i i MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM Objective Type Questions Q. L. Choose the correct answer of the following : 1, The magnetic effect of electric current was discovered by : (a) Fleming (b) Faraday Dhan ‘i 2, Amoving charge produces : (©) Ampere (d) Ocrste (a) Only electric field (6) Only magnetic field (c) Both electric and magnetic field (d) Neither electric nor magnetic field. 3. The SI unit of magnetic field intensity is: @ Nim (b) Gauss or oersted (c) NIA-m (d) weber * metre”. 4, Amperes cireuital rule is : nae 23 ++ ~f @ §Bdet (0) $Bdl= Bt © $Ba-ug @ $Beal a §, The magnetic field produced at the centre of a circular coil carrying current is : (a) In the plane of plane (b) Perpendicular to the plane of coil (c) At 45° from the plane of coil (d) At 60° from the plane of coil. 6. The force on a charge moving in a uniform magnetic field is zero if the direction of motion of charge is : (a) Perpendicular to the magnetic field (b) At 45° from magnetic field (c) At 60° from the magnetic field (4) Parallel to the magnetic field. 7. The torque on a current carrying loop in a uniform magnetic field is maximum when the plane of loop is : (a) Parallel to the magnetic field (b) Perpendicular to the magnetic field (c) At 45" from the magnetic field (d) At 60° from the magnetic field. 8. To measure the current in a circuit we use : (a) Voltmeter (b) Galvanometer (c) Ammeter (4) Voltameter. Ans. 1. (4), 2. ©), 3. (6), 4. (©),,5: (0), 6. (4), 7. (2), 8: (©). Q. 2. Fill in the blanks : The SI unit of permeability is SI unit of magnetic field is ......... . Dimensional formula of magnetic fi field i is A current carrying solenoid behaves like a... The lorentz force ona charged particle in a uniform magnetic field is given as The force between two parallel conductors carrying current in same direction ae aes in nature. 7. The resistance ofan ideal ammeter is .. Ans. 1. newton / ampere”, 2. newton (ampere x metre), 3. [MT7A"}, 4. Bar mage 5, g(vxB), 6. Attractive, 7, Infinite.2:3-Match the cotuam satumaag vas . Column ‘A! Cutan ty 1. Intensity: OF magneto fiokt itu to a steagitt (wd qviiane Conductor carrying canductar ota Ibn 2 Intensity of magnetic fled due ta a ourrent (NY ft wo carrying loop at its conti , Intensity of magnetic Hold «luo ta salenaidd (0) figl (av carrying current w (d) Hanl (0) WNT ar 4. Lorentz force 5S. Biot-Savart law Ans 1 Ce) 2 Ge) 3 (a4. (Ad S. tH) Cohan 1. Moving coil galvanometer (MP 2019) (a) Curent meant A aviog 2. Shunted galvanometer ()) Valinetor 3. A galvanometer provided with high (9) AN AnstiMmont used ty Moning sistance in series the potential ditterenee 4 Ammen (a) Magnotio eftiot of cuter 5. Voltmeter (0) Ammotor Ans. 1 (d), 2 (¢), 3. (b),4 (a), 5 (c) Q.4. Write the answer in one ward/sentence { 1 Which field ts produced by a moving coil ? 2. Ina toroid the magnetic lines of foreo are limited at inside its oore Why? 3. Whats the magnetic field at the centro of Long hotlow current OEY Hee copper ? 4. Acurrent carrying solenoid is suspended freely ina horizontal Plano. What Willey direction when it is at rest ? , 5. What is relation between radius of a current CATTYINE coil and Magnetic field fw duced at its centre ? 6. Acharged parucle enters ia uniform magnetic field parallal to fold, Whaat wilthey path ? Ans. Electric and magnetic field both, 2 Because thero are HO froo ends ina toroid) 4 Centre the magnetic field Temains zero, 4. It will Stay in north. oat lived tig 1 S. Be R 6. The Path of charged Particle be Straight ling, 7 When the oharge mow Perpendicular to magnetic field. Very Short Answer Type Questions QLIn the given fig. a circular current carrying loop in shown, The current Mowing through it. What would be the direction of magnetic Meld in it? Ans. Upwards, Perpendicular to Plane ofeni4, @) Physies (MP. Q. 2. In which condition th condnctors be attraction force? Tet between two At when ie ies of current in both conductors i . 3. In which condition the f iapoenie acini Wepaaee force between two Parallel current carrying Ans. When the direction of current j Q.4. What will be the magai (Class XI | 8S Parallel current carrying Ans. Force acting on charge qwill and B both, Q.5. In an electric line current is flowi ofmagnetic field above the wire age or ne towards north. What wil be the direction Ans. Direction of magnetic field Q. 6. What is the direction of ma; carrying conductor ? Ans. The lines of force will be in the Q. 7. What is the magnetic fj Ans. Uniform magnetic field, Short Answer Type Questions Q. 1. What do you mean by magnetic effect of current? Ans. When electric current flows through a conductor a A 2 oa + I be Feq(vx B) and itwill be perpendicular to v will be towards cast. ‘puctic lines of force around a long straight current form of closed citele around the conductor. ield inside a current carrying solenoid ? magnetic field is developed around the conductor. This effect of SMart fe current is called as magnetic effect of current. ~y Q. 2. State Maxwell's right band screw rule. VY ‘Ans. According to this rule if cork screw is tured so that“ it advances in the direction of the current along the wire then the ? [Btese curen direction in which the thumb rotates in the direction of the magnetic lines of force. t Q.3. Define ‘ampere’, No Or - Fig. Maxwe's Write practical unit of current and define it, + corkscrew rake Ans. The practical unit of eurent is ampere. One ampere ofcurrent is that current which produces a field of 10°? Wo/mt, atthe centre of the conductor of length 1m, placed in the form of an arc of a circle of radius 1m. Q. 4. Write an expression for force acting on current-carrying conductor placed in magnetic field. Give the meaning of symbols used. — ; . ‘Ans. The force on current-carrying conductor kept in magnetic field is given by =IBIsind ; ; _ Where, locust, 1= Length of conductor, B = Field intensity and 9 = Angle between irectic and the conductor. / eee att ng liens and io Ans. The S.L. unit of magnetic field intensity is newton ' ampere x ie hie The intensity of the magnetic field is 1 newton ampere ment a | nm pains acts on a conductor of length 1m carrying 2 current of ] ampere ant perper the magnetic ficld.Q.6. Why a soft iron core is kept in moving coil galvanometer ? Ans. The a netic lines of force crossed through the . he magnet 8 soft iron core. This itivit Ivanometer. i ence sensitivity of gal we field radial the magnetic fietd and to make the magnetic field radial. oes on rahe magnetic field becomes radial, hence the plane of the coil bec is. So Hlel to the magnetic field. Under this condition, the deflecting torque on the coi parallel to : ae Why an ammeter is connected in series in an electric ficld ? ‘Ans. An ammeter measures the electric current of the circuit, hence all the currey ugh the ammeter. Therefore, it is connected in series. should pass tho 3 in parallel to the circuit? Why, Q. 9. What happens ifan ammeter is connecte is i i eter ? a en iti telance ofan ammeter is very les, henee almost all the cutrent wl oy through the ammeter which may damage the ammeter. The resistance of an ideal ammeter js ae Q. 10. What happens if'an ammeter is connected in parallel to a circuit ? Ans. [fan ammeter is connected in parallel to a circuit then due to very low resistance of ammeter a large current will flow through it and its coil may burn or its pointer may be damaged. Q. II. The resistance of ammeter should be very small, Why ? Or The resistance of an ideal ammeter is zero. Why ? Ans. An ammeter measures the current of an electric circuit, therefore it is connected | in series. If the resistance of ammeter is large, then it will decrease the current in the circuit, Thus, the resistance of an ammeter should be less or zero. Q. 12. What will be the resultant magnetic field intensity of point O as shown in the figure ? ° Ans, Duc to the straight portion of the wire the resultant field will be zero and due to semi circle, The resultant field intensity will be | patel | AR Q. 13. In the given fig. what will be the magnetic field at point P ? Ans. At the centre P of circular loop the resultant magenti il igentic field will be zero. | am 9. Mn two parallel Conductor kept at distance 2R. Same current Lis flowing in | same direction, iat wil it i i | sami deer will be the intensity of magentic field at centre Point of the two | Ans, At centre point the magentic fields due to both conductors will be equal and opposite. Hence the magentic field at centre will be zero. Q. 15. What is second right-hand pal ? Write its uses, . mre Ans. Stretch out the palm of your right-hand such that the fingers are perpendicular to the direction of thumb. Ifthe thumb points the direction of current and Direction of field Fig. Second right-hand palm rule6@ Pheyaice (MLD) : Clase XI | #7 the finget® parnt the direction of mapdie, sues ton peepevaicolar to the valid Id, then the force acting on conductor will be i Veer Uy 1 we cant find out antenatt : comin 'V of magnetic filed due to current carrying Y tite Mlat-Savart law for th fa currenteatrying conductor and tapuslenee field produced doe to an element nerent wlll Me help of it, ¢ term ured in It. Define the unit of (MP 2019) Obtatn expression for Mtot-Savart! ae Ans. Let AD be a conductor carry: ent! Cons: ement combust, dit ch the magne abe eon es Pee ere ‘ juced at * e the magnetic field (d13) depends on the followy a (1) The field 1s ditcetly proportional oneal del o te, (i) The field 1s directly proport 7 a men portional to the length of element, " (it) The field tx directly proportional petween the line joining the point ade Be ates as AB sind re “en te, (wv) The field ts inversely proportional observation point and line element to the square of the distance between the fe, Meat, Combining all the four points, wo get de IdIsin@ or dhe k Mising aw Where, K is constant of proportionality. Its value depends upon the system of units used InCGS system, K=1 dl sin tye SO gauss @ InMKS system, Ko An Where, #o= Permeability of free space : dae Hy Ml sin Oy)? 6) " 42 7 or aB= 10 SE et 4) ‘The relations given by eqns (2), G) and (4) are called Biot-Savart law ~ ‘The direction of the magnetic field dB is always perpendicular to the plane containing, Grand f and is given by the nghthand screw rule forthe cross product of vectors Unit of electric current : (i) In C.GS. system : Ifdl= lem, r= lem, sind =1 Le. 0 = 90" and dll = 1 gauss, then from eqn (2) 1= 1 electromagnetic unit (€ mu) For a= 90°, the conductor should be taken as # part of circle, as the radius is always perpendicular to the circumferencefg 6) Thus, | ¢.m.u. of current is that current which produces a field of 1 oersted at centre of the conductor oftength ! cm, kept in the form of an arc of a circle of radius | om i) In MKS. system: If di =1m,r=1m,sin 0= 1 and dB = 1077 Wo/m?, then fro eqn. (4) 1= 1 ampere. Thus, | ampere of current is that current which produces a field of 10-7 Wh/m?, att, centre of the conductor of length Im, kept in the form of an are of a cirele of radius 1m, Q. 17. Find the expression for magnetic field intensity for a Toroid: ‘Ans. A solenoid bent into the form of closed ring is called toroidal solenoid to fig (a Ina toroidal solenoid, the magnetic field B has a constant magnitude everywhere inside the toroid while its zero inthe open space interior (point P) and exterior (point Q) to the troig oes Fig. (1) A toroidal solenoid ‘Fig. (b) shows a sectional new toroidal solenoid. The direction of magnetic field in. Side is clockwise as per the right hand thumb rule for circular loops. Tivee eircelor ‘Amperian loops are shown by dashed lines, Fig. (b) Sectional Fig. (b) sectional view of toroidal solenoid. By symmetry, the magnetic field should be tangential to them and constant in magnitude for each of the loops. 1, For points in the open space interior to the toroid : Let B, be the the magnetic field along the Amperian loop 1 of radius r, Length ofthe loop 2, = 2 toroidal solenoid magnitude of As the loop encloses no current, J=0 Applying Ampere’s circuital law. EL = pl or Bry = x0 or B=0 Thus, the magnetic field at any point Pin the Open space interior to the toroid is zero.” ® Physics (MLP.): Class XII (89 | 2, For paints inside the toroid: % B 7 . the Ampetian loop 2 of radiue nt + Lt be the magnitude ofthe magnetic field along Length of loop 2, L, = 2er If Wis the total number of tums i ic a 7 current enclosed by the loop? = NZ in the toroid and J the current in the toroid, then total, Applying Ampere’s circuital law. Bx2ar = py MI or an eet 2er If be the average radius of the toroid and n the number of turns per unit length, then N=2arn J n B= 2m ar or B= pin. 3. For points in the open space exterior to the toroid : Each tum of the toroid passes twice through the area enclosed by the Amperian loop 3. For each turn, the current coming out of the plane of paper is cancelled by the current going into the plane of paper. Thus, J = 0 and hence B, = 0. Q. 18. Obtain an expression of magnetic field intensity at centre of a circular coil carrying current J. Ans. Consider a circular loop of radius r with centre O is carrying current I. Consider a small element of length dl of this coil. According to Biot-Savart’s law the intensity of magnetic field at point O, duel to this small element will be a-re 0) But 6=90° i sing =sin90°=1 “ 4B ae (2) The loop can be considered to be made up of number of such small elements. There- fore the net intensity of magnetic field at centre Owill be Adar S ep . Bo LBo de t oO lL ya. t ane wt or Bem . Fig. od (3) B= , (tesla)- Ww &) If coil has n such loop, then intensity of magnetic field at centre be pa 20 2H testa 4r or This is required expression. ; Q. 19. State and prove Ampere’s circuital law. Ans. Ampere's circuital law: Ampere’s circuital law states that the line integral of magnetic field B around any 4 closed path is equal to 2 times the total current I enclosed ek) by the path, ao 8 h i Mathematically §8.d!= yl Proof : Consider an infinitely long straight conductor carrying current I. The magnetic lines of force are produced around the conductor as con. centric circles, The magnetic field due to this curent-carrying infinite conductor at a distance aig given by Fig. p=4o2, i) 4a : (from Biot-Savart lay) Consider a citcle of radius a. Let XY beasmall element of length dl. df and B areia the same direction because direction of B is along the tangent to the circle. The line integral for the closed path will be {B.di= {Bdlcos 0= {Bdlcos0 = {Bal = $42.21 a fon puting the value of B from eqn. (1)] 2a Hy 21 = fai aralt Hy 21 : 7 tea? ma (+ fal = circumference = 2m) =n) — “ $B.dl = pot This proves Ampere’s circuital law. (2.20. Obtain an expression for the magnetic field due to along strai e. a . 5 carrying conductor using Ampere's cireuital law, Bleu Serves ing ou, Consider an infinite long to conductor XY cary. ¥ ing current] as shown in the figure, Magnetic field at P has to be found out. Distance be- : {ween P and the wire is ‘a’. Draw an Amperian loop of radius @. Consider a line element RS = gh , ‘Ay % Let B be the magnetic field at P: then the line integral of magnetic field along the circular path = fB.a By Ampere’s circuital law, +» $B.d?= pol #2 wl)Physies (MLP.) : Chass X11 91 Where, Lis the total curent flowing ine Ay ‘an k Angle between B and d= 0 iperian loop, So, eqn. (1) becomes 7-4! = Bdlcoso= Bai SB yt S een Bfdl= pt > ~ B2meygl, — (f21=1= circumference of circle=2.m) > Bal i's na Oa On ait ofthe magnetic field due to the conductor ate distance a. etic field dene ca en does the force acting om a current carrying conductor in a magi lepend ? When will the force be maximum and when it will be mini- mum ? Whatis the direction of force ? . Or Establish expression of force on 2 current carrying conductor ina magnetic field. __ Ans. Letus consider about a conductor carrying current! is placed in a magnetic field of intensity B. The force acting on this conductor depends upon the following factors : (i Force is proportional to the current I flowing through the conductor. ie, Feel (ii) Force is proportional to the length of conductor ie., Fal Gii) Force is proportional to the intensity of magnitic field ie., FeB (iv) Force is proportional to the sine of the angle 0 between'the direction of field and direction of current through the conductor. ie, Feocsind Combining the above conditions A Fe I/Bsin@ - B or F=KI/Bsind 3 InMKSS. system k=1 fl A F=UBsin0 fs . “If sind= Fig. Force ona current carrying Meximu forge It sin@ = 90° then conduction in magnetic field. Le., = F=IIBsin 90° F=1/B (maximum) Thus if the current carrying conductor is perpendicular to magnetic field then the force acting on it will be maximum. de, 9=0° then Minimum force : If sin0 = F=I/Bsin0° F=0 (minimum)a Le) ‘Thus if the current carrying conductor is parallel to the magnetic field then toy, acting on it will be zero or minimum. 5 Oth on of field B and that of cureny Direction of force will be perpendicular to direction o Direction both. Q. 22. State Fleming's left-hand rule. Ans. Stretch the forefinger, the middle finger and the thumb of your left-hand so that they are mutually Di perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger points of felg the direction of magnetic field, the middle finger points -» Dinca of eure, the direction of current then the thumb indicates the Fig. Fleming’s left-hand rufe direction of force acting on the conductor. Q. 23. Obtain an expression of force acting on a moving charge in 2 magnetic field. When will it be maximum and minimam ? Or What is Lorentz force ? Obtain its expression. In which condition it will by maximum or minimum ? Ans, Lorentz foree : The force acting on a moving charge in a magnetic field is calleg Lorentz force, Derivation : Let a charge q is entered in a magnetic field B with velocity v making m angle @ with the direction of field. The force acting on it is : (i) Proportional to the charge q i Fag (ii) Proportional to the velocity of charge ie, Fey (iii) Proportional to the intensity of magnetic field he, FaB (iv) Proportional to the sine of angle @ between direction of velocity of charge and that of magnetic field fe, Feesin@ Combining the above conditions or FeqvBsin® or F=kgvBsind The value of k in SI system in 1 . F = qvBsin0, This is required expression. Maximum force : 1f@ = 90° then sin 90°= 1 : F=qvBsin 90° FeqB i Thus if the charge g enters in the field making an angle 90° with the field then force acting on it will be maximum, Minimum force : If = 0° then sin0® =0 “ F=qvBsin 0° F=0 Thus if the charge enters in the field parallel to it then force acting on it will be minimum or zero.‘ Physles (M.P,) : Class XI} 93 _Q. 24, For circular motion or © iL sha te expen catr ofp snd er magne Hl Periodic time of revol Discuss the motion of seems initial velocity perpendicul ‘Ans. Consider a char; \ ed ; magnetic field of intensity yee ith charge q which is moving wilh a velocity v ina ty B. Then, the maximum Lorentz 7 7 foree acting on the charged particle will F=B and the direction of the force j d the ree i whichis ecording Fleming’ let fae ne So te oe will be done by the force on the charge veceure dW=Fdcos@, here g. “Fd cos @, = 90°, hence dW = cee ry ss that kinetic energy or the speed atthe ehargea menns Fig. Lorents foree acling om charged will be c f particle partiele moving perpendicular to the lbs esc So, the charge will move on a circular aincioneraed Now, for circular motion Lo: ; rentz force provides th i ied z force p e necessary centripetal force. he mass of the charged particle be m and the radius of circular path be r. or the charged lar to mapeetetcne in a uniform magnetic field with the Then, Lorentz force = Centripetal force or or AD or ~@) Where, mv =p = Momentum of the particle. Hence, from eqn. (2), the radius of circular path is directly proportional to” the momentum. Again, angular velocity, @ = Frequency, a 22 22m _1_2am and Time-period, 2 Q. 25. Write difference between electric force and magnetic force. Ans. Difference between electric force and magnetic force : Magnetic force Electric force ‘The magnetic force acts on a charge q mov- ing with velocity v in a magnetic field B is The force acting on charge q in an ares electric field Eis F = gE. + 44 F=q(vx8B). ‘The magnetic force depends upon the velo- city of charged particle. 2. | The electric force does not depend up-on the velocity of charge.ee The magnetic force do not acton the, at rest. Magnetic force acts perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field. The work done by magnetic force on a charged particle is always zero. 7 The clectrie force acts even on the charge at rest. Electric force always acts along the direction of electric field. ‘There is some work is done on the charge particle by the electric force. Q. 26. Write difference between ammeter and voltmeter. ‘Ans. Difference between ammeter and voltmeter = Voltmeter ‘Voltmeter is used to measure the potentiay difference between two points in a circuit, Ammeter ‘Ammeter is used to measure the elec tric current flowing through the cir- cuit. . . . A lowresistance wire is connected in| A high resistance wire is connected in serie, with its coil. parallel to its coil. ‘Ammeter is connected in series in an | Voltmeter is always connected in parallel in electrical circuit. acircuit. . 4. |Its resistance is very low Its resistance is very high. 5. |The resistance of an ideal ammeter | The resistance of an ideal voltmeter in infi- is zero, nite. Q.27. Given two parallel wires carrying currents I, and I, are kept at a distance d apart. Obtain the expression for force exerted by one on unit length of another When will this force be attractive and when will it be repulsive ? ‘Ans. Let AB and CD be two parallel conductors kept at a | distance d apart, current flowing through them is. I, and I, Po respectively. hy ‘A magnetic field due to current I, is produced around AB. “Intensity of magnetic field due to AB at a distance dis B= £0. 2h we) m? i According to right-hand palm rule, the direction of this field is downwards, normal to the plane of the paper. Ifanother conductor CD carrying current I, in the same di- c rection of I, is situated in the magnetic field of AB, then force on, length ! of CD is given by D F=1,0B, sin90° =1, 1B, 4 Ps F=1, 140.24 or ref, 2, ahr ; 4a «1 Force acting per unit length on CD will be F _ wo 2hly 4nd A m This is the required expression. Sue) Forte of attrac The direction of magnetic field B, on wire CD is acting Parallel eurrentcareyst inwards. Hence, by Fleming's left-hand rule, the force F, acting ""*Physics (M.P.) : Class XII] 95 on CD will be directed towards attract each other, {sce Fig. (a)] And when the current flows it . (ol lows in opposite direction, they will repel each other, [sec Fig. Q. 28. Explain the construction diagram. Why is a soft-iron core k pieces are made concave ? Ans. (i) A permanent str 5 aien lopoepecaNvurmactonneseees Mma cut in concave shape. A coil A. j ical sofi-iren, ie coil A, is suspended between the pole pieces, by a phosphor bronze wire F. The other end of the coil is connected to a spring S,. The coil consists of insulated copper wire wound on an ‘aluminium fame and a soft iron cylinder C is fixed within the coil, so that the coil can freely turn around it. The wire F and spring S, is connected to the terminals T, and T>, ‘Aconcave minor M is attached to the wire F, so that the deflection of the coil can be measured with the help of lamp and scale Figs Moving-coll gelvanometer arrangement. at te above arrangement is kept inside a non-magnetic box to protect it by dust, air, ge. The ‘ont portion of the box is made of glass and the base is provided by levelling (ii) Soft-ironore is used in moving coil galvanometer because = (a) The permeability of soft-iron is very high, hence the field intensity increases. (b) It makes the field radial. (iii) By making pole pieces of magnet concave, the field is made radial, so that the plane of the coil becomes parallel to the magnetic field in all the positions 29, Establish an expression of torque acting on a rectangular coil carrying in a uniform magnetic field. What will be the conditions for (i) maximum and (ii) minimum torque ? ‘Ans. Let as consider about a rectangular coil ABCD having number of turns n it, is AB, henice CD will come near to AB. So, the conductors of moving-coil galvanometer by drawing Its ept in the moying-coil galvanometer ? Why the pole placed ina uniform magnetic field B. The coil is held in the field in such a way that jitsarm ‘AB and CD are perpendicular to field and AD, BC are parallel to field. Let AB = CD =/and BC =AD =, According to Fleming's left hand rule the force on 'AB will be upwards perpendiculars to plane of paper and that on CD will be downwards perpendicular to the plane of paper. These two force forms a couple and its will rotate the coil in the field. The force acting on AB is F=BIr and force acting on CD is =BIl 4 bsina ‘ F magoetic field. Fig. Torque a coilfa WU terion of feta tll Ifthe angle between normal tothe coil makes an angle c with the direction of field they | Torque t= F x b sina | += Bi/d sina, . “ +=BlAsina, (A= . it =Total torque on the, co T=nBiAsina (where mis No. ofthe tums in the eojy then! Condition for maximum torque : If a =90°then’ T =ABA sin 90° = nBA, (maximum) ; Thus when the plane of coil is parallel to the direction of field then torque acting on i will be maximum. Condition for minimum torque : ' t =nBA sin 0° t= 0, (minimum) ; 4 Thus, when the plane of coil is perpendicular to the field then torque acting on it wil] be minimum or zero. Q.30. What do you understand by the sensitivity of moving-coil galvanometer? Write its expression, On what factors does it depend and how ? Ans, The current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is defined as the deflec- 0° then tion produced by unit current through the coil. . { Let ¢ be the deflection produced due to current J, then } c | I= waa? Ifthe current through the galvanometer is I, which produces a deflection ¢, then ¢_NBA tr Cc « Sensitivity of galvanometer $ = 1 Sensitivity depends on the following factors : GN (No. of tums) should be greater. As the number of tums increases, sensitivity increases. (ii) For greater sensitivity, magnetic field should be greater. To increase the magnetic field B, a permanent horseshoe magnet must be used. By increasing B, sensitivity increases, (iif) Area of the coil : If area increases, Sensitivity increases. (iv) C (Couple per unit twist) : The value of C should be less for more sensitivity. Q. 31. Write any four characteristics of moving coil galvanometer. or Explain under any three points that the moving coil galvanometer is better than tangent galvanometer. Ans. The moving coil galvanometer is better than tangent galvanometer due to its following characteristics : O It can be used easily by keeping it ab any position. i) There is a negligible effect of extemal magnetic field on it. (iii) Its sensitivity is high (iv) It can be converted into ammeter and voltmeter. Gv) Init the current is proportional to deflection of coil. Therefore the current can be read directly by the deflection of pointer.0.32. What isa shent 7 yy, 1 Da eae as Staal? ns ‘Write its aes, What are advantages and disadvantages Ans. Shunt : It ig a ys “ galvmomete, “Wife of low resisiance, connected in parallel to the coil of a hae ‘I Balvanometer is convened into ‘an ammeter by usi Bes 2 (i) It protects the coil Of the gal cae ina breaking ofthe pointe. Ivanometer from burning as well as the Gi) As the shunt when the shunted salvanoman (ee Parallel, the resultant resistance becomes less. So, does not change. ter) is joined in series, then the value of the eurrent Disadv; : beremoved trom ae ; Due to shunt, the Sensitivity of galvanometer is reduced. So, itshould Q. 33. What i me rometet When we have to brain nul peint. calculate the value ofthe sary, shunt ? Ifthe Tesistance of a galvanometer is Rp then 0 the galvanometer. Woe te Current nth part of total current to pass through plecaat a Or What is Shunt 2 Explain its principle. Ans. Shunt: A shunt isa thick eopper wire which is joined in parallel with the coil of the galvanometer. It has very low resistance, Let R, be the resistance Of galvanometer and S be the I ly 4 value of the shunt resistance. Let I be the total current flow in the circuit. It gets di- 1 vided as Ty and I, : where 1, is the current flowing in galva- nometer and I, in the shunt resistance (8). se T=1,+1, A) Fig. Now, potential difference across galvanometer = I,-Ry and Potential difference across shunt = I,.S. _ As galvanometer and shunt are in parallel, hence potential difference will be equal he, 1,-R,=1,.S ior Le --Q) I, kp ok -@) or SER ATEe This is the value of shunt resistance. ‘Adding 1 to both sides of eqn. (2), we get I R, —4+)=—£41 +1 3 r Lt]y R, +S or T s ir R,+S (-Ts1+1) or ss’é 4) or = or (5) ‘The above equation gives the value of current flow through the galvanometer in turns of total current ; If the current passing through the galvanometer is nth part ofthe total current, then ted Ion +. Eqn. (4) becomes or or (6) or - (n=1) Hence, for the nth part of total current to pass through the gal vanometer, the resistance of the shunt should be (7~1)th of the resistance of galvanometer, Q. 34. How a galvanometer can be converted to ammeter and voltmeter ? Ans. Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter : Since, the coil of the galvanometer has law resistance, so to convert it 1 I, into ammeter, a low resistance (called shunt) is joined in paral- lel, so that most of the current passes through the shunt and very | less current passes through the coil of galvanometer. ‘ Derive up to eqn. (3) from Short Ans. Type Q. No. 17. Hence, by joining a shunt resistance of value . So Fig. (a) Conversion of S= IR, galvanometer into ammeter. I-l, So, the galvanometer gets converted to an ammeter. Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter : The resistance of voltmeter is high, so to convert a galvanometer into 2 voltmeter, a high resistance wire is connected in series to the coil t(——- of galvanometer, [see Fig. (b)]. G Suppose R, be the resistance of galvano- meer an isthe resianceofwrcconneted >, cane toe in series. Let J, be the current flowing in the gal- voltmeter ‘vanometer. In order to convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter of range (0-V)volts, we have from adjacent figure The total potential difference between A and B will be V=1,(R, +R) or R,+R= z Re x = * t Ay_ Mo 2% nla? Be @ tee & E This is the required expression. Q. 2. Describe the cyclotron under the following points : (i) Construction, (ii) Principle and working process. : Or What is a cyclotron ? Write its principle. Obtain the expression for the cyclotron frequency and the maximum energy of the charged particle when it hits the target. Ans. Principle : It is based on the principle that when a positively charged particle is made to move again and again in a high frequency electric field and using strong magnetic field, then it gets accelerated and acquires sufficiently large amount of energy. . Construction : It consist of two hollow D-shaped metallic chambers D, and D,, called dees. These dees are separated by a small gap where a source of positively charged particle is placed. Dees are connected to a high frequency oscillator, which provide high frequency electric field across the gap of the dees. This arrangement is placed between two poles of a strong electromagent. The magnetic field due to this electromagnet is perpendicular to the plane of the dees. Working : If a positively charged particle (proton) is emitted from O, when D, is negatively charged and the dee D, is positively charged, it will accelerate towards D,: As soon as it enters D,, it is shielded from the electric field by metallic chamber (enclosed space). Inside D,, it moves at right angles to the magnetic field and hence describes a semi- circle inside it. After completing the semicircle, it enters the gap between the dees at the time when the polarities of the dees have been reversed. Now, the proton is further accelerateda : % & Physics (M.P.) : Class X11] 102 towards D). Then it enters p, ; describes the semicircle due 19 ie Satin field which is perpendicular to the motin ee proton. This motion continues till the we reaches the periphery of the dee system, Weing stage, the proton is deflected by the defo: plate which then comes out through the wna and hits the target. ewindow. Theory : When a proton (or any other positively charged particle) moves at right an angle to the magnetic field B insi Ee Lorentz force acts on it, inside the dees, 7 Le, _ F= qvBsin90° = qvB ‘Where, q = Charge of particle and y = Velocity of particle. The fe i i ? force provides the necessary centripetal force “to the charged particle to move ina circular path of radius r. . J ea or rat wl) Time taken to complete one semicircle inside a dee, Distance ‘Speed x my [fom eqn. (1)] or 122%, xm = Q) qa Q) ‘Thus, time taken to complete one semicircle does not depend upon radius of path If Ts the time-period of the alternate electric field, then the polarities of the dees changes in time 7/2. f Doj.2m fe 2 @B 2am * BT : -G) So, cyclotron frequency or magnetic resonance frequency, © ae Ad) T 2nm Energy gained by a positively charged particle is given by 1 E=omv 2 _ Br From eqn. (1); yetR (a Br _ gee ’ : 1 So, Bap positively charged particle when it is at the 2 Maximum energy is gained by the Periphery of the dees (r is maximum), fe., E, Q. 3. Draw theoretical diagram of cyclotron. Write its working and limitations, Ans. Diagram : See Long Ans. Type Q. No. 2. Working : See Long Ans. Type Q. No. 2. Limitation : (i) The electron cannot be accelerated with the help of cyclotron, (i) The neutral particles such as neutrons cannot be accelerated with the help of it (iil) The positive ions cannot move with a speed beyond a certain limit in cyclotron Q. 4. Obtain an expression for magnetic field duc to a solenoid using Ampere’, circuital law. afP ya 2m Or Show that the intensity of magucetic ficld at the centre ofa current carrying sole. noid is twice at its ends, . Anns. Consider a very long solenoi having 1 tums per unit length carrying current I. The magnetic field inside the p solenoid is uniform and directed along the axis of solenoid. Consider a rectangular Amperian Fig, Au application of Ampere's law to.a section ofa loop aked ina solenoid. Magnetic field B tong ideal solenoid carrying current L The is uniform within. the solenoid. Let the Auperian loop is the rectangle abcd. length of thé Amperian loop be h, ++ Total number of tums in Amperian loop = nh, The integral $75, d? is basically equal to the sum of four integrals > bs ¢. don ay, ie, sR a= [BGs [Bd/Ba Joa (1)! a o © a bab 5 ~ 7 Now, JB.dl = [Bdicos0°, (+ Bis parallel to dfalongab) b b = [Bal=Bfai ie 2 = BS = B(b-a)=BA ‘ ¢ a» Again, [B.dizfB.ateosoo® = 0 and fib. d'=0, 4 6 . d (+ be and da are perpendicular tothe direction of magnetic field B) d. Now, [Bdi=0, (++ magnetic fietd outside the solenoid is zero) :Physics (MLP,) : Class X11 | 103 Putting the values i the values in ean (1), we et B® ja dl= Bh+0+0+0=Bh ® According to Ampere’s circuital law, $B.di = pip xnet current enclosed by the Amperian loop abed. = Mo x number of terms in loop * I ; = gn @) Comparing eqns, (2) and (3), . Bh = ponhl > ‘ Be peal. aie State jaa law and with the help of it derive an expression for a y at a point situat ae earcet inner ae uated at a distance from a current carrying Ans. Biot-Savart law : Refer Short Ans. TypeQ.No.2. Consider a long straightconductor XY which is on the plane of paper and current flow through it is 1, which flows from X ta Y. § Then magnetic field has to be found at position P, which is sit 4 ated at a distance a (distance measured perpendicularly from the dt wire) from the wire. te PC=a x To find out the total magnetic field at P, we have to first find re out the magnetic field due to small Line clement di, Which is situated ata distance I from C. On integrating the magnetic field due toline element di, we can get the total magnetic field Let? be the position vector of P with respectto the line element dr and oisthe angle between the line element df and 7. By Biot-Savart law, gp Mo taisind rr 4n ? We have to find out the magnetic field due to line clement a! at P whichis situated st from dl,‘The position of dl can vary, hence @ can change, s0 we have lo find out the value of sin 6 and di, For that, consider right angled triangle POC. + 9+90° = 180° or 04+4=90° or” 05 90°-¢6 or sin 9=sin(90° - ¢) = cosé 2) a From right angled ACOP, cos = i. or a=rcosp=r=aseed --QG) ! = ‘Again from right angled ACOP, tan =" or I=atangmr te 2 (4). 4 = asec’ ¢ or dl = asec” gdp 4). Putting the values of sin 8, r and d/ from eqns. (2), (3) and (4) respectively in eqn. (1), we get ap = /. Tasec? gdgcos ¢ 4a sec’ ; Ty or @B = 40s od 5) Egn. (5) is the magnetic field due to line element dl. To find out the total magnetic field, integrating both sides under limits from ~ ¢, to y (—; is taken because it is clock. wise or below the line joining’CP and ¢, is taken because it is anticlockwise or above the line joining CP). =fap= f 41 Be fase] Se teos gas =Hol —Holy gy or B= 4 oma = in {sin hs, =H0L sing, ~sin(- Gag Sit be —sin(-A)] Hols. is =r sin ¢,), ‘4a qi tin gy] [+ sin(—@ = -sin 6 (6) For an infinitely long conductor and if the observation point is very near, then . x A=n-2 Hence, eqn. (6) becomes B= fe [saz ssinZ] 4na 2 = Ho 20 2 4x q VO/m . () Eqn. (7) is the expression for the maonetin fata