Mobile OS
Batch Operating System

Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming. To speed the
same process, a job with a similar type of needs are batched together and run as a group.
The user of a batch operating system never directly interacts with the computer. In
this type of OS, every user prepares his or her job on an offline device like a punch card
and submit it to the computer operator.
Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems

Time-sharing operating system enables people located at a different
terminal(shell) to use a single computer system at the same time. The processor time
(CPU) which is shared among multiple users is termed as time sharing.
Real time OS
A real time operating system time interval to process and respond to inputs is very
small. Examples: Military Software Systems, Space Software Systems are the Real time
OS example.
GROUP 2 65
Distributed Operating System

Distributed systems use many processors located in different machines to provide
very fast computation to its users.
Network Operating System

Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve to
manage data, user, groups, security, application, and other networking functions.
Mobile OS
Mobile operating systems are those OS which is especially that are designed to
power smartphones, tablets, and wearables devices.
Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS, but others
include BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.
Other Related OS Topics
Advantage of using Operating System
• Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating an abstraction

• Easy to use with a GUI
• Offers an environment in which a user may execute programs/applications
• The operating system must make sure that the computer system convenient to
use
• Operating System acts as an intermediary among applications and the hardware
components
• It provides the computer system resources with easy to use format
• Acts as an intermediator between all hardware's and software's of the system
Disadvantages of using Operating System
GROUP 2 66
• If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the contents which have been stored
in your system
• Operating system's software is quite expensive for small size organization which
adds burden on them. Example Windows
• It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at any time
What is a Kernel?
The kernel is the central component of a computer operating systems. The only
job performed by the kernel is to the manage the communication between the software
and the hardware. A Kernel is at the nucleus of a computer. It makes the communication
between the hardware and software possible. While the Kernel is the innermost part of
an operating system, a shell is the outermost one.
Features of Kernel
• Low-level scheduling of processes

• Inter-process communication
• Process synchronization
• Context switching
Types of Kernels
There are many types of kernels that exists, but among them, the two most popular
kernels are:
GROUP 2 67
1.Monolithic
A monolithic kernel is a single code or block of the program. It provides all the
required services offered by the operating system. It is a simplistic design which creates
a distinct communication layer between the hardware and software.
2. Microkernels
Microkernel manages all system resources. In this type of kernel, services are
implemented in different address space. The user services are stored in user address
space, and kernel services are stored under kernel address space. So, it helps to reduce
the size of both the kernel and operating system.
Difference Between Firmware and Operating System
Firmware Operating System
Firmware is one kind of programming OS provides functionality over and above

that is embedded on a chip in the device that which is provided by the firmware.
which controls that specific device.
Firmware is programs that been encoded OS is a program that can be installed by

by the manufacture of the IC or the user and can be changed.
something and cannot be changed.
It is stored on non-volatile memory. OS is stored on the hard drive.
Difference Between 32-Bit vs. 64 Bit Operating System
Parameters 32. Bit 64. Bit
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Architecture and Allow 32 bit of data processing Allow 64 bit of data

Software simultaneously processing simultaneously
Compatibility 32-bit applications require 32-bit 64-bit applications require a

OS and CPUs. 64-bit OS and CPU.
Systems All versions of Windows 8, Windows XP Professional,

Available Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Vista, 7, Mac OS X and
Windows XP, Linux, etc. Linux.
Memory Limits 32-bit systems are limited to 3.2 64-bit systems allow a
GB of RAM. maximum 17 Billion GB of
RAM.
GROUP 2 69
REFERENCES:
1. Softwaretestinghelp (2021, March 30) List of The Top and Most Popular
Operating Systems with Features and Comparison. Pick The Best OS for Your
Business or Personal Use From This List:
ONLINE RESOURCES:
1. https://www.lifewire.com/operating-systems-2625912
2. https://www.guru99.com/operating-system-tutorial.html
3. https://www.sacatech.com/2019/08/15/the-evolution-of-desktop-operating-
systems/#:~:text=The%20first%20operating%20system%20that%20resembled%2
0the%20desktop,to%20feature%20a%20user%20interface%20of%20overlapping
%20windows
4. https://jeewanthalahiru.medium.com/evolution-of-linux-os-53cca2957196
5. https://rufus.ie/en_US/
6. https://www.britannica.com/technology/Windows-OS
7. https://www.instructables.com/Windows-10-Installation/
8. https://www.linux.com/what-is-linux/
9. https://www.maketecheasier.com/use-vdos-run-dos-programs-windows/
10. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/02/from-windows-1-to-
windows-10-29-years-of-windows-
evolution#:~:text=The%20original%20Windows%201%20was,relied%20on%20co
mmand%2Dline%20input.
11. https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Mac-OS
12. https://www.apple.com/za/macos/what-is/
13. https://techterms.com/definition/macintosh
14. https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/os-x-macos-versions-3662757/
15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_version_history
16. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/3307/ubuntu
17. https://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu/
18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_version_history#1604
GROUP 2 70
19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_version_history\
20. https://www.educba.com/evolution-of-operating-system/
21. https://homepage.cs.uri.edu/faculty/wolfe/book/Readings/Reading07.htm#:~:text=
An%20operating%20system%20has%20three,provide%20services%20for%20ap
plications%20software
22. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/functions-of-operating-system/
23. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A-
level_Computing/CIE/Computer_systems,_communications_and_software/Syste
m_software/User_interfaces
24. https://blogs.helsinki.fi/students-digital-skills/1-introduction-to-the-use-of-
computers/1-1-computer-functionality/operating-system-and-user-interface/
25. https://askubuntu.com/questions/867416/are-there-differences-between-cli-and-
tui#:~:text=The%20difference%20of%20the%20definitions,desktop%20environme
nt%20or%20window%20manager
26. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#:~:text=The%20operating%20syst
em%20provides%20an,programmed%20into%20the%20operating%20system.
27. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_services.htm
28. http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~jniu/teaching/csc33200/files/0915-
OperatingSystemsOverview.pdf
29. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_operating_syst
em.htm
30. https://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/definition/command-line-interface-
CLI#:~:text=The%20MS%2DDOS%20operating%20system,line%20interfaces%2
C%20such%20as%20Python
31. https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/best-operating-systems/
32. https://information-technology.web.cern.ch/help/desktop-comparison
33. https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/computerbasics/understanding-operating-systems/1/
34. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_overview.html
GROUP 2 71

Operating Systems As A Platform (Handouts - Group 2)

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Bulacan State University

College of Information and Communications Technology

Operating Systems as a Platform

• Evolution of Desktop/Laptop Operating Systems

REPORTED BY: GROUP 2

Leader: Buñing, Allen Vincent

Members: 1. Caballero, Iris Josh

2. Cruz, Hael Leightton Rei

4. Tantiatco, Jon Mykel Kristofer

Operating Systems as a Platform

What is an Operating System……………………………………………………………….2

History of Operating System…………………………………………………….………….2

Evolution of Desktop/Laptop Operating Systems………………………………………3

Comparison of Top Desktop/Laptop OS………………………………………………….49

Basic Concepts of OS………………………………………………………………………..57

OS Goals and Objectives……………………………………………………………..……..64

Other Related OS Topics………………………………………………….…………….…..66

What is an Operating System?

Laptops, tablets, and desktop

The OS helps you to communicate

History Of Operating System

Evolution of Desktop or Laptop Operating System

It develops by 1940 to 1950’s programmers incorporated by the hardware

2. The Batch System

It is used by improving the utilization and application of computers. Jobs were

3. Multi-programmed Batch System

4. Time-Shared Operating System

The multi-programming is used to manage multiple communicative jobs. The time

5. Macintosh Operating System

It was dependent on decades of research on graphical oriented personal computer

After many research gaps, the project on

Operating System in the Trend

DOS (Disk Operating System) 1980

Atari 800 (1979)

IBM (International Business Machines)

It began as the Computing, Tabulating & Recording Company (C-T-R) founded by

MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) 1981

Evolution of MS-DOS with Release Dates, Manufacturers, and Details

Installation of MS-DOS (vDOS)

2. vDos is a third-party DOS emulator that replaces Windows’ own NTVDM

3. If you want to install vDos, head to https://www.vdos.info/download.html and

The first version of Windows, released in

Subsequent versions introduced greater functionality, including native Windows

The Evolution of Windows Operating System (Windows 1 to Windows 10)

Two years after the release of Windows 1, Microsoft’s Windows 2 replaced it in

Windows 3.1 (1992)

Windows ME (September 2000) and Windows 2000 (February 2000)

Released in September 2000, it was the consumer-aimed operating system

Arguably one of the best Windows versions, Windows XP was released in

Released in October 2012, Windows 8 was Microsoft’s most radical overhaul of

Windows 10 represents another step in Microsoft’s U-turn, bringing back the

Step 1: Upgrade to Windows 10

You can’t perform a clean installation of Windows 10 until you’ve performed an

Step 2: Download the Windows 10 Media Creation Tool

Step 3: Run the Windows 10 Media Creation Tool

Step 4: Choose Your Windows 10 Version

Step 5: Choose a Storage Device and Start the Download

Step 6: Begin the Windows 10 Installation

Step 7: Perform a Custom Install

Step 8: Choose Where to Install

Step 9: Confirm That Windows 10 Has Activated

Linux 0.01 (1991)

Linus Torvalds, a young programmer from Finland announces he is working on a