Procedures in Translation

Nababan (2010: 6-10) in his paper Teknik-Tehnik Penerjemahan Teks

explains translation techniques as follows:
1. Addition
In this technique, the translator adds more information to clarify the concept in
source language to the target readers.
For example:
SL: He came late to the party
TL: Lelaki tua itu datang terlambat ke pesta karena mobilnya mogok
2. Reduction
In this technique, the information in source text is partially omitted in target text.
For example:
SL: He is very smart
TL: Dia itu pandai
3. Deletion
In this technique, the translator deletes the word or information in the
source language. Both deletion and reduction techniques are omitting
some words, but there is a difference between deletion and reduction.
Deletion technique omits the whole information, while the reduction only
omits the information partially.
For example:
SL: He is very smart and handsome.
TL: Laki-laki itu sangat pintar
4. Borrowing
In this technique, the translator borrows some words or idiom from source
language. There are two kind of borrowing, pure borrowing and
naturalized borrowing.
For example:
Pure borrowing - Naturalized borrowing
SL: Flashdisk       SL: Computer
TL: Flashdisk       TL: Komputer

5. Transposition
In this research, the researcher only emphasizes on transposition which is
explained by Catford (cited in Venuti, 2002: 143) since the discussion of
transposition theory are very wide. Catford calls it as “category shift”. It includes
class shift (shift of word classes), unit or rank shift (shift of units), and intra
system shift (shifting from singular to plural and vice versa).
For example:
SL: Observable
TL: Yang dapat diamati
6. Modulation
In this technique, the d changes the point of view, focus or cognitive category in
relevance with the source language.
For example:
SL: I cut my finger
TL: Jariku tersayat
7. Adaptation
In this technique, the translator replaces the element of source language culture
with the same element in the target language culture, and the target language is
familiar to the target readers.
For example:
SL: As white as snow
TL: Seputih kapas