LESSON 3: ORGANIZATION AND

PRESENTATION OF DATA

Dianna Jean A. Gayo, LPT, MST-Math

Instructor
 OBJECTIVES:
• Present data through texts, tables, and graphs
• Organize data sets using frequency distribution
table
• Represent data using histograms, frequency
polygons, ogives, pareto charts, time series graphs,
and pie graphs
• Use appropriate digital technology in organizing
data
• Draw a stem and leaf plot and Scatter plot
• Interpret a stem and leaf plot and scatter plot
 ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA
• Data Presentation (Textual Method, Tabular Method,
Graphical Method)

• Organizing Data
➢ Frequency Distribution Table
➢ Histograms
➢ Frequency Polygons
➢ Pareto Charts
➢ Time Series Graphs
➢ Pie Charts
➢ Scatter Plots
 3.1 DATA PRESENTATION
• Textual Method
• Tabular Method
• Graphical Method)
• A. TEXTUAL METHOD
• Method of presenting data by combining
texts and figures in a statistical report. It is
also known as literary presentation. Since
the figures are presented in the form of
literary composition, discussing a main
theme.
Breaking News!
“The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) on Tuesday
[February 16] recorded the lowest daily cases of
coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). The Department of
Health- CAR tracker showed the region logged 27 new
cases which is much lower than the average 102 daily
record in the last 16 days from Feb. 1 to 16. Abra, Apayao,
and Kalinga recorded zero cases; Baguio city had 17;
Benguet had 6 cases; Ifugao has 1; and Mountain Province
has 3 cases…As of Tuesday [February 16], the region has
13, 374 total COVID cases with 856 active, a total of 12,
318 recoveries, and 200 death cases”. (Agoot, 2021)
• Textual presentation, however, is not
preferred by a statistician simply
because, it is dull, monotonous and
comparison between different
observations is not possible in this
method.
• Gathered data can be made
more interesting by presenting
them in the form of graphs and
tables.
B. TABULAR PRESENTATION

▪Data are presented in tables to

show the relationship between
the column and row quantities.
▪The objectives of tabulation are:
organization or classification of
data; accuracy; flexibility; and,
speed.
Breaking News!
“The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) on Tuesday
[February 16] recorded the lowest daily cases of
coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). The Department of
Health- CAR tracker showed the region logged 27 new
cases which is much lower than the average 102 daily
record in the last 16 days from Feb. 1 to 16. Abra, Apayao,
and Kalinga recorded zero cases; Baguio city had 17;
Benguet had 6 cases; Ifugao has 1; and Mountain
Province has 3 cases…As of Tuesday [February 16], the
region has 13, 374 total COVID cases with 856 active, a
total of 12, 318 recoveries, and 200 death cases”. (Agoot,
2021)
A simple table…

CAR Provinces & No. of new

City cases
Abra 0
Apayao 0
Kalinga 0
Baguio City 17
Benguet 6
Ifugao 1
Mountain Province 3
Total 27
TABULAR PRESENTATION

Frequency Distribution Table

▪ A frequency distribution is the organization of raw

data in table form, using classes and frequencies.

▪ useful way to organize data for a list of numbers

that represent the frequency of a certain
outcome in a sample.

▪ Use when the data contains more than 30 cases.

Example : Consider the age of the 45 active covid-19
patients in Ifugao.

29 27 28 27 34 29 27 27 28
25 23 35 25 29 33 23 27 33
27 22 40 27 21 29 22 25 29
25 21 20 21 23 25 30 20 28
30 29 28 30 27 27 27 19 30
Steps in constructing a frequency distribution table:

Class limits Class boundaries Tally Frequency Cumulative

Frequency
Steps in constructing a frequency distribution table:
29 27 28 27 34 29 27 27 28
25 23 35 25 29 33 23 27 33
27 22 40 27 21 29 22 25 29
25 21 20 21 23 25 30 20 28
30 29 28 30 27 27 27 19 30

1. Find the range 𝑅. The range is the difference

between the highest value and the lowest value.

R=H-L
R=40-19
R=21
Steps in constructing a frequency distribution table:
29 27 28 27 34 29 27 27 28
25 23 35 25 29 33 23 27 33
27 22 40 27 21 29 22 25 29
25 21 20 21 23 25 30 20 28
30 29 28 30 27 27 27 19 30

2. Determine the number of class intervals.

(depends on the no. of data)

No. of i=8

*30-50 data (ci= 6 to 8)

*below 30 data (ci=3or 4)
Steps in constructing a frequency distribution table:
29 27 28 27 34 29 27 27 28
25 23 35 25 29 33 23 27 33
27 22 40 27 21 29 22 25 29
25 21 20 21 23 25 30 20 28
30 29 28 30 27 27 27 19 30
3. Determine the size of class intervals
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
Length of c.i.=
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑐.𝑖.

21
=
8

=2.625 𝑜𝑟 𝟑
Steps in constructing a frequency distribution table:
4: Find the class limits (lowest + length of ci)
• length of ci=3
• # of interval=8
Class limits Class boundaries Tally Frequency Cumulative
Frequency
19-21
22-24
25-27
28-30
31-33
34-36
37-39
40-42
Steps in constructing a frequency distribution table:
5. Find the class boundaries
• Lower class limit - 0.5=lower class boundaries
• Upper class limit + 0.5=upper class boundaries
Class limits Class boundaries Tally Frequency Cumulative
Frequency
19-21 18.5-21.5
22-24 21.5-24.5
25-27 24.5-27.5
28-30 27.5-30.5
31-33 30.5-33.5
34-36 33.5-36.5
37-39 36.5-39.5
40-42 39.5-42.5
total
Steps in constructing a frequency distribution table:
6. Tally the data and count the frequency
Class limits Class boundaries Tally Frequency Cumulative
Frequency
19-21 18.5-21.5 IIIII-I 6
22-24 21.5-24.5 IIIII 5
25-27 24.5-27.5 IIIII-IIIII- 15
IIIII
28-30 27.5-30.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIII 14
31-33 30.5-33.5 II 2
34-36 33.5-36.5 II 2
37-39 36.5-39.5 0 0
40-42 39.5-42.5 I 1
total
Example : Consider the age of the 45 active covid-19
patients in Ifugao.

29 27 28 27 34 29 27 27 28
25 23 35 25 29 33 23 27 33
27 22 40 27 21 29 22 25 29
25 21 20 21 23 25 30 20 28
30 29 28 30 27 27 27 19 30
Steps in constructing a frequency distribution table:

7. Take the cumulative frequency

Frequency of the current class + the cumulative frequency of the previous class
Class limits Class boundaries Tally Frequency Cumulative
Frequency
19-21 18.5-21.5 IIIII-I 6 6
22-24 21.5-24.5 IIIII 5 11
25-27 24.5-27.5 IIIII-IIIII- 15 26
IIIII
28-30 27.5-30.5 IIIII-IIIII-IIII 14 40
31-33 30.5-33.5 II 2 42
34-36 33.5-36.5 II 2 44
37-39 36.5-39.5 0 0 44
40-42 39.5-42.5 I 1 45
total 45
C. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

▪ Graph is any pictorial device used to display or

present numerical relationship between
variables.
➢ Histograms
➢ Frequency Polygons
➢ Pareto Charts
➢ Time Series Graphs
➢ Pie Charts
➢ Scatter Plots
C. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

1. Histogram
A histogram consists of tabular frequencies, shown as
adjacent rectangles, erected over intervals. The height of
a rectangle is also equal to the frequency.
• When to use a histogram?

Use to summarize discrete or continuous data which

provides a visual representation of numerical data points
that falls within a specified range of values (bins).
C. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

Frequency polygon
It is almost identical to a histogram,
which is used to compare sets of data or
to display a cumulative frequency
distribution. It uses a line graph to
represent quantitative data.
C. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
▪ Pareto chart

A combination of bar and line graphs. The purpose of

using this chart is to represent a set of data in a bar
graph chart. The individual values are represented by the
length of the bars and the line shows the combined total.
The values are expressed from the longest bar to the
shortest bar in the graph.

Pareto charts are the best chart to do the analysis of the

bulk of data. In business industries, these charts are used
very often.
C. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
▪ Time series/Line graph

• What is a Time series/Line graph?

A line graph shows trends in data clearly. This
displays data which are collected over a period of
time to show how the data change at regular
intervals.
• When to use a Time series/Line graph?
A line graph is use when you are trying to track
changes of data over a short and long periods of time.
 Example: The table shows the number of confirmed cases in
the province of Ifugao from March 2020 to February 2021.

Month Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb.

# of 0 1 2 4 14 21 51 93 118 146 341 411

cases
C. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

Pie chart/circle graph

• What is pie chart?

A Pie chart is a circle divided into sections or wedges

according to the percentage of frequencies in each
category of the distribution. It shows how a part of
something relates to the whole
• When to use a pie chart?

A Pie chart is use when you are trying to show parts of

a whole by visually comparing the sizes of the sections.
Example: The frequency distribution shows the number of
COVID-19 cases in the municipality of Banuae, Ifugao as of
February 2, 2021.

Cases Frequency
Active 33
Recovered 12
Death 0
What does 40% of the chart represent? ___________________
What does 60% of the chart represent? ___________________
What percent of the chart shows the death cases? ___________________
 C. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
Bar graph
• What is a bar graph?
A bar graph is like a histogram except that its bars are
separated. This uses parallel bars, either horizontal or
vertical, to represent counts for several categories. One
bar is used for each category with the length of the bar
representing the count for that one category.
• When to use a bar graph?
A bar graph is used to compare things between different
groups or categories using their frequencies.
Example: The table shows the number of Barangay in the
towns of Alfonso Lista, Aguinaldo, Banuae, and Mayaoyao,
Ifugao Province.

Towns Number of
Barangay
Alfonso Lista 20
Aguinaldo 16
Banaue 18
Mayaoyao 27
C. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
▪ Scatterplots
▪ A scatterplot uses dots to represent values for two
different numeric variables. The position of each
dot on the horizontal and vertical axis indicates
values for an individual data point.
▪ When to use Scatter plots?
They are used to observe relationships between
variables
• Is there a significant relationship between the height and weight of a person?
• What kind of a relationship?
• What does the scatterplot imply?
▪ How to interpret a scatterplot?
▪ When the y (dependent) variable tends to increase
as the x (independent) variable increases, we say
there is a positive correlation between the
variables.
▪ When the y (dependent) variable tends to decrease
as the x (independent) variable increases, we say
there is a negative correlation between the
variables.
▪ If the points on the scatter plot seem to be scattered
randomly, there is no relationship or no correlation
between the variables.