1 DATA ?

 Data is defined as "facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis." In
other words, data is information that has been gathered and analyzed in order to be
used for a specific purpose

2 DEFINE PRIMSRY & SECONDARY DATA WITH ITS EACH SOURCES ?

 Primary data refers to the first hand data gathered by the researcher himself.

 Secondary data means data collected by someone else earlier. Surveys, observations,
experiments, questionnaire, personal interview, etc. Government publications,
websites, books, journal articles, internal records e.tc

3 CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

 The classification of statistical data is done after considering the scope, nature, and
purpose of an investigation and is generally done on four bases; viz.

 geographical location,

 chronology,

 qualitative characteristics, and quantitative characteristics

4. IN METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION THERE IS SCOPE (COVERAGE) OF THE DATA COLLECTION

MANDATORY WHY? HERE ALSO CENSUS & SAMPLE SURVEY COLLECTION WAY, THEN MAKE
DIFFERENCE WITH THE TO WAY ACCORDING TO ITS NATURE OF SIGNIFICANT?

 Data collection is a methodical process of gathering. and analyzing specific

information to proffer solutions. to relevant questions and evaluate the results.

 In the Census Method of Collecting Data, information is collected by the investigator

related to all the items in the population. In the Sampling Method of Collecting
Data, information is collected by the investigator by taking some of the items
representing the whole population

5 WHAT IS DATA PRESENTATION? AND WRITE METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION?

 Data presentation is defined as the process of using various graphical formats to

visually represent the relationship between two or more data sets so that an
informed decision can be made based on them.

 Generally, the data in the statistics can be presented in three different forms, such as
textual method, tabular method and graphical method

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6 DEFINE TEXTUAL, TABULATION, FREQUENCY AND GRAPHICAL? AND WRITE THE MAIN CONTENTS OF
TABLE?

 Textual presentation uses words to present the data.

 Tabulation is a method of presenting numeric data in rows and columns in a logical and
systematic manner to aid comparison and statistical analysis. It allows for easier
comparison by putting relevant data closer together, and it aids in statistical analysis and
interpretation.

 Frequency is how often a value occurs in an interval while the distribution is the pattern
of frequency of the variable.

 Graphical is present data and the results of statistical analysis, assist in the analysis of
data, and occasionally are used to facilitate statistical computation

 The main contents of table It has the following components- table number, title of the
table, column and row heading, main content or body. The data is entered in the rows
and the result is written in the columns. Table number which identifies the table. Title of
the table telling us what the data is about chronology, qualitative characteristics, and
quantitative characteristics

7.THE FOLLOWING DATA ARE ON THE NUMBER OF MINUTES TO TRAVEL FROM HOME TO WORK FOR
AGROUP OF AUTO MOBILE WORKERS: 28 25 48 37 41 19 32 26 16 23 23 29 36
31 26 21 32 25 31 43 35 42 38 33 28. CONSTRUCT AFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FOR ;

 In the form of a simple (or, ungrouped ) frequency distribution using

the tally marks a tally mark is an upward slanted stroke (/) which is
put against a value each time it occurs in the raw data

 The fifth occurrence of the value is represented by a cross tally mark

(\) as shown a cross the first four tally marks

 Finally the tally marks are cou8nted and the of the tally marks against
each value is its frequency

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 A.DISCRET FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Step 1: Find the range, Range=Max-Min=48-16=32

Step 2: Make a table as shown

Step 3: Tally the data

Step 4: Compute the frequency

Tally Tally

Mark mark Frequency mark mark frequency

16 / 1 33 / 1

19 / 1 35 / 1

21 / 1 36 / 1

23 // 2 37 / 1

25 // 2 38 / 1

26 // 2 41 / 1

28 // 2 42 / 1

29 / 1 43 / 1

31 // 2 48 / 1

32 // 2

total 16 total 9

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 B. GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Thus the steps in preparing the grouped frequency distribution are:

1. Determining the class intervals.

2. Recording the data using tally marks.

3. Finding frequency of each class by counting the tally marks.4

Frequency
Class mark Tally marks number of minutes

16-21 /// 3

22-27 ///// 6

28-33 /////// 8

34-39 //// 4

40-45 /// 3

46-51 / 1

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 C. RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Relative frequency ¿
cl ass f r eq uen cy
t o t a lf re qu enc y

Class Relative frequency

boundaries Frequency In decimal In percentage

15.5-21.5 2 0.08 8%

21.5-27.5 5 0.2 20%

27.5-33.5 5 0.2 20%

33.5-39.5 6 0.24 24%

39.5-45.5 3 0.12 12%

45.5-51.5 3 0.12 12%

51.5-57.5 1 0.04 4%

Total 25 1 100%

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 D. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Class boundaries Cumulative frequency

(Number of minutes)
Less than More than
15.5 0 25

20.5 2 23

25.5 7 18

30.5 12 13

35.5 18 7

40.5 21 4

45.5 24 1

50.5 25 0

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