i \ 4 a ) 6. 10. u. 12. Objective Type Que: Q 1, Choose the correct answer of . Unit of magnetic field . Ifthe intensity of Magnetic field is B PageG 7 MAGNETISM AND MATTER ns the fe eB: Weber/metre? is unit of: N°wne: (a) Pole strength wm , . lagnetic ficld intensity (©) Magnetic flux: (@) Magnetic moment. ‘ intensity is : @) x a (b) Ampere * metre ©) oe (d) Weber metre’. . Ae etic needle is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field. It will experi- (a) A force and a torque b)A fe (©) A torque but not a force Nate eet (4) Neither force nor torque and magnetic moment of a magnet is M then the maximum potential will be : " (a) MB (b) 2MB (c) 3MB (4) 4MB. . Acurrent carrying loop in a magnetic field behaves like as ¢ (a) Magnetic dipole (b) Magnetic substance (c) Magnetic pole (d) All the above. At a place the angle of dip is 30°. If the horizontal component of carth’s maguetic field at that place is H then intensity of magnetic field at that place will be : H 2H OF OF © HR @) HY . The example of ferro magnetic substance is : (a)Aluminium —_(b) Nickel (©) Gold (4) Bismuth. The angle of dip at the magnetic poles of earth is : (a) 45° (b) 30° (c)0° (a) 90° . Which of the following relation is correct : (@ 1=VH? +77 (b) 1=H+V @v=VP +H (@) H=VP +V? Which of the following substances has small positive magnetic s.- ceptibi- lity : : (a) Diamagnetic substances (b) Paramagnetic substances (c) Ferromagnetic substances (d) Non-magnetic substances. Ata place the horizontal and yerseal components of carth’s magnetic field are equal. The angle of dip at that palce is : : @) o (b) 45° (c) 60° (a) 90 A magnet free to rotate in a vertical plane at the magnetic pole of earth stays : (a) Completely vertical (b) Completely horizontal (c) At any angle (d) None of these. Ans. 1, (b), 2. (c), 3. (a), 4. (8), 5. (a), 6. (6), 7. (6), 8. 4), 9. (2), 10.(b), 11. (6), 12. (8).oo Page &) blanks = . rn sr unit of pole strength is... 7 fo de elton of magnetic moment of a magnet is always from r Pest unit of magnetic moment is. 2 A feely suspended current carrying solenoid align itself always in 4 Caan i bar magnet in axial position is... intensity of magnetic field due to a bar th * in catoril position at a point taken at same distance from centre of magne it like a... 1 urrent carrying solenoid behaves | : ie magnet of magnetic moment M is cut along the length in two equal atts thy the magnetic moment of each part i 7 8. The diamagnetic substances ..... .. from the strong magnet. of 9. When the paramagnetic substances are suspended freely in a magnetic field then iy align itselt ................... to the field. : 10. The angle of dip at magnetic poles of earth is - The horizontal and vertical components of earth’s ma; I. : equal. The angle of dip at that place is - : 12, The angle between horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field and total intensity of carth’s magnetic field at a place is called .... 7 Ans. 1. ampere x metre, 2. North, south, 3. ampere x metre’, 4. North-south, 5, Twice, netic field ata place ae 6. Bar magnet, 7. %, 8, Repeted, 9, Paralel 10. 90°, 11. 45°, 12, Angle of dip. Q.3. Match the columns : L Column ‘A’ Column ‘BY yo M @ age (b) MB(I-coso) 2M Pp 1. Magnetic moment 2. Potential energy of magnet Work done in rotating a bar magnet (c) & in a magnetic field 4. Magnetic field due to bar inagnet (@) nla in axial position 5. Magnetic field due to a bar magnet (©) -MBcoso. in coaxial position Ans. 1. @), 2. (©), 3. (b), 4, (c), 5. (a). » Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ i Diamagnetic substances (a) Almico 2. Paramagnetic substances (b) Copper 3: Ferromagnetic substances (©) Aluminivia 4. Electromagnet () Steel ‘5 Permanent magnet (€) Soft iron. Ans. 1. (b), 2, (c), 3. (d), 4. (©), 5. (a). Q.4. Answer the following in one word /sentence : 1. What is direction of magnetic moment ? 2. Is the magnetic lines of force are o pen curve or closed 3. Can 4 magnet be exist without poles ? aves| p Physics (MLP.) : Class X11 109 © ‘The magnetic susceptibility ofa sup stances is 4 yy; 5° Which type of substance is this ? 5, The magnetic suscep € Which substance doe edge . Mlectromagnets ace net Obey Curie law po Which type of sub ; i areas of anatas of which ee , ‘substance is this 7 9, Write relation between #7 pee Magnetic equator 7 (MP 2019) ans 1. Spole to N-pole, 2, Closet anle of dip 8. Ve Soo eee Type Questions 1. Define effective length ofa Ans. The distance between two pele enn Q. 2. What do you mean by intensigg nents called its effective length, ror — 2 ty of magnetic field ? Write its SI unit. Is it Ans. Intensity of magnetic “The intenci force experienced by a unit north pale eatery of field at a point is defined by the Its SI unit is tesla or weber metre? Magra rot Q.3. Define magnetic lines of for ene Held i vector. Ans. Ist definition : ‘The magnetic lines of force are the curves in the magnetic field, on which if @ unit north pole is placed, then it will foll ivan — 2nd definition : “Amagnetic lie of force is smootn cone ine waonete el atthe tangent at any point on it gives the drecion of he mawnetc held eat aise” a agnetic field at that point. Q.4. Can two magnetic lines of force intersect ? Or Magnetic lines of force do not intersect eachother, why ? Ans. No. If the two magnetic lines of force intersect, then there will be two tangents and hence two directions of magnetic field at the point of intersection. This is impossible. Q.5. Define magnetic moment. Write its SI unit. Is it a scalar or a vector ? Ans, The product of pole strength (m) and effective length (20) of the magnet is called magnetic moment (M). If'm be the pole strength and 2/ be the effective length, then M=mx2l SI unit of magnetic moment is weber x metre. It is a vector quantity having a direction from south pole to north pole. : Q.6. What is a diamagnetic substance ? Give examples. ‘Ans, A substance which when placed in a magnetizing field develops very weak magnetization in the opposite direction ofthe applied field is called diamagnetic substance. eg. Bismuth, Phosphorus, air etc. Q. 7. What is paramagnetic substance ? Give examples. : ‘Ans, A substance which when placed ina magnetizing field develops weak magnetism inthe direction of the applied field is called paramagnetic substance. e.g. Mn, Pt, Al, O; etc. ferromagnetic substances ? Q. 8. What are ferromagnetics or f : ; ‘Ans, Ferromagnetics are the substances, which when placed in a magnetic field are ized ii irectic izi .., Fe, Ni, Co etc. strongly magnetized in the direction of the magnetizing field. Eg., Fe, Ni, : o 9. at which position a bar magnet should be kept so that the neutral points are | obtained in equatorial and axial position ? scalai! & ‘Ans. (i) When the north pole of bar mae pre ara eee We north oy om ir taine 7 i idit jeutral points are o| Sawa the Rao ofbar magnet spaced towards the magnetic south of mags, i ridian then the neutral points are obtained in the eee ae Write its S.1. unit intensity of magnetization, un Rats of magnetization is defined es the magnetic dipole moment developeg unit volume when a sample of magnetic substance is placed in magnetizing field, Itsgy Peace ; a ‘tL What do you mean by magnetic susceptibility ? nor Aus. The magnetic susceptibility (72) is defined as the ratio o: ry tion (1) to the magnetic intensity (#2) applied. of magnetiza, L Formula: 7= r Q. 12. Does the magnetism of | reason. : : Ans. Yes, with the increase of temperature its magnetism decreases. When a Paramag. i is placed in a magnetic field then on cach elementary magnet, a torque acts which tends oa them inthe direction of magnetic field. When the temperature is increased the thermal agitation opposes this tendency, hence the paramagnetism is decreased. Q. 13. What will happen if an iron bar magnet is melted ? Does it retain ity magnetism ? oo Ans. The Curie temperature of iron is 770°C. The melting point of iron is greater than Curie temperature. Therefore the iron bar will loose its magnetism, Q. 14. How will you distinguish between the rods of paramagnetic and diamagnetic Substances kept at a place ? ‘Aus. When a paramagnetic rod is placed ina magnetic field then it align itself paralle| ‘0 magnetic field while the diamagnetic rod adjust itself perpendicular to magnetic field, Q. 15. At any point on the surface of earth, horizontal component of carth magnetic field and vertical component of it are equal. What will be the angle of dip at that point? Sol. According to question H=v of By =B, But tang =e. paramagnetic salts depend upon temperature ? Give vi tang=—4~ Angle of dip will be 45°, Ans. Q.16. When a bar magnet is cut into two equal pieces i i is then what will be its charge in magnetic moments mitet Perpendicular sein ast Ans. In this Position, magnetic moment of, each pieces will be M'= mx 21 a mat 2 M B21 = mi = Therefore magnetic moment will become half of jte| °e S Physics (MAP) : Class XI] 111 short Answer Type Questions d Ss : Q.1. Write Coulomb’s law of ma, netis sishelp. Stand define the unit maguetic pote with ‘Ans. Coulomb's law + 7 he force pales is directly proportional to the Prodi ee OF Tepulsion between two magnetic are of the distanc. pole strength and in the sq © between them and acts along, the line. ‘pining ae : my and m Let m, "2 be the pole strengths and ibe the distance between them, then ze m, m a | Combining both, F oe Fig, i” mim Fonte (1) Ais aconstant of proportionality, In SI system, k My is relative permeability of vacuum = 4.2% 10-7NmA-!, = yg-7 Bu F=10 oe (2) Unit pole: If F=10-'N, d=1m and m, = we get iz = m, then putting the values in eqn. (2), 2 107 =107 mast Thus, iftwo similar poles are kept Im apart in vacuum and repel each other by a force of 10°7N, then the poles are called unit poles. Q.2. What are magnetic lines of force ? Write down its properties, Ans. Magnetic lines of force : The magnetic lines of force are those curves in the magnetic field, on which if a unit north pole is placed, then it will follow the imaginary curve. Properties of lines of force : (i They are closed and continuous curves. i) Outside the magnet the direction is from north to south and inside the magnet the direction is from south to north. (iii) The tangent drawn at any point on the Curve gives the direction of the resultant field at - that point. (iv) They do not intersect each other. If two lines of force intersect at a point, then there would be two tangents at that point hence, the resultant force would have two directions; which is not pos- sible, therefore the lines of force do not intersect. Fig. Magnetic lines(v) They are dense near the poles winere mn he field is strong and Bet Sepang, v) | tic field is weak. / _ : Seated eachother inthe decton, perpendicular therefore th ike | rel (a They experiece tezion along te Linc of force therefor, unlike poles ay each other ii) They behave just like a stretched elastic string, Os ocieseeeeeae sence er magnetic field at a place, i Or relation between element of earth's magnetic field ? Ans Elements of carth’s magnetic field : The earth's magnetic field at 4 place cay be completely described by three parameters which are called elements of earth's magnets field. They are declination, dip and horizontal component of earths magnetic field, 1. Magnetic declination : The angle between the geographical meridian and themag. netic meridian at a place is called the magnetic declination (a) at that place. Or, it is te angle which a compass needle (free to swing in a horizontal plane) makes withthe bro. hic north-south direction. oe The angle made by the earth’s total mag, any place. Or, it is the angle which a dip needle (free to swing in the plane of the magnetic meridian) makes with the horizontal, At the magnetic equator, the dip needle rests horizontally so that the angle of dip is Zero at the magnetic equator. The dip needle rests Vertically at the magnetic Poles so that the angle of dip is 90° atthe magnetic poles. Atall other places, the dip angle lies between 0° and 90°. 3. Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field : It is the component of the carth’s total magnetic field Jin the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian. If @ isthe angle of dip at any place, then the horizontal Component of earth’s field J at that place is given by H=Icoso ‘ At the magnetic equator, 9=0°, H=Icos0° =7 At the magnetic poles, 9=90°, H =Icos90° =0 Thus the value of H is different at different places on the surface of the earth. Long Answer Type Questions Q. 1. What is end-on-position or axial Position ? Derive an expression for the intensity of field at a Point on the axis of a bar magnet. What is the direction of result- ant field ? Or Derive an expression for the intensity of field at 8 point on the axial Position ofa bar magnet, Ans. End-on-position : The Point where the intensity of the magnetic field is to be found, is on the magnetic axis, then this point is — called end-on-position. LetNS bea bar magnet of | pole strength m and effective length 21. Consider a point Pon its a ot Fig.Vs @) Physics (M.P.) : Class X10 | 113 c . a distance d from the centre of the magnet O, Magnetic field atP has to be found out ani ouy the intensity of field at P due to Nepoles — Bs or " <2, (along NP) But NP =OP-ON =d-1 B= 40 () ‘4x (d-lP Similarly, the intensity of field at P due to S-pole B, =-40 ne 2, (along P8) B, ft (2) 2 2 bn dale Since, B, and B, are acting in opposite direction and B, > By , Resultant field B= B,-B,, (along NP) Putting the values from eqns. (1) and (2), ars Ce ay wat ‘bol m(d+Df —m(d— 1 | 4n| (d-I(d+Iy aml (d +1) -(d- 1 4a (d= (d+ 0 _mom[ +P +2dl-@ -P 42d an |(@ +P lah +P 42d! =H 22d! | a (@ +P) (dlp 2Md “ (PF eC y He aa (::2ml = A 2Md “An (@P4(PP-28F _ Hy __2Md “4n(@-PP Le., magnetic moment)7 ee gz is is the required expression for the intensity df field on the axis ‘This is Again, if the magnet is small Le, [ccd «. By neglecting /, Ba Ho, 2Md “4nd pe to 2M vr 4nd} 2M In CGS units, Ba=e The direction of resultant field is along the magnetic axis from south Pole to pa Pole. Q. 2. What is broad-side-on position or equatorial position ? Derive an a sion for the intensity at a point on broad-side-on Position of a bar magnet, Wha, oa the direction of resultant field ? Or Determine the force on a unit north pole, kept on the broad-side-on Position Of small bar magnet. Aus. Broad-side-on position : When the poi int B, sino Where the intensity of the magnetic field has to be ies on the perpendicular bi avis, Le, on the neutral axis, then it is called broad- side-on position, Magnetic field is north pole placed at that the force experienced by unit Point, Hence, Bek m If m=, then B=R a ah, Let NS be a bar magnet of pole strength m and —— ———I effective length 2/ and magnetic moment M = m2], Fit. Magnet neig 0n equator line Consider a Point Pata distance @ from the centre O ofa Magnet on its Neutral axis. Le unit north pole be Placed at P. a Now, the intensity of field at P, due to N-pole will be: B,=4 es 4 NPD (along NP) (1) Again, the intensity of field at P due to S-pole will be : Hom 70: B, = 40, (0 Bae apt (along PS) (2) But NP? = NO? 4p? = 2 +a or NP=yP4@ Similarly, SP=VP4@,+ Class XL] 115 a ‘Cc Physics (Mt NP=SP = Np? . gp? Hence, |p 220m 4aNPE . = Hom iB 4x SPT Le Bi|=|B,| les By sin 9=B, sino Since, their directioy ite a = NS are opposite and their magnitudes are equal, hence they cancel The resultant field is therefore B=B,cos@+B, cos 1 Cos +B, cos 6, (- By =By) B, cos 0 Resolving B, =2H0_™ 4x NP’ IN I In AONP, coso= ON. PN JPad® cos (3) pa24o_m_,__ 4nP +d Pad 4 __M__, ahead)? ml be., magnetic moment) g solenoid. iM Q.3. Compare to a bar magnet and a current-carryiny Ans. Comparison of a bar magnet and a solenoid : Similarities : | Solenoid | ‘Bar magnet T. Itattracts magnetic ‘substances. T. Italso attracts magnetic substances. 2 When it is suspended freely it rests | 2. It also rests in N-S direction if sus- in the direction of N-S. pended freely. 3. Ithas two poles. 3. Ithas also two poles. 4. Like poles of magnet repel and 4. Like poles of solenoid also repel and unlike poles attract. unlike poles attract. Dissimilarities : ‘Bar magnet Solenoid 1. The magnetism at the poles are maxi- . The magnetism at all the points in- mum and nearly zero at the middle side a solenoid are same but little less at the ends. point.2. The polarity of the ends changes > the direction of current, %) 3. Magnetism changes with the of current, Senge 2. The polarity of the ends does not change, 3. The magnetism remains constant for the torque acting on a bar magnet Plag, lagnetic field, making angle 9 with the field and hence define mete ts with its help. : ; _ “Ans. LetNS be a bar magnet, placed ina uniform magnetic field Of intensity Bing ing an angle 0 with the field. . . Suppose m be the pole strength and 2/ be the effec- ; tive length, Force acting on each pole will be mB. On the N-pole this force will be along the direction of field, whereas on S-pole this will be opposite to the direction of field. As two piual and opposite forces are acting on it along different . . - mB lite of action, hence a couple acts on it which wes re bring : {hemagnetalong the direction of magnetic Held. tire couple Fis. Torgue sting ona bar 'S called ‘restoring couple’ or ‘restoring torque’. : Restoring torque is defined as the product of magnitude of any one of the forces axa the perpendicular distance between them ; ” r= Force x Perpendicular distance or Torque, r= mB x SP Ay), 9. SP. | Also, in ANPS, we get sin o= NS or SP=NS sind=2/sin9 ++ Putting the value of SP in eqn. (1), 7= mB x2/sing But mx21=M (magnetic moment) . T=MBsing | ee | In vector form : T=MxB and the direction of = willbe perpendicular tothe Plane containing M and B. Definition of magnetic moment : _ 7=MBsing Tf the magnet is held Perpendicular to the field, then @= 99° or sin @=1 then the torque acting on the magnet will be maximum, if the strength of the applied field is 1 ie, B=1, then Tae = Hence, magnetic moment is numerically equal to the maximum torque acting on the bar magnet when it is held Perpendicular in a uniform magnetic field of unit intensity. Q. 5. Establish the expression for potential energy of a bar magnet placed ina uniform magnetic field. | Ans. The potential energy of the bar magnet in any orientation is the work done by the | external agent to tum the dipole from its zero Position (9 = 90°) to that orientation (9 = 6°) ; aW = MBsinodo Al)5 ~\ YoU ‘Amount of work done to rotate the bar ma, (tar) position (9 = ®) will be obtained by i a flaw = =? MBsinodo Wy = MBI? ,sinado (W-0)= MB(-cosoy?,, Q. 6. Compare the magnetic maguetic substance on any three points, ‘Aus. Comparison : Physics (M.D): Clans X11] 117 ‘gnet from zero position (0 © «/2) to an integrating eqn. (1) under proper limit W = -MB(cos0~cos z/2) [-cos/2=0] br W =-MB(cos 9-0), 7 _ W==MBeoso Asper definition _1”= U (potential energy) In vector form Properties of paramagnetic substance and ferro- fs. Paramagnetic Diamaguetic Ferromagnetic No. substance substance substance 1, | They are attracted towar-| They are repelled by strong | They are altracted towards ds strong magnets. magnet. weak magnet 2. | When suspended ina) When suspended ina mag- | They also aligned parallel ‘magnetic field they alig- | netic field they aligned per- | to the field ned parallel to the field. | pendicular to the field, 3. | They move from weaker | They move from stronger | They also move from wea-| region to stronger region] region to weaker region in | ker region to stronger reg in magnetizing field. | a magnetizing field. ion of magnetizing field. 4. | The relative permeability] The relative permeability | The relative permeability of these substances are | of these substances are is very high, slightly greater than one. | slightly less than one. 5. | The susceptibility is inv-] ‘The susceptibility does not | The susceptibility decrea- ersely proportional to | depend upon temperature, | ses with the rise of tempe- absolute temperature, rature . 6. | The susceptibility of the-] The susceptibility of these | The susceptibility of these se substances are small} substances are small and | substances are very high and positive. negative. and positive. 7. | They cannot be made | They cannot be made | They can be made strong strong magnet. strong magnet. magnet. Q. 7. Compare the magnetic properties of soft iron and stecl. Ans. Comparison of magnetic properties of soft iron and steel : Soft iron Steel 1. In soft iron, greater magnetism can be produced, than steel. Its magnetic nature is greater than steel. | 2. Soft iron does not retain magnetism for longer time. Its retaintivity is less. + Insteel, less magnetism can be produced than soft iron, its magnetic nature is less than soft iron. Steel retains magnetism for longer time. Its retaintivity is greater than soft iron.vi 3. The magnetization and demagneti- | 3. ‘The magnetization and demagnetizaig zation of soft iron are easy. of steel are difficult. 4. Temporary magnets are made by soft | 4. Permanent magnets are made by sof iron. steels. Q.8 Write four differences between electromagnet and permanent magnet, (MP 2019 Ans, Differences between electromagnet and permanent magnet : Electromagnet Permanent magnet Its magnetism is temporary. Itcan be | 1. ‘Their magnetism is permanent. They demagnetized by stopping the current cannot be demagnetized easily. through it. 2. Its strength can be changed by vary- 2. Its strength cannot be changed. ing the current through it. 3. Its polarity can be changed. 3. Its polarity cannot be changed. 4. Itis made up of soft iron. 4. It is made of steel. Q. 9. Establish relation between elements of earth’s magnetic field. Or Prove that : v (@ tang@= yw) P =H sy? where symbols have their usual meaning, Ans Let at any place the intensity of earth's magnetic field is J its horizontal component is H, vertical component is V and angle of dip is 9, Let OACB shows the magnetic meridian at that place. Then / can be resolved into two components @ Horizontal component H=Icos@ (1) and (ii) Vertical component Fig. Relation between a V=Isin6 (2) Vland 9 Dividing eqn. (2) by eqn. (1), Y _ Ising H Tcos0 v tan@ =— H +3) ‘Again on squaring and adding eqn. (1) and 2), Pos +P sin?g= HP + 2 or P (cos? +sin?9) = HP + y2 or Pais 2 (4) * faViP ay,vy a A Numerical Questions yy 13, 4-1 N. Magnetic wire of maynetic moment ‘M’ ts bent in the shape of L, at ony third of ite length. What will be the new magnetic moment. 9A, 174 the Nerngh of the onte is L «mi Mu " an I mee Mow the Guteres tetwern the poles TP at. ASS Morw the neem inagpetiee mornert will be wis a 5 Min mil ny Ey 3 143 a maby, Ans, ALL She length A magnetic wire is L and tts magnetic moment is M. If it is bent bn the Sorin A veeh-cirele then what will be its new magnetic moment ? SAA, Nretiad tragpetic rennert of agptic vite M= mL, US it ts bere tn the Seam of wemi-citcle then L Le nmr 2 x Hew nugpedlc manne Mf = mer 2L Ms Lda " o § a M24, x Ans.