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APPENDIX A: ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET

ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET

Smuts
Surname
Renier
First Name/s
152071
Student Number
Analytical Techniques 1A
Subject
Assignment
Number
Akbar
Tutor’s Name

Examination
Venue
29 April 2019
Date Submitted
x
Submission (√) First Submission Resubmission
8 Kawana Crescent
Sunningdale
Postal Address

7441
Renier.Smuts@Capetown.gov.za
E-Mail
(Work) 021 400 2363
(Home)
Contact Numbers
(Cell) 0844774683

BACHELOR OF COMMERCE INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY

Course/Intake MANAGEMENT

Declaration: I hereby declare that the assignment submitted is an original piece of work produced by
myself.

Date: 9/04/19
Signature:
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Table of Contents
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET ................................................................................................... 1
QUESTION ONE ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 What are the advantages of observation and its limitations ............................................. 3
1.2 State TWO (2) advantages of primary data ...................................................................... 3
1.3 Explain any TWO (2) differences between a bar chart and histogram ............................ 3
1.5 Define the term ‘trend’ ..................................................................................................... 4
QUESTION TWO .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Group the data into a frequency distribution with a lowest class lower limit of 30 errors
and class width of 10 errors ........................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Using the raw data, determine the range. .............................................................................. 5
2.3 Determine the mean from the raw data. ................................................................................ 6
2.4 Construct an OGIVE curve corresponding to the data. ........................................................ 6
QUESTION THREE ....................................................................................................................... 6
3.1.1 Mean monthly rent ............................................................................................................. 7
3.1.2 Median monthly rent .......................................................................................................... 7
3.1.3 Modal monthly rent............................................................................................................ 8
3.2 Calculate the standard deviation. .......................................................................................... 8
3.3 Define the following types of probability sampling methods:.............................................. 9
QUESTION FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 10
4.1 A discrete random variable can be described by the Binomial distribution if it satisfies four
conditions .................................................................................................................................. 10
4.2 At a major retail store, 25 percent of the employees use internet banking ......................... 10
4.3 State four properties of the Normal Distribution function. ................................................. 11
4.4 An automatic machine fills jars of jam with a mean net weight of 340 grams................... 11
QUESTION FIVE ......................................................................................................................... 12
5.1 Portray the data in a scatter-plot. ........................................................................................ 12
5.2 Calculate the Pearson’s correlation coefficient................................................................... 13
5.3 Determine the linear regression equation for the above data. ............................................. 15
5.4 Differentiate between inverse relationship with small dispersion and direct linear
relationship with greater dispersion. ......................................................................................... 15
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 16
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QUESTION ONE

1.1 What are the advantages of observation and its limitations as a method of collecting
information?

Answer: Advantages of using observation as a data collection method is that the respondent is
not always aware that he is being monitored, therefore the respondent will behave in a normal
way ensuring that you will not gather biased data. This method grants the researcher access to
the social setting side of things like backstage activities which the public do not see. Observation
provides rich, detailed descriptions of the social setting in your field notes and to view
unscheduled events, improve interpretation, and develop new questions to be asked of informants
(DeMunck & Sobo, 1998).

Limitations using this method includes behind the scenes activities which you as the researcher is
not interested in mentions DeMunck and Sobo (1998). Another limitation is that the data will be
collected in a passive form, this limits you from monitoring the behavior further and no
opportunity is available to ask further questions. Also males and females will receive different
information because they have access to different data sources, for example, various groups of
participants, settings and bodies of knowledge in certain cultures (DeWalt & DeWalt, 2002).

1.2 State TWO (2) advantages of primary data.

Answer: Primary data is specific information directly relevant to your study at hand.
This type of data is directly collected from the population giving you greater control over the
accuracy of the data.

1.3 Explain any TWO (2) differences between a bar chart and histogram.

Answer: A noticeable difference is that a histogram presents numerical data whereby a bar graph
will display categorical data.
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Another difference is that the items of a histogram are categorised together by numbers
presenting different ranges of data, whereas the items on a bar graph are individual entities.

1.4.1 Construct a pie chart showing the percentage of water supplied by each storage dam.
Answer:

Dam Water Capacity (Ml)

Wemmershoek 17%

Theewaterskloof Steenbras 10%

47%

Voelvlei 26%

1.4.2 What percentage of Cape Town’s water supply is provided by

1.4.2.1 Voelvlei dam?
Answer: 26%

1.4.2.2 Wemmershoek and Steenbras dams together?

Answer: 17% + 10% = 27%

1.5 Define the term ‘trend’ as used in Time Series Analysis and Forecasting.
Answer: In time series it is defined as a long-term smooth underlying movement. The trend
shows how long-term factors affect the series.
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QUESTION TWO

The number of typographical errors in a set of 10 dissertations is given below.

2.1 Group the data into a frequency distribution with a lowest class lower limit of 30 errors and
class width of 10 errors.
Answer:
The above data can be grouped in both a frequency distribution table and a histogram as
follows:

Number of typographical errors

Error interval (count) 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89
Number of dissertations 3 1 2 1 2 1

Figure 1 : Grouped frequency distribution showing number of typographical errors

Histogram showing number of

typographical errors
4

3
Frequency

0
30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
Typographical error count

2.2 Using the raw data, determine the range.

Answer:
Maximum value = 84
Minimum value = 31
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Range (max – min) = 53

2.3 Determine the mean from the raw data.

Answer: The below equation will be used

= 562
10
= 56.2

2.4 Construct an OGIVE curve corresponding to the data.

Answer:

QUESTION THREE

A monthly rent (in Rands) for sample of 30 two-bedroom apartments in an upmarket area of
Johannesburg is recorded in the grouped frequency table below:
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3.1 Determine the:

3.1.1 Mean monthly rent
Answer: The below equation will be used

= 308000
30

= 10266.67

3.1.2 Median monthly rent

Answer: The below equation will be used
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= 8000 + 4000(15-7)
12
= 8000 + 32000
12
= 8000 + 2666.66

= 10666.67

3.1.3 Modal monthly rent

Answer: The below equation will be used

= 8000 + 4000 (12-7)

2(12) – 7 – 5
= 8000 + 4000 (5)
24–7-5
= 8000 + 20000
12
= 8000 + 1666.66

= 9666.67

3.2 Calculate the standard deviation.

Answer: The below equation will be used
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Rent R Apartments (f) Midpoint (X) f(x) f(x)²

0 < 4000 2 2000 4000 8000000
4000 < 8000 7 6000 42000 252000000
8000 < 12000 12 10000 120000 1200000000
12000 < 16000 5 14000 70000 980000000
16000 < 20000 4 18000 72000 1296000000

30 308000 3736000000

= 3736000000 – 30(10266.67)²
30-1
= 3736000000 – 30(105404512.8889)
29
= 3736000000 – 3162135386.667
29
= 573864613.333
29
= √19788434.94251724

= 4448.42

3.3 Define the following types of probability sampling methods:

3.3.1 Systematic sampling
Answer: Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling method in which sample
members from a larger population are selected according to a random starting point but
with a fixed, periodic interval. This interval, called the sampling interval, is calculated by
dividing the population size by the desired sample size.

3.3.2 Cluster sampling.

Answer: Cluster sampling refers to a type of sampling method. With cluster sampling,
the researcher divides the population into separate groups, called clusters. Then, a simple
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random sample of clusters is selected from the population. The researcher conducts his
analysis on data from the sampled clusters.

3.3.3 Random sampling.

Answer: Random sampling is a procedure for sampling from a population in which (a)
the selection of a sample unit is based on chance and (b) every element of the population
has a known, non-zero probability of being selected.

QUESTION FOUR

4.1 A discrete random variable can be described by the Binomial distribution if it satisfies four
conditions. State these conditions.
Answer:
 There is a fixed number of trials (n)
 There can only be two outcomes in a trial, success of failure.
 Trials are independent of one another.
 The probability of success (p) remains constant

4.2 At a major retail store, 25 percent of the employees use internet banking. For a randomly
selected group of five employees, calculate the probability that three use internet banking.
Answer:
n = 5 trials/observations
p=1\4=0.25 probability of a success outcome
q=3\4=0.75 probability of a failure outcome
r=3 the number of success outcomes in n trials

The following equation will be used

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P(3) = 5! (0.25)³ (0.75)²

3!(5-3)!

= 120 (0.015625) (0.5625)

6(2)
= 120 x 0.015625 x 0.5625
12
= 0.087890625
= 0.09 (rounded off until 2 decimals)

4.3 State four properties of the Normal Distribution function.

Answer:
 The mean, median, and mode are equal.
 The normal curve is bell-shaped and is symmetric about the mean.
 The total area under the normal curve is equal to one.
 The normal curve approaches, but never touches, the x-axis.

4.4 An automatic machine fills jars of jam with a mean net weight of 340 grams. Assume a
normal distribution with a standard deviation of 8 grams. What is the probability that a randomly
selected jar of jam weighs between 338 grams and 344 grams.
Answer:

= 338 – 340
8
= -2
8
= -0.25
z = 0.0987
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= 344-340
8
=4
8
= 0.5
Z = 0.1915
= 0.1915 - 0.0987
= 0.0928
= 9.28%

QUESTION FIVE

A small chain of restaurants has data showing the sales of vegetarian meals over the last six
years (2006 – 2011).

5.1 Portray the data in a scatter-plot.

Answer:
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Scatter Plot showing number of meals sold per year

900

800

700
Number of Meals

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Years

5.2 Calculate the Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

Answer: The following equation will be used
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x y xy x² y²
1 450 450 1 202500
2 390 780 4 152100
3 520 1560 9 270400
4 660 2640 16 435600
5 800 4000 25 640000
6 740 4440 36 547600
21 3560 13870 91 2248200

6(13870) − (21)(3560)
r=
√[6(91) − (21)2 ][6(2248200) − (3560)2 ]

83220 − 74760
=
√[546 − 441][13489200 − 12673600]

8460
=
√[105][815600]

8460
=
√85638000

8460
=
9254.0801

= 0.914
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5.3 Determine the linear regression equation for the above data.
Answer: The following equation will be used

B = 6(13870) – (21)(3560)
6(91) – (21)²
= 83220 – 74760
546 – 441
= 8460
105
= 80.571

A = 3560 – (80.571)(21)
6
= 3560 – 1691.991
6
= 1868.009
6
= 311.334

5.4 Differentiate between inverse relationship with small dispersion and direct linear relationship
with greater dispersion.
Answer:
The relationship between two variables is an inverse relationship if when one increases the other
decreases or as one decreases the other increases and with small dispersion the data points are
close to the line.

The relationship between two variables is a direct relationship if when one increases so does the
other or as one decreases so does the other and with greater dispersion the data points are further
away from the line.
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Bibliography

Kawulich, B. (2012). Collecting data through observation. [online]

https://www.researchgate.net. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257944783_Collecting_data_through_observation
[Accessed 31 Mar. 2019].

Essays, UK. (November 2018). Purpose And Advantages Of Primary Data. [online] Available
at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/purpose-and-advantages-of-primary-data-
marketing-essay.php [Accessed 31 Mar. 2019].

Surbhi, S. (2016). Difference Between Histogram and Bar Graph. [online]

https://keydifferences.com. Available at: https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-
histogram-and-bar-graph.html#KeyDifferences [Accessed 31 Mar. 2019].