Frequency distribution

Frequency

• Frequency is how often something occurs.

Example: Sam played football on

- Saturday morning
- Saturday afternoon
- Thursday afternoon

The frequency was 2 on Saturday, 1 on Thursday and

3 for the whole week.
Frequency distribution

A frequency distribution is a tabulation or grouping

of data into appropriate categories showing the
number of observations in each group or category.
Consider the given data below which show the
numbers of newspapers sold at a local shop over the
last 10 days.

22, 20, 18, 23, 20, 25, 22, 20, 18, 20

The numbers shown above are called raw data.

 Papers Sold Frequency

25 1

24 0

23 1

22 2

21 0

20 4

19 0

18 2

The total frequency in this distribution is (σ 𝑓 = 10)

Example: Shown below are the scores of 60 students in a 30-point
Math Quiz.

11 19 11 15 16 10
16 16 15 17 10 27
21 11 13 21 10 16
11 19 24 12 22 13
19 13 18 20 21 11
19 15 11 25 29 23
16 23 10 17 11 27
16 24 12 21 13 12
26 15 11 14 10 12
11 15 18 12 20 13
Scores f Scores f
29 1 19 3
28 0 18 2
27 2 17 2
26 1 16 6
25 1 15 5
24 2 14 1
23 2 13 5
22 1 12 5
21 3 11 9
20 2 10 5
σ 𝑓 = 60
Parts of a grouped frequency table

• Class Limits – groupings or categories defined by lower and

upper limits.
Example:
26-30
21-25
16-20

Lower class limits are the smallest numbers that belong to

the different classes.

Upper class limits are the highest numbers that belong to the
different classes.
Parts of a grouped frequency table

•Class size – width of each class interval.

Lower Limit Upper Limit

21 - 25
16 - 20

Class size = 5
Parts of a grouped frequency table

• Class boundaries – a point that represents the

halfway point between two successive classes.
Example:
C.I. C.B
L.L U.L L.C.B U.C.B
31 - 35 30.5 - 35.5
26 - 30 25.5 - 30.5
21 - 25 20.5 - 25.5
16 - 20 15.5 - 20.5
Parts of a grouped frequency table

• Class marks – the midpoints of the lower and upper

class limits. They can be found by adding the lower
and upper limits and then dividing the answer by 2.

Example:
C.I Class mark (X)
31-35 33
26-30 28
21-25 23
16-20 18
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A grouped
frequency table

1. Find the range of the values.

Range = highest value – lowest value
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A grouped
frequency table

2. Determine the class width by dividing

the range by the desired number of
groupings. The class size is the width of
each class interval.

𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝐶=
1 + 3.222 log 𝑁
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A grouped
frequency table
3. Set up the class limits of each class.

4. Tally the scores in the appropriate classes and then add the
tallies for each class in order to obtain the frequency.

5. Set up the class boundaries. The class boundaries or true

limits of a class is defined by a lower class boundary and an
upper class boundary.

6. Solve the class mark or midpoint (x) of each class. This is

obtained by adding the lower class limit and the upper class
limit, then dividing it by 2.
Cumulative frequency distribution

• The total frequency of all classes less than the upper class boundary
of a given class is called the cumulative frequency of that class. A
table showing the cumulative frequencies is called a cumulative
frequency distribution. There are two types of cumulative frequency
distributions.

Less than cumulative frequency distribution (<cf)

obtained by subtracting frequencies successively from the
highest to the lowest interval

Greater than cumulative frequency distribution

obtained by subtracting frequencies from the lowest class
interval to the highest class interval
Relative frequency distribution

• The relative frequency of a class is the frequency divided by the total

frequency or total number of observations and is generally expressed
as a percentage.

𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Graphical representation of the frequency
distribution
• Histogram – consists of a set of rectangles having
bases on a horizontal axis which have the class
boundaries as points, and centers on the class
marks. The base widths correspond to the class size
and the heights of the rectangles correspond to the
class frequencies.

• Frequency polygons – constructed by plotting class

frequencies against class marks and connecting the
consecutive points by a straight line.
Presenting Nominal Data

Marital Status Frequency

Single 25
Married 10
Widowed 5
Separated 20
N = 60
Presenting Nominal Data

•Pie Chart
•Bar Graph
Presenting Ordinal Data

Rank Frequency
Excellent 30
Very Good 20
Good 15
Fair 10
Poor 5
N = 80
Presenting Ordinal Data

•Bar Graph
Presenting Interval/Ratio Data

•Histogram
•Frequency Polygon
Seatwork #3

Make a distribution table of the scores of 40 students in

Accounting.

37 79 54 62 39
61 46 57 70 33
59 52 46 55 68
48 63 81 39 43
28 28 46 57 25
55 57 62 69 37
46 54 39 48 57
52 81 40 20 55
Measures of Central
Tendency
• The mean (commonly called the average) of a set of n numbers is the
sum of all numbers divided by n. The sum of the differences from the
mean is equal to zero.

• The median is the middle number when the number in a set of data
is arranged in descending order. When there are even numbers of
elements, the median is the mean of the two middle numbers.

• The mode is the number that occurs most often in a set of data. A set
of data can have more than one mode. If all the numbers appear the
same number of times, there is no mode for that data set.
Mean of ungrouped data

σ 𝑥𝑖
𝑋=
𝑁

where X = mean
𝑥𝑖 = data
σ 𝑥𝑖 = sum of data
N = total frequencies
Mean of ungrouped data

Example: The following are the scores in Statistics

quizzes during the first quarter.

70 72 77 86 78 84 79

Compute for the mean or the average of the scores

Median of ungrouped data

•The arrangement of data in ascending or

descending order is called an array.

•The computation of the median of an

ungrouped data needs an arrangement of
the scores either in ascending or descending
order. The median is the value of the middle
score, that is, the value at the (𝑁 + 1 ÷ 2)𝑡ℎ
position.
Median of ungrouped data

Find the median of the following scores:

a.) 12 35 48 50 55 60 65

b.) 105 107 120 111 101 115

Mode of ungrouped data

If we look at a frequency distribution, we can easily

determine the mode since it is merely the data with
the largest frequency.

Example: Find the mode of the following scores:

4 7 7 7 8 8 9 10 11 11 13
Weighted Mean

𝑤1 𝑥1 + 𝑤2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑤𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑥ҧ =
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + ⋯ + 𝑤𝑛
Example

Jillian wants to apply on Jose Rizal Honor Society; a

society of scholars in First Asia Institute of
Technology and Humanities (FAITH). In the said
scholarship, each student should maintain a GPA of
85. Jillian wants to know if her grades can reach the
GPA of scholars in FAITH. The table shows her grades.
Example

SUBJECT GRADE UNIT

Trigonometry 84 3
Komunikasyon sa 87 3
Akademikong Filipino
Psychology 85 3
Philippine History 85 3
Intro to Computer 88 3
Mean of grouped data

σ 𝑓𝑋𝑚
𝑥ҧ =
𝑁

where 𝑥ҧ = mean
f = frequency
𝑋𝑚 = class mark
σ 𝑓𝑋𝑚 = sum of the product of
frequencies and class marks
N = total frequencies
Example

Class Interval Frequency

63 – 70 9
55 – 62 9
47 – 54 8
39 – 46 4
31 – 38 10
Median of grouped data

𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑥෤ = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + 2 𝑖
𝑓𝑚

where 𝑥෤ = median
𝑋𝐿𝐵 = lower boundary of the median class
N = total frequency
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = cumulative frequency before the median
class
𝑓𝑚 = frequency of the median class
i = size of class interval
Mode of grouped data

• The first step is getting the modal class. The modal class is the class
interval having the largest frequency.

∆1
𝑥ො = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖
∆1 + ∆2

where 𝑋𝐿𝐵 = lower boundary of the modal class

∆1 = difference between the frequency of the modal class and
the frequency preceding it
∆2 = difference between the frequency of the modal class and
the frequency succeeding it
i = size of the interval